• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.45-50
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• 2002

본 시험은 한우 방목시 방목초지의 이용효율을 극대화시키기 위한 방목이용관리 방법을 모색하기 위해 수행되었다. 목구를 증가시켜 체목일수를 2∼3일로 하는 집약방목구와 체목일수가 5∼6일인 대조구(관행구)를 두어 목초생산성 및 가축생산성을 비교하였다. 그 결과 집약방목구의 건물생산량이 7.33t/ha로 대조구의 6.28t/ha에 비해 22% 증수되었다. 또한 방목가축 관리에 매우 중요한 요인인 계절생산성도 안정되어 목초의 수량이 급격히 저하되는 8월 이후에도 생산성이 높은 수준으로 유지되었다. 이러한 결과로 보아 목구수를 12개로 증가시키고 체목일수를 2∼3일로 단축시킴으로서 건물 생산성의 증가와 아울러 제상과 배설물에 의한 목초 손실률을 줄이므로서 방목초지의 생산성과 이용성을 증대시킬 수 있다. 또한 목초 부족기인 8월 이후에는 농후사료의 보충 등 방목 가축관리가 번거로워지나 이러한 노력도 줄일 수 있을 것이다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.259-266
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• 2005

본 연구는 산지 고랭지에서 방목용 초지생산성을 향상시키기 위하여 이 지역에 맞는 방목용 혼파조합을 선발하는데 목적이 있다. 따라서 본 실험은 대관령의 산지 고랭지에서 방목용 혼파조합이 목초의 식생비율 및 건물수량에 미치는 영향을 검토하여 방목에 적합한 혼파조합을 선발하고자 실시하였다. 실험은 1990년 8월부터 1993년까지 3년간 강원도 평창군 도암면 해발 840m에 위치한 실험포에서 수행하였다. 목초의 혼파조합 및 파종량(kg/ha)은 관행혼파조합으로 대조구인 C구 : OG+TF+TI+KBG+LC (18:9:8:3:2), T1구 : OG+TF+KBG+LC (24:8:2:2), T2구: OG+TF+KBG+RC(24:8:2:2), T3구: OG+TI+KBG+LC (26:8:2:2), T4구 : OG +TF+KBG+LC (8:28:2:2), T5구: OG+TI+KBG+LC (8:24:2:2) 및 T6구: OG+RCG+KBG+LC (8:26:2:2)의 7개 처리로 하였다. 목초 파종 후 초종별로 정착개체수가 증가함에 따라 피복율이 점차 높아져 목초비율은 증가하고 잡초 및 나지비율은 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 식생구성은 TI, OG, KBG 및 LC가 균형적인 비율을 보이고 있었으며, 잡초와 나지율이 낮은 T5구가 대관령지역에 적합한 혼파조합으로 나타났다. 방목이 경과됨에 따라 목초수량은 증가하는 경향을 보였으며 연차별로는 1993년의 T5구에서 건물수량이 가장 많았으며, 처리간에 건물수량도 유의차는 없었지만 T5구에서 9,344kg/ha로 가장 많았다. 이상에서 산지고랭지에서 방목용 혼파조합으로 적합한 것은 식생구성비율 및 건물수량 면에서 티머시 위주의 T5 (OG:TI:KBG:LC=8:24:2:2kg/ha)인 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제10권1호
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• pp.27-35
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• 1990

