• Economic and Environmental Geology
• /
• v.39 no.4 s.179
• /
• pp.441-450
• /
• 2006

The on-land seismic survey in Korea was begun in mid-1960s. Kim et al.(1967) of Korea Geological Survey reported on the result of gravity and seismic reflection surveys conducted in the Pohang area for the period of 1963-64 to assess its possibility of oil entrapment. Hyun and Kim (1966) carried out a refraction survey on the tunnel wall. Since then, the KGS geophysicists had conducted seismic surveys on Kyungsang sedimentary basin as a main project for several years. In 1970s, on-land seismic surveys had been conducted for various purposes such as site investigation for the nuclear power plants and industrial complex, exploration for ground water, mineral resources and underground tunnel. The first reflection survey with CMP acquisition was attempted in 1978 by using a digital recording system. But most of on-land seismic surveys had employed the refraction method until 1980s. In 1990s, high resolution reflection and various borehole seismic surveys such as tomography, uphole, downhole, cross-hole methods have been attempted by universities and engineering companies. The applications of on-land seismic surveys have been enlarged for both academic and industrial purposes such as investigation of geologic structure of the fault and tidal flat area, construction of highway, railroad and dam, geothermal energy and mineral resource exploration, environmental assessment for waste disposal sites and archaeological investigations. In 2002, the first crustal seismic survey was carried out on the profile of 294km length across the whole peninsular. It is expected that the advanced technology and experience acquired through offshore seismic surveys, which have been conducted in continental shelf of Korea and foreign oil fields, will stimulate the more active on-land seismic explorations.

• Ocean and Polar Research
• /
• v.25 no.3
• /
• pp.277-286
• /
• 2003

Nitrification performance of fixed film biofilters using coarse sand, loess bead, or styrofoam beads in biofilter columns 1 meter high and 30cm in diameter were studied at different hydraulic and organic matter loading rates. Synthetic wastewater was supplied to the culture tank in order to maintain desired TAN concentrations in inlet water to biofilters. All the biofilters were conditioned 5 months before start of sampling. TAN and $NO_2-N$ conversion rates increased with an increase in the hydraulic loading rate (HLR). However, the improvement in biofilter performance was not linearly correlated to HLR in styrofoam bead filters. This is mainly due to the characteristics of the styrofoam beads used. TAN conversion rates of sand filters increased with the increase of HLR up to $200m^3/m^2$. per day. No increase in the TAN conversion rate was observed at the highest HLR since flooding on the media surface took place. HLR had a significant impact on the TAN conversion rates in loess bead filter up to the highest HLR tested (P<0.05). TAN conversion rates were much less at organic matter loading rates of 9 and 18kg $O_2/m^3$ per day than those without the addition of organic matter in styrofoam bead filters. The addition of glucose resulted in a reduction of the TAN conversion rate from 540 to 284g $TAN/m^3$ per day. No significant difference of TAN conversion rates between the two organic matter loading rates was found (p<0.05). This indicates that the impact of organic matter on nitrification becomes less and less sensitive with an increase in the COD/TAN ratio. At an organic matter loading rate of 9kg $O_2/m^3$. per day, a great reduction of TAN conversion rates was observed in sand filters and loess bead filters. Clearly, organic matter can be one of the most Important Impacting factors on nitrification. $NO_2-N$ conversion rates showed a similar trend for TAN. Based on the TAN and nitrite conversion rates, styrofoam beads showed the best performance among the three filter media tested. Also, the low gravity and price of styrofoam beads make the handling easier and more cost-effective for commercial application. The results obtained at the highest organic matter loading rates can be used in the biofilter design in recirculating aquaculture system.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society for Agricultural Machinery Conference
• /
• 2000.11b
• /
• pp.472-479
• /
• 2000

A persimmon harvesting vehicle that can be operated in hilly orchards as well as a manipulator that can be used to harvest persimmons located in remote positions in the trees were designed and developed. The vehicle could be operated with keeping balanced position in an inclined field and its working platform could be moved up and down easy to approach fruits in a remote region with the aids of a hydraulic and a electrical and electronics systems. The weight of the vehicle was 927 kg and the center of gravity was located at 427 mm to the inner side from the center of a right driving caterpillar, 607 mm to a rear axle from the center of a front axle, and 562 mm to upward from ground. The automatic level control sensor for leveling the working platform was activated within 14.5 ∼ 16.5 degrees of slope variation. The total length of the manipulator was 1.39 m and weight is 975 g. It was powered by a 12 V geared motor to detach persimmon fruits with a rotational force. The gripper was made of plastic and rubber to increase a frictional force. In a performance evaluation test, static tipping angle, dynamic tipping angle toward front side when the vehicle was moving downward, climbing angle, driving speed of the vehicle were measured or calculated. In persimmon harvesting tests 24.9% of yield was increased by hand picking with the aid of the vehicle and additional 7% of yield were increased when the manipulator was used. Therefore, 99010 of total possible yield was achievable when both of the vehicle and the manipulator were used for the manual persimmon harvesting. Increase in 22.5% of total yield was achieved with the manipulator only.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Aeronautical & Space Sciences
• /
• v.31 no.3
• /
• pp.23-30
• /
• 2003

