• Natural Product Sciences
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2003

Zizypus is one of the herbs widely used in Korea and China due to CNS calming effect. The present study aims to investigate the effect of the methanol extract of Zizyphi Jujube Semen (ZJS) on kainic acid (KA)-induced neurotoxicity in cultured rat cerebellar granule neuron. ZJS, over a concentration range of 0.05 to $5\;{\mu]g/ml$, inhibited KA $(500\;{\mu}M)-induced$ neuronal cell death, which was measured by a trypan blue exclusion test and a 3-[4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl]-2,5-diphenyl-tetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. Pretreatment of ZJS $(0.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited KA$(50\;{\mu}M)$-induced elevation of cytosolic calcium concentration $([Ca^{2+}]_c)$, which was measured by a fluorescent dye, Fura 2-AM, and generation of reactive oxygen species (ROS). ZJS $(0.5\;{\mu}g/ml)$ inhibited glutamate release into medium induced by KA $(500\;{\mu}M)$, which was measured by HPLC. These results suggest that ZJS prevents KA-induced neuronal cell damage in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제46권5호
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• pp.683-689
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• 2022

Background: Since ginsenosides exert an anti-thrombotic activity, blood flow-improving effects of DK-MGAR101, an extract of mountain ginseng adventitious roots (MGAR) containing various ginsenosides, were investigated in comparison with an extract of Korean Red Ginseng (ERG). Methods: In Sprague-Dawley rats orally administered with DK-MGAR101 or ERG, oxidative carotid arterial thrombosis was induced with FeCl₃ (35%), and their blood flow and occlusion time were measured. To elucidate underlying mechanisms, the cytoprotective activities on rat aortic endothelial cells (RAOECs) exposed to hydrogen peroxide (H₂O₂) were confirmed. In addition, the inhibitory activities of DK-MGAR101 and ERG on agonist-induced platelet aggregation, thromboxane B₂ production, and ATP granule release from stimulated platelets as well as blood coagulation were analyzed. Results: DK-MGAR101 containing high concentrations of Rb1, Rg1, Rg3, Rg5, and Rk1 ginsenosides (55.07 mg/g) was more effective than ERG (ginsenosides 8.45 mg/g) in protecting RAOECs against H₂O₂ cytotoxicity. DK-MGAR101 was superior to ERG not only in suppressing platelet aggregation, thromboxane B₂ production, and granule release, but also in delaying blood coagulation, FeCl₃-induced arterial occlusion, and thrombus formation. Conclusions: The results indicate that DK-MGAR101 prevents blood vessel occlusion by suppressing platelet aggregation, thrombosis, and blood coagulation, in addition to endothelial cell injury.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제15권4호
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• pp.607-612
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• 2005

열충격단백질 70 (HSP70)은 복수유전자족으로서 통상적으로 표현되는 Hsc70와 스트레스에 의하여 유도되는 Hsp70가 있다. 포유동물의 신경계통에서는 상당한 량의 HSP70가 정상조건에서도 표현되는 것으로 알려져 있다. 본 연구에서는 흰쥐의 소뇌 세포의 연접에서 Hsp70의 표현에 대한 연구를 하였다. 면역조직화학적으로 소뇌절편을 염색하여 관찰한 결과 Hsp70와 Hsc70 모두 표현되었는데, 소뇌 조롱박세포에서 가장 강하게 표현되었으며, 다음으로 소뇌 과립세포에서 강하게 표현되었다. 또한 깊은소뇌핵의 신경세포들도 강하게 염색되었다. 배양한 P1 소뇌신경 세포를 Hsp70 항체로 염색한 결과 Hsp70는 조롱박세포와 과립 세포에서 모두 표현되었으며, 세포체와 가지돌기를 따라 점박이를 형성하였다. 이들 점 박이들은 PSD95 점박이와 같이 위치하였다. 그리고 PSD 분획을 이용한 면역염색에서도 PSD70이 검출되었다. 본 연구결과는 Hsp70이 정상조건에서도 소뇌신경세포의 연접에 존재함을 의미한다.

