• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 2009

Viruses diagnosed on crops including rice plants from farmers or agricultural extension agencies cover the country were 11 species including Broad bean wilt virus 2 (BBWV2) in 2008. Tomato spotted wilt virus (TSWV) was the most important virus having the detection rate of 22.9%. Two viruses of Tomato yellow leaf curl virus (TYLCV) and Tobacco leaf curl virus (TLCV) inducing leaf yellow and curl diseases on tomatoes were occurred newly with the detection rate of 12.2% and 4.0%, respectively, in 2008. Rice stripe virus (RSV) was occurred on 869.5 ha mainly at Jindo and Haenam areas in Jeollanamdo province. At Jindo area, 12 plots were damaged severely with the infected hill rate of 83.8%. At the main production area of oriental melon at Seongju, almost all fruits from whole sale market at Seongju were infected with Cucumber green mottle mosaic virus (CGMMV) as the detection rate of 87%. The areas occurred TSWV in Korea were 25 totally from 2003 including 7 areas newly reported in 2008 including Naju in Jeoallanamdo. TSWV could be reduced as 0.1 % from 5.3% by covering insect proof net in vinyl house after chemical soil sterilization. Tomato yellow leaf curl disease was occurred on April in 2008 at Tongyoung area in Kyeongsangnamdo, and detected continuously at 13 areas, 7 in Kyeongsangnamdo, 4 in Jeollabukdo and 2 in Jejudo. Potato spindle tuber viroid (PSTVd) was occurred abruptly in a confined space of a civil breeding greenhouse and a cultivar evaluation field followed by disuse 17.4 M/T of potato tubers. No PSTVd was detected at 17 fields cultivated the related potatoes to the bred company by RT-PCR.

• Journal of the Korean Geosynthetics Society
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• v.10 no.4
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• pp.37-47
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• 2011

This paper describes the stability evaluation of reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing based on field test. The reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing is composed of wall facing, reinforcement and backfill soil. The wall facing is assembled by steel frames and the aggregates are filled in that. The reinforcement is steel strip type based on bearing resistance. Field test is conducted to evaluate for two separate sections and the measurement is conducted according to construction elapsed time of structure for earth pressure, horizontal displacement of wall facing and reinforcement strain. The evaluation results show that the measured earth pressure is less than theoretical earth pressure due to dispersion effect of earth pressure by the applied reinforcement. Also, the horizontal displacement of wall facing satisfied a empirical criteria and the measured strain of reinforcement had nearly no effect on stability of structure. Therefore, the reinforced earth wall with steel framed-facing has a structural stability and it can be commonly used in field.

• Journal of Korean Society of Forest Science
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• v.96 no.6
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• pp.652-660
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• 2007

The study was intended to investigate the changes of construction types of 216 non-national forest roads, which were completed between 1989 and 2005 in Jeollabuk-do, by analyzing their drawing and specification. It was found that the mean length of yearly construction has been significantly reduced after the Policy of Green Forest Roads compared with before the policy. Soil cut-off of earth work was changed from bulldozer to a combination of bulldozer and excavator. Soils were transported by truck in all design, but establishment of spoil-bank was not designed at all. The design of slope revegetation works was developed from turfing and Bastard indigo planting to seed spray, combination of seed spray and belt-sodding, and mulching with coir net and rice straw. In design of the culvert, the average interval of culvert installation was reduced to 92m in step 3, the dimension of culverts was expanded to over 600 mm after step 2, and all drainpipes were corrugated steel pipes. The design length of concrete pavement increased from 40 m/km of step 1 to 240 m/km of step 3. Thanks to the enormously increased amount of concrete pavement, the stability and functionality of forest roads could be improved. Stone masonry was the main work drawn for slope stability, and concrete retaining wall and gabion have been drawn for same object since 1999.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.31 no.4
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• pp.90-100
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• 2003