In this study, the various load cases by specified by the IEC61400-1 international specification and GL Regulations for the wind energy conversion system were considered, and a specific composite structure configuration which can effectively endure various loads was proposed. In order to evaluate the structure, the structural analysis for the composite wind turbine blade was performed using the finite element method(FEM). In the structural design, the acceptable configuration of blade structure was determined through the parametric studies, and the most dominant design parameters were confirmed. In the stress analysis using the FEM, it was confirmed that the blade structure was safe and stable for all the considerd load cases. Moreover the safety of the blade root joint with insert bolts, newly devised in this study, was checked against the design loads and also the fatigue loads. The fatigue life for operating more than 20 years was estimated by using the well-known S-N linear damage rule, the load spectrum and Spera's empirical equations. The full-scale static test was performed under the simulated aerodynamic loads. from the experimental results, it was found that the designed blade had the structural integrity. Furthermore the measured results were agreed with the analytical results such as deflections, strains, the mass and the radial center of gravity. The studied blade was successfully certified by an international institute, GL, of Germany.

• Journal of Astronomy and Space Sciences
• /
• v.22 no.4
• /
• pp.463-472
• /
• 2005

In this paper, the dynamic model development for interplanetary navigation has been discussed. The Cowell method for special perturbation theories was employed to develop an interplanetary trajectory propagator including the perturbations due to geopotential, the Earth's dynamic polar motion, the gravity of the Sun, the Moon and the other planets in the solar system, the relativistic effect of the Sun, solar radiation pressure, and atmospheric drag. The equations of motion in dynamic model were numerically integrated using Adams-Cowell 11th order predictor-corrector method. To compare the influences of each perturbation, trajectory propagation was performed using initial transfer orbit elements of the Mars Express mission launched in 2003, because it can be the criterion to choose proper perturbation models for navigation upon required accuracy. To investigate the performance of dynamic model developed, it was tested whether the spacecraft can reach the Mars. The interplanetary navigation tool developed in this study demonstrated the spacecraft entering the Mars SOI(Sphere of Influence) and its velocity .elative to the Mars was less than the escape velocity of the Mars, hence, the spacecraft can arrive at the target planet. The obtained results were also verified by using the AGI Satellite Tool Kit. It is concluded that the developed program is suitable for supporting interplanetary spacecraft mission for a future Korean Mars mission.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
• /
• v.19 no.1
• /
• pp.159-166
• /
• 2009

The purpose of this study was to develop and automatic gait event detection algorithm using single accelerometer which is attached at the top of the shoe. The sinal vector magnitude and anterior-posterior(x-axis) directional component of accelerometer were used to detect heel strike(HS) and toe off(TO), respectively. To evaluate proposed algorithm, gait event timing was compared with that by force plate and kinematic data. In experiment, 7 subjects performed 10 trials level walking with 3 different walking conditions such as fast, preferred & slow walking. An accelerometer, force plate and 3D motion capture system were used during experiment. Gait event by force plate was used as reference timing. Results showed that gait event by accelerometer is similar to that by force plate. The distribution of differences were spread about $22.33{\pm}17.45m$ for HS and $26.82{\pm}14.78m$ for To and most error was existed consistently prior to 20ms. The difference between gait event by kinematic data and developed algorithm was small. Thus it can be concluded that developed algorithm can be used during outdoor walking experiment. Further study is necessary to extract gait spatial variables by removing gravity factor.

• Journal of Korea Water Resources Association
• /
• v.43 no.2
• /
• pp.153-165
• /
• 2010

Large-Scale Particle Image Velocimetry (LSPIV) is an extension of particle image velocimetry (PIV) for measurement of flows spanning large areas in laboratory or field conditions. LSPIV is composed of six elements - seeding, illumination, recording, image transformation, image processing, postprocessing - based on PIV. Possible error elements at each step of Mobile LSPIV (MLSPIV), which is a mobile version of LSPIV, in field applications are identified and summarized the effect of the errors which were quantified in the previous studies. The total number of elemental errors is 27, and five error sources were evaluated previously, seven elemental errors are not effective to the current MLSPIV system. Among 15 elemental errors, four errors - sampling time, image resolution, tracer, and wind - are investigated through an experiment at a laboratory to figure out how those errors affect to velocity calculation. The analysis to figure out the effect of the number of images used for image processing on the velocity calculation error shows that if over 50 images or more are used, the error due to it goes below 1 %. The effect of the image resolution on velocity calculation was investigated through various image resolution using digital camera. Low resolution image set made 3 % of velocity calculation error comparing with high resolution image set as a reference. For the effect of tracers and wind, the wind effect on tracer is decreasing remarkably with increasing the flume bulk velocity. To minimize the velocity evaluation error due to wind, tracers with high specific gravity is favorable.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.9-17
• /
• 2005