• Maxillofacial Plastic and Reconstructive Surgery
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• 제20권4호
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• pp.316-333
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• 1998

Obstructive sialadenitis of major salivary glands is a common entity that occurs either in sialolithiasis or in foreign-body obstruction of the excretory ducts. This is characterized histologically by the presence of duct-like structural groups in a highly fibrotic stroma. Although the pathologic features are well recognized, the various cell types involved in the atrophy and subsequent regeneration of the obstructed salivary gland have been controversial. For this reason, an animal model of obstructive sialadenitis that induced atrophy in the salivary gland was used. Experimental study was performed to observe changes of submandibular gland in rabbit and apply the results to clinical activity. Forty-five rabbits each weighing about 3Kg were used and divided into control and experimental group. In the experimental group, ducts of submandibular gland was ligated and cutted divided into each twenty rabbits. Rabbits were serially sacrificed on the 3rd, 5th, 14th, 30th day of experiment. The submandibular glands were dissected out at sacrifice and stained with H&E, MT, immunohistochemical stain and the histological examinations were carried out under the light and transmission electron microscope. After examination and comparison of all specimens, the results of this study were as follows: 1. In the features of H&E stain, moderate infiltration of inflammatory cell were present at 3rd day of experiment. The features of ductal metaplasia was observed after 7th day in the ligation group and destructive changes was continued. In the cutting group, atrophic changes were less severe than ligation group but the small ductule were separated from stroma after 7th day. 2. In the feature of MT stain, apposition of connective tissue was increased in all group, more active in ligation group. 3. In the features of immunohistochemical stain, ligation group showed increased PCNA positive response at 7th day and the higher activity of duct cells was observed. Severance group showed more PCNA positive response than ligation group at 30th day. 4. In TEM features, ductal metaplasia was started at 7th day and degenerative change with margination of nucleus had been severe. Although ductal metaplasia was seen in the severance group, more numerous granule in different size was founded than ligation group. From above results, degenerative change was identified with ductal metaplasia, apically apposition of granule, r-ER destruction in ligation group. Severance of duct elicit degenerative change of grandular cells but the change was less severe than ligation group and more PCNA positive cell was founded at acinar cell.

• 생물정신의학
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.219-226
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• 1998

Cytosine arabinoside(AraC) inhibits DNA synthesis and ${\beta}$-DNA polymerase, an enzyme involved in DNA repair. This, a potent antimitotic agent, is clinically used as an anticancer drug with side effect of severe neurotoxicity. Earlier reports suggested that inhibition of neuronal survival by AraC in sympathetic neuron may be due to the inhibition of a 2'-deoxycytidine-dependent process that is independent of DNA synthesis or repair and AraC induced a signal that is triggers a cascade of new mRNA and protein synthesis, leading to apoptotic cell death in cultured cerebellar granule cells. The present study would suggest whether caspase family(ICE/CED-3-like protease) involved in AraC-induced apoptosis pathway of PC12 cells. It was observed that treatment of PC12 cells with AraC led to decrease of viability by MTT assay and morphology changes, which did not suggest that AraC induced apoptosis in PC12 cells. The mRNA of caspase-1/caspase-3 were expressed in PC12 cells constitutively, and AraC did not activate caspase family. These results suggest that caspase-1/caspase-3 may not be required for AraC-induced cell death pathway in PC12 cells.

• 대한수의학회지
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• 제35권1호
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• pp.55-65
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• 1995

Ultrastructures of pancreatic endocrine cells containing glucagon, insulin, somatosratin and pancreatic polypeptide were studied in the pancreas of the Korean native goat by immunohistochemical and elecron microscopy. Glucagon immunoreatctive cells were round or fusiform in shape and contained secretory granules of 200-260 nm in diameter. The secretory granules were high in electron density and had a halo between the limiting membrane and the central granule core. Insulin immunoreactive cells were round or oval in shape, and contained various sizes of secretory granules from 135 to 300 nm in diameter. The secretory granules were low or moderate electron density and had a variform halo. Somatostatin immunoreactive cells were elliptical or fusiform shape with cytoplasmic processes. They contained the secretory granules of 140-320 nm with moderate electron densities. Pancreatic polypeptide immunoreactive cells were elliptical or fusiform and contained small secretory granules with high electron densities. The secretory granules were 120-230 nm in diameter and the least in number.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.16-23
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• 2007