본 연구는 기존 건축물 옥상녹화에 이용 가능한 저토심 옥상녹화 시스템 을 연구하고 개발하고자 수행되었다. 연구목적을 달성하기위해서 시스템의 개념적 모델이 선행 연구로부터 유추되었고 개념적 모델로부터 실험을 위한 시스템들이 제안되었다. 건축물 옥상 위에 설치된 이 시스템들에서 기린초의 생육에 대하여 인공배지 종류, 토심, 그리고 배수 형태의 효과들이 2002년 4월 3일부터 10월 18일까지 연구되었다. 인공배지 종류는 단용과 혼용이고, 토심은 5cm, l0cm,그리고 15cm이며, 배수 형태는 저수$.$배수형과 배수형으로 하였다. 여기서, 인공배지 단용은 폐유리 미분 100에 발포제를 1∼2정도 첨가하고, 착색제를 1정도 첨가한 후, 6∼8$^{\circ}C$/min로 승온하여 750∼85$0^{\circ}C$의 온도에서 발포시킨 다공질 유리를 수냉식으로 급랭하고, 분쇄기로 이송하여 l0mm이하로 분쇄하고 입도를 조절하여 얻어진 다공질 유리 파쇄물과 수피를 부피 비 6:4로 혼합하여 조성된 것이며 인공배지 혼용은 인공배 지 단용에 양토(모래 46%, 미사 40%, 점토 14%)를 부피비 5:5로 혼합하여 조성된 것이다. 피복면적, 지상부와 지하부의 생체중과 건물중, 그리고 시각적 질을 조사하였다. 각 변수들은 던칸의 다중범위 검정으로 통계처리 하였으며 처리들간의 유의수준은 5%였다. 그리고 기존 건축물 옥상에 대한 과부하의 위험을 피하기 위해서 각 시스템의 중량이 평가되었다. 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 실험기간 중에 피복면적에 대한 배수 형태의 효과는 유의성 있는 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 인공배지 혼용의 피복면적은 인공배지 단용의 것보다 통계적으로 유의성 있게 높았다. 토심 5cm처리의 피복면적은 나머지 처리들의 피복면적보다 통계적으로 유의성 있게 낮았다. 토심 l0cm처리와 토심 15cm처리는 통계적으로 유의성이 없는 것으로 나타났다. 지상부와 뿌리의 생체중 및 건물중과 시각적 질에 대한 처리들의 효과는 피복면적에 대한 것과 유사하거나 동일하였다. 결과적으로, 기린초의 생육은 인공배지 단용보다 인공배지 혼용에서 더 높았고, 토심 10∼15cm에서 더 높았으며, 배수 형태에서는 뚜렷한 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 이 결과를 토대로, 기존 건축물 옥상에 적용 가능한 시스템의 허용하중과 기린초의 생육을 동시에 고려해볼 때, 저토심 옥상녹화 시스템 은 인공배지 종류에서는 혼용이, 토심은 10cm, 그리고 배수형태는 배수형이 적합하다고 보았다. 제안된 조건으로 조성된 시스템은 인공배지가 포장용수량상태일 때 그 중량이 약 115kg/$m^2$정도로 나타났다.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.218-225
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• 2020

This study analyzed the priorities of the cross-compliance items of public-benefit direct payment using an Analytic Hierarchy Process and Fuzzy Decision Making Analysis. The valuation criteria are policy efficiency, farm acceptability, and feasibility, and the valuation targets are the basic and additional cross-compliance items. The survey was performed by targeting 50 experts from each class, and conducted for about a month starting from the beginning of July 2019. The results show that the weight of the valuation criteria is higher in the order of farm acceptability, feasibility, and policy efficiency. Compliance with PLS standards, compliance with disposal standards of waste vinyl and pesticides, soil testing, compliance with toxic substance standards, education, etc. are comparatively evaluated to be higher cross-compliance items in basic cross-compliance. Disposing of an abandoned well, jointly collecting and disposing of agricultural by-products, common area care and cleaning, maintenance of empty houses and poor facilities, growing green manure crops during the fallow period, etc. are comparatively evaluated to be higher cross-compliance items for the additional cross-compliance. The results of this study are expected to contribute to the government's policy related to the cross-compliance of public-benefit direct payment.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.69-76
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• 2011

This study describes the effect of myo-inositol on sustained cell division and plant regeneration from cotyledon-derived protoplast of cabbage (Brassica oleracea var. capitata). Freshly isolated protoplasts were cultured in modified Murashige and Skoog (MS) medium removed ammonia ions and containing $0.4\;mg\;l^{-1}$ thiamine HCl, $100\;mg\;l^{-1}$ myo-inositol, $2\;mgl^{-1}$ 2,4-D, $0.5\;mgl^{-1}$ BA, $30\;gl^{-1}$ sucrose and several concentrations of myo-inositol (2, 4, 6, 8, 10% (w/v)) as an osmotic stabilizer. After 3 weeks of culture in the dark at $25^{\circ}C$, the plating efficiency of cabbage protoplasts reached to $22.5{\pm}2.9%$ when cultured in modified MS medium supplemented with $2\;mgl^{-1}$ 2,4-D, $0.5\;mgl^{-1}$ BA, $30\;gl^{-1}$ sucrose and 8% (w/v) of myo-inositol at a density of $2{\times}10^5$ protoplasts/ml. Rapidly growing cell colonies after 3 weeks of culture were transferred to the same culture medium removed osmoticum. To induce shoot regeneration from calluses, calluses with about 2 mm in diameter were transferred to the MS medium containing $2\;mgl^{-1}$ BA and $0.5\;mgl^{-1}$ NAA. After further three weeks of incubation onto the medium in the light, green shoots were formed on the surface of calluses at a frequency of 30%. Upon transfer to half-strength MS basal medium, roots were formed onto the bottom of regenerated shoots without auxin treatments. These regenerated plantlets were successfully acclimatized to soil transfer, grown to normal mature plants. The cabbage protoplast culture system established in this study could be applied for production of somatic hybrids or cybrids by asymmetric protoplast fusion and mass proliferation of elite somatic clones of cabbage.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.70-77
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• 1999