A set of soil samples were picked up from a failed slope formed by rainfall in limestone zone in Jangseong-gun, Jeonnam, Korea, to find out its physical and mechanical characteristics for this study, and variation of safety factor depending on slope inclination was defined by analysing slope stability affected by rainfall. Decomposed limestone soil in the research area is composed of quartz, orthoclase, gibbsite, geothite, etc., with specific gravity of 2.73, and this soil is included in SC by unified soil classification system. Calcium ingredient decreased remarkably during weathering at its mother rock. Coefficient of permeability is 2.56×10/sup -4/ cm/ sec, similar to its value of silty clay. Cohesion decreases remarkably from 3.0 t/ ㎡ to 0.72 t/ ㎡, and Φ value of internal friction angle tends to decrease as it turns to be saturated soil from partial saturated soil in the shear test. To analyze slope stability affected by rainfall, it is reasonable to seek seepage depth with reference to rainfall＊ intensity. In the slope stability analysis, when the seepage depth is the larger, its safety factor is the less, which makes the slope unstable. Comparing with minimum safety factor, 1.5 of cut slope in consideration of the seep-age line, safety factor is found to be satisfactory only when inclination of cut slope of decomposed limestone soil is more than 1：1.2 slope at least considering rainfall. It is also found that decrease of cohesion has great effect on decline of safety factor of slope while partial saturated soil turns to be saturated soil.

• Nuclear Engineering and Technology
• /
• v.45 no.5
• /
• pp.605-612
• /
• 2013

Removal of decay heat from an operating reactor during a prolonged station blackout condition is a big concern for reactor designers, especially after the recent Fukushima accident. In the case of a prolonged station blackout condition, heat removal is possible only by passive means since no pumps or active systems are available. Keeping this in mind, the AHWR has been designed with many passive safety features. One of them is a passive means of removing decay heat with the help of Isolation Condensers (ICs) which are submerged in a big water pool called the Gravity Driven Water Pool (GDWP). The ICs have many tubes in which the steam, generated by the reactor core due to the decay heat, flows and condenses by rejecting the heat into the water pool. After condensation, the condensate falls back into the steam drum of the reactor. The GDWP tank holds a large amount of water, about 8000 $m^3$, which is located at a higher elevation than the steam drum of the reactor in order to promote natural circulation. Due to the recent Fukushima type accidents, it has been a concern to understand and evaluate the capability of the ICs to remove decay heat for a prolonged period without escalating fuel sheath temperature. In view of this, an analysis has been performed for decay heat removal characteristics over several days of an AHWR by ICs. The computer code RELAP5/MOD3.2 was used for this purpose. Results indicate that the ICs can remove the decay heat for more than 10 days without causing any bulk boiling in the GDWP. After that, decay heat can be removed for more than 40 days by boiling off the pool inventory. The pressure inside the containment does not exceed the design pressure even after 10 days by condensation of steam generated from the GDWP on the walls of containment and on the Passive Containment Cooling System (PCCS) tubes. If venting is carried out after this period, the decay heat can be removed for more than 50 days without exceeding the design limits.

• The Journal of the Petrological Society of Korea
• /
• v.22 no.1
• /
• pp.35-47
• /
• 2013

The Baegdusan Volcano which erupted violently at 1000 AD is still have possibility of eruption. Therefore, it is necessary to monitor regularly the possibility of eruption. However, it is very difficult to install regular monitoring system or to get regularly monitored data due to geopolitic problems. This is why we have to develop regular monitoring technique using satellite. The geoid in the Baegdusan Volcanic area calculated from gravity data obtained from GRACE satellite, decreased from 2002 to 2005. The period of decreasing is well matched with time when magma activities were recognized in the Baegdusan Volcanic area. The decrease in geoid is interpreted to be caused by the decrease of water storage. Considering that the amount of rainfall from 2002 and 2005 is almost constant, the decrease in geoid may be related to the magma activity under the Baegdusan Volcano. The geomagnetic total force in the Baegdusan Volcanic area measured by CHAMP satellite, decreased from 2000 to 2005 and increased after 2005. The period of decrease is well matched with the time with increased activity of magma chamber under the Baegdusan Volcano indicating that the decrease of geomagnetic total force is caused by demagnetization of surrounding rocks due to the increase of temperature of magma chamber. These data indicate the possbility of using change of geoid and geomagnetic total force observed by GRACE and CHAMP satellites for the monitoring of magma activity under the Baegdusan Volcano.