한국산 버들치속 (Rhynchocypris) 어류인 버들치 (Rhynchocypris oxycephalus)와 금강모치 (Rhynchocypris kumgangensis) 난모세포의 난막구조에 대해 광학현미경과 전자현미경으로 조사하였다. 두 종에 있어서 난형성과정은 비슷했으나 난모세포를 둘러싸는 여포세포층(follicular layer)에 있어서는 차이를 보였다. 버들치는 난황포(yolk vesicle)시기에 있어 여포세포층은 안쪽에 입방형 또는 둥근모양의 세포층(inner follicular layer)이 난막위에 형성되고 그 바깥쪽으로 편평세포층(outer follicular layer)의 2층으로 이루어져 있었다. 난모세포의 발생이 진행됨에 따라 inner follicular layer의 입방형세포는 원주형세포(columnar cell)로 바뀌게 된다. 난황구(yolk granule)시기에 원주형세포는 세포질에 부착물질인 mucin을 분비해서 난세포 전체를 둘러싸게 된다. 반면에 금강모치의 경우 버들치와 마찬가지로 난황포시기에 안층의 입방형 또는 둥근모양의 세포층과 바깥층의 편평세포층을 가지게 되지만 안층의 세포는 더 이상 변화를 보이지 않았으며, 부착물질 또한 형성되지 않았다. 이처럼 한국산 버들치속에 있어 난막의 구조적 차이는 두 종간에 뚜렷한 분류형질로도 이용될 수 있을 뿐 아니라 그들의 서식처 및 산란습성과도 연관이 있는 것으로 생각된다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제2권4호
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• pp.501-506
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• 1998

In the goby Micropercops swinhonis, the development of its egg's enveloping layers could be divided into 4 stages. In the earliest developmental period, stage I, there is a simple oocyte surrounded by a layer of squamous follicular cells. Stage II corresponds to the yolk vesicle stage of vitellogenesis. Here the initial follicular layer has become bilaminar with the retention of its outer squamous cell layer and the acquisition of an inner cuboidal cell layer just over the zona radiata. The number and size of the cuboidal cells increases throughout this stage. Stage III corresponds to the yolk granule stage of true vitellogenesis. Here the cuboidal cells begin to be replaced by columnar cells. As the oocyte grows, the columnar cells increase in size. The columnar cells produce cytoplasmic neutral mucins and by the end of this stage their cytoplasm has been filled with this mucin. In stage IV a single layer of squamous cells still remained as the outer follicular layer of the oocyte. The secretory activity of the inner follicular layers' columnar cells has ceased and they had lost their cell wall integrity and ended as a series of bullet-shaped, neutral mucin deposits.

• 한국어류학회지
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.254-260
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• 2001

좀구굴치 성숙란의 난여포층은 외층인 theca cell과 내층인 granulosa cell로 구분되며 특히 원주형인 granulosa cell은 분비활동으로 인하여 세포질에 분비물이 축적되면서 난모세포를 둘러싸게 된다. 이러한 granulosa cell은 난황형성 초기인 난황포 시기에 입방형태를 보이지만 난황구시기에는 원주상세포로 바뀌면서 점액을 분비하는 특징을 보여 주고 있다. 이러한 부착물질은 형태가 없으며 전자밀도가 높다. 또한 이러한 분비물을 가지는 난막은 난황형성이 더욱 진행됨에 따라 동물극 부근이 식물극보다 더욱 두꺼워지고 커지게 된다. 이러한 점막여포층 아래에는 약 $7.8{\sim}11.5\;{\mu}m$ 두께의 방사대가 존재한다. 방사대는 전자밀도가 낮은 외층과 3~5층의 여러 전자밀도층을 가지는 내층으로 구성되어 있다. 한편 점막여포층은 방사대에 존재하지 않고 있기 때문에 이 물질은 난세포질이 여포상피로부터 기원된 것으로 생각된다.

• Molecules and Cells
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• 제43권10호
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• pp.848-855
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• 2020

Cells assemble stress granules (SGs) to protect their RNAs from exposure to harmful chemical reactions induced by environmental stress. These SGs release RNAs, which resume translation once the stress is relieved. During stem cell differentiation, gene expression is altered to allow cells to adopt various functional and morphological features necessary to differentiate. This process induces stress within a cell, and cells that cannot overcome this stress die. Here, we investigated the role of SGs in the progression of stem cell differentiation. SGs aggregated during the neuronal differentiation of human bone marrow-mesenchymal stem cells, and not in cell lines that could not undergo differentiation. SGs were observed between one and three hours post-induction; RNA translation was restrained at the same time. Immediately after disassembly of SGs, the expression of the neuronal marker neurofilament-M (NF-M) gradually increased. Assembled SGs that persisted in cells were exposed to salubrinal, which inhibited the dephosphorylation of eukaryotic translation initiation factor 2 subunit 1 (eIF2α), and in eIF2α/S51D mutant cells. When eIF2α/S51A mutant cells differentiated, SGs were not assembled. In all experiments, the disruption of SGs was accompanied by delayed NF-M expression and the number of neuronally differentiated cells was decreased. Decreased differentiation was accompanied by decreased cell viability, indicating the necessity of SGs for preventing cell death during neuronal differentiation. Collectively, these results demonstrate the essential role of SGs during the neuronal differentiation of stem cells.