• Journal of Families and Better Life
• /
• v.29 no.6
• /
• pp.137-151
• /
• 2011

This study examines the condition of transfers between mothers and adult children, analyzing the influencing factors in such transfers. Specifically the study examines the influence of financial transfers and economic resources on financial transfers and grandchild caregiving between mothers and adult children. The sample of 3719 mothers with adult children was extracted from the first wave of the Korean Longitudinal Survey of Women and Families. The major findings are as follows. Mothers's socio-demographic characteristics are important factors in explaining financial transfers between mothers and adult children. Mothers who have jobs and spouses are more likely to provide economic resource to their adult children than those who don't have. In terms of receiving economic resources from adult children, statistically meaningful factors are mothers' age, labor market participation, marital status, household income, household asset, and children's labor market participation. Especially, labor market participation of mothers and adult children is statistically powerful factor in financial transfers and caregiving.

• Korean Journal of Child Studies
• /
• v.38 no.1
• /
• pp.185-203
• /
• 2017

Objective: The present study examined the perspectives of grandparents raising their grandchildren in an attempt to better understand grandparents' child-rearing experience while providing kinship foster care to their primary-grade grandchildren. Methods: Data were collected through individual in-depth interviews with eight grandparents who have raised one or two primary-grade (ages 8-10) grandchildren using a qualitative approach. Results: First, the participants viewed the reason for their kinship foster care as a failure for caring for their own children and accepted the present grandparent-care provision as their responsibility. Second, the participants communicated constant struggles with their own health and grandchild-care as well as positive/negative emotions associated with the care provision. Third, most of the participants did not fully understand the developmental needs of their primary-grade grandchildren. Fourth, the participants articulated concerns for their primary-grade grandchildren's learning, peer interactions, school adjustment, and extra-curricular activities. Lastly, the participants all agreed on hoping to raise grandchildren with good personality traits as members of a society and to have them fill the gap from the loss of their parents. Conclusion: Although most participants accepted the current circumstances as their obligation, they still noted difficulties in child-care provision. Given the developmental needs of grandchildren and the resource needs of grandparents, proper and continuous intervention approaches should be developed/provided.

• Journal of Korean Medical classics
• /
• v.30 no.3
• /
• pp.41-54
• /
• 2017

Objectives : Yoondongri is a famous Korean medical doctor in the 18th century. He wrote Chochangkyeul, a special medical book which records his treatment based on the theory of Ungi. Nevertheless, his life and his book have not received due research it deserves. Methods : The paper studied the family tree as revealed in the Papyeong Yoon clan and Chochangkyeul. Further study was done on Yoon's medical theories and clinical features as discovered in Chochangkyeul and Ungiyeonron. Results & Conclusions : Very little is known about Yoondongri other than that he is the 27th generation from the progenitor of the Yoon clan of Papyeong Yoon clan, and that he is the great grandchild of Choongheon-gong Yoon Jeon. One of the important elements of his Ungi theory is Owoon Habgi, which illustrates the integration of Gabsin, Muui, Byeonggye, Gyungjeong, and Yimgi, thereby forming one Ilki. Ilki signifies that mechanisms of disease are inter-connected and one in essence. As the core of his clinical practice, he explains the 25 different types of diseases that can afflict those who are born in the years Gabsin, Muui, Byeongye, Gyungjeong, and Yimgi when they are met with their corresponding year. Yoon described for each script the mechanism of disease, symptom, treatment, and prescription, all of which showcases his status as a great clinical practitioner. His application of Ungi theory is uncomplicated and accessible. His method was also highly effective, the likes of which were unseen even in China and Japan. His prescriptions are mainly based on the Ungi treatment found in Jinmutaek's Saminang, and on Donguibogam.

• Korean Journal of Social Welfare Studies
• /
• v.42 no.3
• /
• pp.33-56
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to investigate the effect of grandparenting on the grandparent's level of depression. In addition, it is to test the mediating effect of social support and the moderating effect of household type on the relationships between variables. The 555 grandparent sample in this study was from the Korean Longitudinal Study of Aging(KLoSA). The findings indicated that grandparenting(grandparenting time per day and total weeks of grandparenting per year) was significantly related to the grandparent's level of depression. In addition, the grandparent's age was also associated with grandparenting, grandparent's depression, and social support. Grandparent's health condition and marital status was associated with social support. Grandparent's gender had a significant relationship with grandparent's depression and grandparenting time per day. Social support had a direct effect to the grandparent's depression; however, it was not a statistically significant mediator between grandparenting and grandparent's depression. In addition, household type was not a significant moderator of measuring the relationships among grandparenting, grandparent's depression, and social support. Implications for social work practice were discussed based on the result of the study.