초지에 있어서 칼리(K)의 동태 및 반구동물의 마마그네슘(Mg) 출납에 관한 연구의 한 부분으로서, 목초중 칼리 및 마그네슘 함량의 수절에 따른 변화를 알아보기 위한 시험을 봄부터 가을(4월-11월)의 기간동안 방목지와 방목지내 채초이초지(이하 채초지)에서 실시했다. 년간 2회에 걸쳐 가축의 방목을 행한 방목지에서 월별로 시료를 취한 뒤 초종별로 나누지 않고서 전 직물체(목초 및 야초)의 칼리와 마그네슘함량을 조사했으며(시험 1), 채초지에서는 방목지보다 많은 양의 칼리 사료를 사용하여 년간 5회에 걸쳐서 시험구의 실물체를 모두 예취한 후 구성초종별로 나누어서 초종별 우점도 및 칼리와 마그네슘함량을 조사했는데(시험 2), 얻어진결과는 다음과 같다. 1.오차드그라스(Dactylis glomerata L.) 가 우점된 방초지(오차드그라스 방목시)에서의 직물체중 칼리 함량은 봄에 가장 높았으며, 칼리함량의 계절별화(1.5-5.8%)도 돌페스큐(Festuca arundinacea S촉듀.) 방목지에서의 계절변화(3.0-3.8%)보다 뚜렷했다. 2. 오차드그라스 방목지에서의 식물체중마그네슘 함량은 4월-7월에는 건물 1g당 2.0mg보다 낮았으나 그 이후 2.0mg보다 높아졌으며 시험기간중 함량변화의 범위는 1.5-3.1mg이었다. 톨페스큐 방목지에서의 함량의 계절변화는 오차드그라스에서와 비슷하여 봄에 가장 낮고 차츰 높아졌으나 그 범용는 2.0-3.8mg으로 오차드그라스 방목지보다 높은 값을 나타냈다.(시험 1). 3. 오차드그라스 채초시에서는 파종된 목장종인 오차드그라스가 7월까지 우점하였으나 이름 (7월)부터는 야초가 많이 나타나서 가을(10월)에는 바랭이 독 야초(Digitaria adscendens H.) 및 개피(Echi-nochloa crus-galli (L.) B.)가 우점초종으로되었다. 4. 오차드그라스의 칼리함량은 건물량 기준으로 3.9-5.9%이었으며 계절별로는 봄(5월)과 가을(10월)에 높았다. 돌페스큐는 3.8-4.8%, 와이트클로버(Trifolium repen L.)는 3.6-5.0%이었으며 이탈리안 라이그라스(Lolium multiflorum Lam.)는 2.7-3.5% 이었다. 5. 목초중 마그네슘함량은 계절별로는 봄철에 가장 낮고 여름에 높은 경향이었으며, 초종별로는 화이트 클로버가 건물 1g당 2.9-3.7mg로 높았고 돌페스큐가 2.0-3.3mg 오차드그라스가 1.6-2.8mg이었으며 이탈리안 라이그라스는 1.3-1.9mg으로 가장 낮았다. 6. 야초중 칼리함량의 수절변화는 건물량 기준으로 1.7-6.3%의 범위였으며 마그네슘함량의 변화는 건물 1g당 1.6-10.1mg의 범위였다. 바랭이독 야초와 개피중 칼리함량은 가을 (10월, 11월)에 목초보다 낮아 1.7-3.9%의 범위였으나 마그네슘함량은 목초보다 높아 3.2-10.1mg의 범위였다(시험 2) 이상의 결과로부터 목초의 칼리함량은 생육단계가 낮을 때 놓았으며, 수절별로는 봄과 가을에 높았다. 목초의 마그네슘함량은 봄철에 낮아 이 시기에 무기물의 불균형이나 그라스테타니의 발생 가능성이 있는 것으로 생각되어졌으며, 시험에 공시된 초종중에서는 높은 칼리함량 또는 낮은 마그네슘함량을 갖고 있는 오차드그라스와 이탈리안 라이그라스가 돌페슈큐보다 그 발생 기능성이 높은 것으로 생각되어졌다; 한편 초지에서 가을에 목초보다 우점도가 높은 바랭이독 야초 및 개피는 칼리함량이 낮고 마그네슘함량이 높았으므로, 그 시기에 발생되는 무기물 불균형을 야기시킬 수 있는 것으로 생각되어졌다.

• 한국초지조사료학회지
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.161-168
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• 2000

The experiment was carried out to investigate the effect of extension of grazing duration in late autumn on grass growth in following spring, in order to improve the rate of self-sufficiency for roughage feed. Plant height, total biomass and litter production of herbage were increased when the grazing was finished early in late autumn. The proportions of clover and litter, and amounts of animal intake were decreased, with extended grazing duration in late autumn. But when the grazing was finished late in autumn, the contents of crude protein (CP, %) of herbage were increased, contents of acid detergent fiber (ADF, %), neutral detergent fiber (NDF, %) and crude ash (%) were decreased in pasture after grazing, therefore the contents of total digestible nutrients (TDN, %) and relative feed value (RFV) of herbage were improved. The early end grazing showed that plant height, total biomass and litter production of herbage in following spring were higher than those in late end grazing. However, increased yields were not significantly different among end grazing treatments (0.12-0.15 tonha), except for the final end grazing in late autumn (0.01 tonha). With extended grazing duration in late autumn, the contents of CP of herbage in following spring were increased, contents of ADF, were decreased, and RFV were improved. (Key words : Extension of grazing duration, Plant height, Biomass, Amount of intake, Increased yield, Crude protein, TDN) rll\ulcorner c# qiil x i 9 ~ 1 a% * (College of Natural Resources, Taegu Univ., Kyongsan, 71 2-714, Korea) * $4 4 qiil 34 qq(Co1lege of Liberal Arts & Sciences, Yonsei Univ., Wonju, 220-701, Korea) '* 8 * jL@%ft@ &@%(Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido Univ., Sapporo, 060 Japan)