Objective of this research is to obtain fundamental data of carbonized wood wastes for soil condition, de-ordorization, absorption of water, carrier for microbial activity, and purifying agent for water quality of river. The carbonization technique and the properties of carbonized wood wastes(thinned trees) are analyzed. Proximate analysis shows the thinned wood contains 0.22-0.73% ash, 77-80% volatile matter, and 10-14% fixed carbon. The charcoal yield decreases and the shrinkage rate increases as the carbonization temperature and time increase. The charcoal yields of Larix leptolepis, Pinus rigida and Pinus densiflora are high, whereas those of Pinus koraiensis and Quercus variabilis are low. The shrinkage rate by carbonization has same trend as water removal of wood. The specific gravity after the carbonization decreases about 50% comparing to green wood. The charcoal has 0.89-4.08% ash, 6.31-13.79% volatile matter, and 73.9-83.5% fixed carbon. As the carbonization temperature and time increase, pH of charcoal increases. When the carbonization temperature is $400^{\circ}C$, pH is about 7.5. When the temperature is between 600 to $800^{\circ}C$, pH is about 10 with small difference. The water-retention capacity is not affected by the carbonization temperature and time. The water-retention capacity within 24hr is about 2.5 - 3times of sample weight, and the equivalent moisture content becomes 2-10% after 24 hr.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.227-236
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• 2010

This study was carried out in order to find out the growth characteristics, the seasonal anthesis distribution and the botanical composition of the wildflower pastures which were altogether composed of 90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers in the Chungnam National University experimental field from October, 2007 to December, 2009. The experimental species contained 34 species in total consisting of sheep fescue (fundamental turfgrass), 4 native wildflowers, and 29 induced wildflowers belonged. At the time of the anthesis of the wildflowers, the average length was 28.7 cm one year later and 36.7 cm two years later. They bloomed out into from six to nine colors, but into one or three colors during August, September, and October. The blooming season leant toward May and June, and from August, there was lots of difficulty in the wildflower blooming and the maintenance of their consistency. Especially, at the age of two (2009) the color, seasonal distribution, and consistency emerged as problems owing to the reduction of annual wildflowers after winterization. The annual botanical composition of wildflowers, sheep fescue, and weeds came to 22%, 68%, and 10% each one year later (2008) and 19%, 72%, and 9% each two years later (2009). Based on this result, cultivating wildflower in grassland (90% sheep fescue and 10% wildflowers) is the proper method not only for maintaining green space, to prevent soil erosion by sheep fescue, but also for commanding a fine view of wildflowers.

• Korean Journal of Agricultural and Forest Meteorology
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.219-233
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• 2013

We employed the ecological niche modeling framework using GARP (Genetic Algorithm for Ruleset Production) to model the current and future geographic distribution of Pinus densiflora based on environmental predictor variable datasets such as climate data including the RCP 8.5 emission climate change scenario, geographic and topographic characteristics, soil and geological properties, and MODIS enhanced vegetation index (EVI) at 4 $km^2$ resolution. National Forest Inventory (NFI) derived occurrence and abundance records from about 4,000 survey sites across the whole country were used for response variables. The current and future potential geographic distribution of Pinus densiflora, one of the tree species dominating the present Korean forest was modeled and mapped. Future models under RCP 8.5 scenarios for Pinus densiflora suggest large areas predicted under current climate conditions may be contracted by 2090 showing range shifts northward and to higher altitudes. Area Under Curve (AUC) values of the modeled result was 0.67. Overall, the results of this study were successful in showing the current distribution of major tree species and projecting their future changes. However, there are still many possible limitations and uncertainties arising from the select of the presence-absence data and the environmental predictor variables for model input. Nevertheless, ecological niche modeling can be a useful tool for exploring and mapping the potential response of the tree species to climate change. The final models in this study may be used to identify potential distribution of the tree species based on the future climate scenarios, which can help forest managers to decide where to allocate effort in the management of forest ecosystem under climate change in Korea.

• Research in Plant Disease
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• v.14 no.3
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• pp.226-228
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• 2008

The Rice black-streaked dwarf virus (RBSDV) infected 99-100% of a $1000\;m^2$-maize field in Mungyeong City in 2007. Adjacent to the area is a Persimmon orchard where barley crops were grown under the trees as green manure crops and for soil amendments. The barley acted as winter host to the small brown plant hoppers (SBPH) enabling the insects to survive and pass the winter season. The existence of RBSDV was detected and confirmed by RT-PCR using S9 specific primer. Samples of the insect vector SBPH were collected in the area on May 3, June 7 and, August 4 and the results of the RT-PCR analysis revealed viruliferous insect rates of 2.9, 4.8, and 4.4%, respectively. These observed viruliferous insect rates were similar with those detected in RBSDV infected rice fields.