• Korean Journal of Childcare and Education
• /
• v.11 no.4
• /
• pp.239-269
• /
• 2015

The purpose of this study is to understand the different views of grandparent's that are rearing children from the grandmother and working mom as co-caregivers by studying conflicts and the experience made by grandmothers by rearing children through a phenomenological approach, and to help to build healthy relationships and furthermore to promote a healthy educational environment. Data were collected from six working mothers from a child care center in Gyeonggi, and their six grandmothers who were rearing grandchildren through in-depth interviews, emails and observation based on the instruction of semi-structured interviews. For analysis, a phenomenological analysis method is used. As a result, 78 meaning units, 15 sub-elements and 6 theme categories were drawn. Theme categories were (1) grandmothers' rearing experience; perform a double-role through grandchildren-rearing (2) working moms' rearing experience; conflicts over ideologue of motherhood (3) grandmothers' rearing positive effect: increasing grandmothers' efficacy and intimate relationships with grandchildren (4) working moms' rearing positive effect: reducing working moms' children-rearing stress (5) negative effect: increasing grandmothers' children-rearing stress and working moms' low children-rearing efficacy (6) rearing conflicts: the two mothers' conflicts over children-rearing values. Through the study, it implies that social intervention is needed to solve the conflicts between two mothers over the rearing attitudes and methods as understanding and intervention is needed.

• Child Health Nursing Research
• /
• v.6 no.2
• /
• pp.212-223
• /
• 2000

The purposes of this research were to add to the developing knowledge base about the burden and social support of grandmothers involved with caring grandchildren, and to examine whether a significant relationship exists between their burden and social support perceived by the grandmothers. A convenience sample of 102 grandmothers was recruited from five collective apartment areas at a small city in Korea. The criteria of selection of sample were that the grandmothers were raising their grandchildren under the age of 36 months for 3 months or longer at own or gandchildren's home. The instruments used were a 15-item multidemensional burden scale and a 8-item social support scale. Both scales were self report, five point Likert type scales. The higher the score, the higher the degree of burden and social support. Data was collected by two prepared research assistants visiting subjects' home from December 10, 1998 to March 20, 1999. The collected data were analysed using mean, t-test, one-way ANOVA, and Pearson's correlation coefficient computed by SPSS software. The results were as follows. 1. In the age distribution of grandmothers, the over half of subjects(58.8%) were under 60 years old. The majority(69.6%) of subjects were married at time of data collection. 79(77.5%) of the sample reported that their perceived health status was good or over. 2. The burden of the grandmothers was not scored high, and the item means on burden scale were ranged from 2.26 to 4.19 out of 5. 'Short of private time'(4.19) had the highest score, followed by 'fatigue'(3.92), 'short of rest'(3.75), and 'short of contact with friends and neighbors'(3.62). The lowest item was 'family doesn't help me'(2.26), and followed by 'family doesn't understand me'(2.33), 'angry with family' (2.43), and 'angry while caring for grandchild'(2.60). 3. There were significant relationships between the burden and present health status(p<.01), childcaring confidence(p<.01), and motive of caring(p<.01). 4. The score of social support, was ranging from 3.61 to 4.01 out of 5. 5. The relationship between burden and social support was found to be correlated negatively. The relationship was statistically significant(γ= - .2833, p<.001). In conclusion, it was found that the burden was not high and burden of grandmothers caring grandchildren was correlated negatively to social support. Therefore, these results provide a basis for developing a nursing intervention to reduce the burden of grandmothers.