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제18권10호
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• pp.1430-1434
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• 2005

We conducted two experiments to assess the effect of transfer from housing to grazing on stress hormone secretion in cattle using urine samples. In a preliminary experiment, urine samples were collected following an adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH) challenge, and cortisol levels in urine were compared with the levels in plasma. In a second experiment, urinary cortisol was measured before and after the start of a grazing season in 6 Japanese Shorthorn cows, all of which had experienced grazing before. In experiment 1, urinary cortisol showed a pattern of changes similar to that of plasma with a 0.5-h temporal lag time, and the peak levels were 4 to 10 times higher than the basal levels. In experiment 2, the urinary cortisol levels in cows did not change after the cows were let out to pasture, with no decreases in body weight. This study suggests that the transfer from housing to grazing did not affect physiological responses to cause high excretion of urinary cortisol in grazing-experienced cattle using a non-invasive sampling method.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권12호
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• pp.1779-1787
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• 2000

Southern and south-western Australia is a typical mediterranean environment, characterised by wet, cold winters and dry, hot summers. The evaporation rate varies significantly in summer, resulting in a high salinity of drinking water for grazing animals. In addition, a large amount of land in the cropping areas is affected by salt. Puccinellia, tall wheat grass and saltbushes have been planted to improve the soil condition and to supply feed for grazing animals. Animals grazing these areas often ingest an excessive amount of salt from soil, forage and drinking water which can reduce feed intake, increase the water requirement, depress growth and affect body composition as demonstrated in sheep. While the deer industry has been successfully developed in these regions, the potential impact of excessive salt intake on deer production is unknown. The salt tolerance has been well defined for sheep, cattle and other livestock species, but the variation between animal species, breeds within species, maturity status and grazing environments makes it impossible to apply these values directly to deer. To optimise deer production and effectively use natural resources, it is essential to understand the salt status of grazing deer and the impact of excessive salt intake on growth and reproduction of deer.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제27권3호
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• pp.422-430
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• 2014

Pasture-based automatic milking systems (AMS) require cow traffic to enable cows to be milked. The interval between milkings can be manipulated by strategically allocating pasture. The current experiment investigated the effect of replacing an allocation of grazed pasture with grazed soybean (Glycine max) with the hypothesis that incorporating soybean would increase voluntary cow traffic and milk production. One hundred and eighty mixed age, primiparous and multiparous Holstein-Friesian/Illawarra cows were randomly assigned to two treatment groups (n = 90/group) with a $2{\times}2$ Latin square design. Each group was either offered treatments of kikuyu grass (Pennisetum clandestinum Hoach ex Chiov.) pasture (pasture) or soybean from 0900 h to 1500 h during the experimental period which consisted of 2 periods of 3 days following 5 days of training and adaptation in each period with groups crossing over treatments after the first period. The number of cows trafficking to each treatment was similar together with milk yield (mean ${\approx}18$ L/cow/d) in this experiment. For the cows that arrived at soybean or pasture there were significant differences in their behaviour and consequently the number of cows exiting each treatment paddock. There was greater cow traffic (more cows and sooner) exiting pasture allocations. Cows that arrived at soybean stayed on the allocation for 25% more time and ate more forage (8.5 kg/cow/d/allocation) relative to pasture (4.7 kg/cow/d/allocation). Pasture cows predominantly replaced eating time with rumination. These findings suggest that replacing pasture with alternative grazeable forages provides no additional incentive to increase voluntary cow traffic to an allocation of feed in AMS. This work highlights the opportunity to increase forage intakes in AMS through the incorporation of alternative forages.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권6호
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• pp.800-807
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• 2019