• Korean Journal of Family Social Work
• /
• no.53
• /
• pp.161-198
• /
• 2016

This study examined how previous financial and time transfers from mothers to their adult children affect co-residence of elderly mothers and their adult children in South Korea. This study employed multi-level logistic analysis considering hierarchical relationship structures between mothers and their adult children. A sample of 1,925 elderly mothers and 7,460 adult children was extracted from data which were from the first wave (in 2006) to the forth wave (in 2012) of Korean Longitudinal Study of Ageing (KLoSA). The result of the analysis suggested that past financial transfer from mothers to their adult children was not significantly associated with co-residence between elderly mothers and their adult children. However, likelihood of co-residence increased with the amount of time transfer, which was measured by unit of time for elderly mothers' caring for their grandchildren. This study discussed that long-term reciprocal relationships between elderly mothers and their adult children are built by intergenerational support relationships. However, the result that showed only grandmaternal child care affected intergenerational co-residence implies that intergenerational care may play an important role in intergenerational reciprocal relationships. Through these findings, this study suggested theoretical, practical, and policy implications.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.41 no.4
• /
• pp.587-609
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this study was to investigate parenting experiences among grandmothers raising their grandchildren from grandmothers' perspective, and a variety of their physical health, psychological and social challenges they were facing in everyday life. In addition, this study explored new issues, changes, and difficulties grandparents and their grandchildren were going through during the COVID-19 pandemic. Seven grandmothers raising their grandchildren without their cohabiting parents participated in an in-depth interview, and the qualitative date were obtained using semi-structured questionnaires. Analyses identified 5 main categories: 1) my emotion, worries, and coping with parenting grandchildren, 2) difficulties and obstacles facing in real life of the parenting, 3) conflicts and coping with growing grandchildren who showed new characters, 4) relationships and emotions among grandparents, parents, and grandchildren, and 5) needs and desires toward social services and support. Sixteen themes and 60 sub-themes were also derived. The majority of grandmothers expressed diverse difficulties in their dail y lives including ambivalent emotions regarding grandchild-rearing(rewards and burden), economic hardships, physical health limitations, and a lack of communications with their grandchildren. Further, findings indicated profound generation conflicts which had been even deepened during school close period in COVID-19 pandemic and had been associated with increased hours of using internet and playing computer games. The top priority of the social service needs among interviewed grandmothers was learning support for their grandchildren. Emotional support and social support to cover their lack of family interactions, and financial support were the next of their desired social services. Implications to improve social services for grandparent-headed families are discussed.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.29 no.2
• /
• pp.441-458
• /
• 2009

The present study compared the differences in mechanisms of caregiving stress, depression, parenting behaviors, stress-coping, and social support between caregiving grandmothers and the caregiving mothers. Three caregiving groups were compared; One hundred and fifty-two grandmothers rearing their grandchild as daytime care-giver (partial caregiving-grandmother group), 152 mothers who shared the responsibilities of caregiving the same child (partial caregiving-mother group), and another 157 mothers who rear their child as daytime care-giver (primary caregiving-mother group). Predictors of parental stress for these caregiving groups were also assessed. The results indicated that partial caregiving-grandmother group had more depressed than two mother groups, but there were no differences in parental stress among three caregiving groups. In addition, primary caregiving-mothers used more problem-focused coping strategies, and more social support than did partial caregiving-grandmothers. In parental behaviors, partial caregiving-grandmothers significantly had more laxness, less overactive than two mother groups. In the analysis of hierarchical regression, overactivity and depression were significant predictors of parental stress in partial caregiving-grandmothers. On the other hand, depression, social support, and overactivity were significant predictors of parental stress in partial caregiving-mothers. In primary caregiving-mothers, overactivity, depression, and emotion-focused coping were significant predictors of parental stress. We discussed the differences of the predictors in parental stress between grandmothers and mothers.

• 한국노년학
• /
• v.31 no.4
• /
• pp.905-923
• /
• 2011

The purpose of this study is to examine factors affecting the conflict between grandparents raising grandchildren and adult children. The data were based on the panel survey to explore korean retirement and income study conducted by National Pension Service in 2009. For this study, 287 parenting grandparents rearing grandchild are selected from the survey. Included variables are a demographic factor, a economic factor, a caregiving-related factor, a health factor, and a family relationship factor. The data were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, co-relation and logistic regression, with SPSS WIN 18.0 program. The results are as follows: First, when grandparents are male, older, highly educated, having no religion, and unemployed, a conflict with their adult children grows. Second, when grandparents do not have earned income or financial income, but have private income transfers, a conflict with their adult children is high. Third, when grandchildren are younger, there are no caregiving rewards, economic activities suspension or reduction because of caregiving, a conflict with their adult children is strong. Also, when grandparents' physical health is good, but their mental health is poor, a conflict with their adult children increases. Fourth, when grandparents' satisfactions with family relationship and spouse relationship are low, but their satisfaction with adult children relationship is high, a conflict with their adult children rises. This study suggests that unlike in the past, grandparents raising grandchildren can no longer make sacrifice themselves for their adult children, but they expect proper exchange between parents and children. Therefore, there needs to be understanding of grandparents raising grandchildren and further studies of a conflict between grandparents raising grandchildren their adult children.