Objective: The aim was to evaluate backgrounding beef steers on oat + ryegrass pastures mixed with vetch and/or using energy supplementation. Methods: A randomized block design with three treatments and three replications was used. The treatments were: grass + supplement (oat + ryegrass + supplementation), legume + supplement (oat + ryegrass + vetch + supplementation) and grass + legume (oat + ryegrass + vetch). A continuous grazing system with a variable stocking rate was used. Twenty-seven intact crossbred steers (1/4 Marchigiana, 1/4 Aberdeen Angus and 2/4 Nellore) aged 7 months old and average weight of 190 kg were used. Steers were supplemented at 1% of the body weight of ground corn. The experiment lasted 84 days, between May and August 2014. Behavioral assessments were performed two times per experimental period, for 24 hours. Results: The forage mass was different between treatments, being greater for steers fed without legume. The accumulation rate, forage allowance, and stocking rate did not differ between treatments due to the adequate adjustment of forage allowance. The final weight of animals, as well as the dry matter intake (kg/d), did not differ between treatments. However, forage intake was higher for non-supplemented animals in relation to supplemented steers. Supplement intake did not alter the total digestible nutrient intake due to pasture quality. Animals fed grass + supplement had higher live weight gain per area than those fed grass + legume. Animals without supplementation spent more time in grazing. Conclusion: Feeding behavior was not altered by mixing with vetch or supplementation. Non-supplemented animals started the grazing peak earlier and spent more time in grazing than those supplemented; however, the average daily gain was similar between treatments. The live weight gain per hectare was 47% higher in pastures in which the animals received supplementation compared with those mixed with vetch, a consequence of the substitutive effect.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권5호
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• pp.711-715
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• 2013

To investigate the effect of restricted grazing time on behavior of Tan sheep on desert steppe, forty 4-months old male Tan sheep with an original body weight (BW) of $15.62{\pm}0.33$ kg were randomly allocated to 4 grazing groups which corresponded to 4 different restricted grazing time treatments of 2 h/d (G2), 4 h/d (G4), 8 h/d (G8) and 12 h/d (G12) access to pasture. The restricted grazing times had a significant impact on intake time, resting time, ruminating time, bite rate and movement. As the grazing time decreased, the proportion of time spent on intake, bite rate and grazing velocity significantly (p<0.05) increased, but resting and ruminating time clearly (p<0.05) decreased. The grazing months mainly depicted effect on intake time and grazing velocity. In conclusion, by varying their foraging behavior, Tan sheep could improve grazing efficiency to adapt well to the time-limited grazing circumstance.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제30권9호
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• pp.1253-1260
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• 2017

Objective: Purpose was to determine the effects of grazing system and floor type on concentrations of blood metabolites, activity of creatine kinase, body weight and carcass characteristics of castrated Nguni goats. Methods: Forty eight, 7 month old goats were randomly allocated to herding and tethering treatments from 0800 to 1300 hours and accommodated on slatted and earth floors daily. Blood samples were collected by jugular venipuncture every fifteenth day for metabolite analysis. Slaughter was done at a commercial abattoir following 5 months of monitoring. Results: Tethered goats had significantly higher concentrations of urea (5.19 mmol/L) (p<0.001), creatinine ($55.87{\mu}mol/L$) (p<0.05), total protein (64.60 g/L) (p<0.01), and globulin (49.79 g/L) (p<0.001), whereas herded goats had higher glucose (3.38 mmol/L) (p<0.001), albumin (15.33 g/L) (p<0.05), albumin/globulin ratio (0.34) (p<0.01), and body weight (24.87 kg) (p<0.001). Slatted floors caused higher (p<0.01) albumin at 15.37 g/L. The interaction of grazing system and floor type affected creatinine, total protein, globulin at (p<0.01) and albumen/globulin ratio at (p<0.01). The least creatinine concentration and albumin/globulin ratio was in herded and tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors, respectively. The highest total protein and globulin concentrations were in serum of tethered goats that were accommodated on earth floors. The highest (p<0.05) dressing percentage (45.26%) was in herded goats accommodated on slatted floors. Conclusion: Herding of goats lowered globulin concentration, improved estimated feed intake, blood glucose and albumin concentrations, albumin globulin ratio, increased body weights and weight related carcass characteristics. Floor type had very little effects on metabolites where earth floors only reduced albumin concentration. Tethering and housing goats on earth floors resulted in double stress that increased chronic infections.