• Title/Summary/Keyword: Grammatical Morphemes

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The Production of Grammatical Morphemes of Korean Children with Developmental Language Impairments (언어발달장애 아동의 문법형태소 산출)

  • Hwang, Min-A
    • Speech Sciences
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    • v.10 no.3
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    • pp.47-64
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    • 2003
  • In the present study, the production of grammatical morphemes of Korean-speaking children with and without developmental language impairments was investigated. Ten children with language impairments (LI) (CA: 4; 4-6; 11, LA: 3; .6-5; 10) and 10 normal children (CA: 3;1-6;3, LA: 3;5-5;11) with matched language abilities participated in the study. Sixty pairs of pictures were used to elicit 12 types of predetermined grammatical morphemes. The two pictures of a pair were designed to elicit two sentences of the same sentence structure. After the investigator described one picture of a pair, the children were asked to describe the other picture. The LI children made more errors than the normal children in the production of 6 types of grammatical morphemes including: locative case marker, dative case marker, two connective endings of predicates representing cause and goal, and suffixes for passive and causative verbs. However, the LI children produced some grammatical morphemes as accurately as. the normal children. The two groups were similar in their error patterns. Some explanations for Korean-speaking LI children's use of grammatical morphemes were suggested.

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The Use of Grammatical Morphemes of Korean Children with Language Impairment (언어발달지체아동의 문법형태소 사용 특성)

  • Kim, Soo-Young;Pae, So-Yeong
    • Speech Sciences
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    • v.9 no.4
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    • pp.77-91
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    • 2002
  • This study investigated the use of grammatical morphemes (substantive morphemes and connective endings) of Korean speaking children with and without language impairment (LI). Participants were two children (ages 5;11 and 6;2) with SLI (specific language impairment), two LD (language delay) children (ages 6;3 and 6;5) with 70-84 range on a performance-IQ test, and two children (ages 5;7 and 6;1) with ND (normal development). Spontaneous language samples were elicited by play activities and story generation. A total of 8,059 (M=I,343, ranged 966-1,659) intelligible and nonimitative utterances were analyzed by the KCLA 2.0 (Korean Computerized Language Analysis 2.0) program for substantive morphemes and connective endings. The findings of this study were as follows; (1) The Korean speaking children with LI including SLI demonstrated less uses of grammatical morphemes than ND children. (2) Few differences were found between LI and ND children in the use of the grammatical morpheme types. (3) LI children produced significantly higher percentage of grammatical morpheme errors in spontaneous speech than ND children. (4) Few differences were found between SLI and LD children in degrees of the use and the error of grammatical morphemes.

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Korean Agrammatic Production : Testing The Tree-Pruning Hypothesis

  • Kim SuJung;Halliwell John F.
    • Proceedings of the Acoustical Society of Korea Conference
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    • autumn
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    • pp.337-340
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    • 1999
  • The most salient and discussed features of speech production in agrammatic aphasia are the omission and substitution of grammatical morphemes. Cross-linguistic studies have shown that the pattern of omission/substitution is not random but occurs in a systematic and highly constrained way. Although these descriptions are important, they do not explain why all grammatical morphemes are not equally impaired. Friedmann and Grodzinsky (1997) proposed the Tree-Pruning Hypothesis (TPH) to account for these patterns of sparing and loss. The TPH claims that in an agrammatic representation, an impaired functional node is underspecified, thus allowing inappropriate affixation to occur. Additionally, whenever a node is impaired, all nodes above it will also be impaired. Using four types of narratives collected from two Korean agrammatic patients, We test the claim that the impairment in agrammatism is based on such hierarchical representation. It was found that these patients consistently produced appropriate grammatical morphemes that are higher in a syntactic tree than the impaired morphemes. The finding that an intact node exists higher than an impaired node refutes the TPH.

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The Acquisition of Korean Grammatical Morphemes in Early Childhood (한국아동이 초기에 획득한 문법적 형태소의 종류 및 획득 시기)

  • Yi, Soon-Hyung
    • Korean Journal of Child Studies
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    • v.21 no.4
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    • pp.51-68
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    • 2000
  • To reveal when toddlers and children acquire the grammatical morpheme of Korean language, this study investigated the way they respond to some picture tasks. The object of this research was 174 children ranging from 18 months to 60 months, who were selected from two child-care centers located in Seoul and Gyeongi Province. Following the statistical analysis of the data, this study ascertained that 2-, and 3- year-old children acquire the most part of grammatical morphemes such as nouns, pronouns, verbs, adverbs, adjectives, and interrogation terms. The fact that the process of acquisition was significantly different among six age groups has proved the hypothesis of the gradual acquisition of grammatical morpheme.

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Alveolar Fricative Sound Errors by the Type of Morpheme in the Spontaneous Speech of 3- and 4-Year-Old Children (자발화에 나타난 형태소 유형에 따른 3-4세 아동의 치경마찰음 오류)

  • Kim, Soo-Jin;Kim, Jung-Mee;Yoon, Mi-Sun;Chang, Moon-Soo;Cha, Jae-Eun
    • Phonetics and Speech Sciences
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    • v.4 no.3
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    • pp.129-136
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    • 2012
  • Korean alveolar fricatives are late-developing speech sounds. Most previous research on phonemes used individual words or pseudo words to produce sounds, but word-level phonological analysis does not always reflect a child's practical articulation ability. Also, there has been limited research on articulation development looking at speech production by grammatical morphemes despite its importance in Korean language. Therefore, this research examines the articulation development and phonological patterns of the /s/ phoneme in terms of morphological types produced in children's spontaneous conversational speech. The subjects were twenty-two typically developing 3- and 4-year-old Koreans. All children showed normal levels in three screening tests: hearing, vocabulary, and articulation. Spontaneous conversational samples were recorded at the children's homes. The results are as follows. The error rates decreased with increasing age in all morphological contexts. Also, error percentages within an age group were significantly lower in lexical morphemes than in grammatical morphemes. The stopping of fricative sounds was the main error pattern in all morphological contexts and reduced as age increased. This research shows that articulation performance can differ significantly by morphological contexts. The present study provides data that can be used to identify the difficult context for articulatory evaluation and therapy of alveolar fricative sounds.

Narrative and Grammatical Analyses of Story-retelling in Chinese Speakers of Korean as a Second Language

  • Paik Euna;Sohn Eun-Nam;Kang Soo-Kyoon;Park Sun-Hee;Lee Hyun-hye;Choi Kyoung-Hee
    • MALSORI
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    • no.56
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    • pp.127-134
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    • 2005
  • Although the narrative development and the acquisition of the Korean grammatical morphemes by monolingual Korean-speaking children have been studied extensively, little is known about the narrative characteristics and the processes through which native speakers of other languages (L2 speakers) use the Korean grammatical morphemes. To understand the similarities and differences between L1 and L2 narrative skills and Korean grammatical morpheme use, 13 native Chinese-speaking college students who are learning Korean as a second language were studied. L2 participants used significantly fewer words, subordinate clauses, connective morphological endings, and pronouns per T-unit. Their speech also illustrated significantly more omission and confusion (substitution) errors in the use of auxiliary words and verb endings. Some of the syntactic and morphological factors need to be considered for the intervention of speakers with limited Korean proficiency.

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Sentiment Analysis of Korean Reviews Using CNN: Focusing on Morpheme Embedding (CNN을 적용한 한국어 상품평 감성분석: 형태소 임베딩을 중심으로)

  • Park, Hyun-jung;Song, Min-chae;Shin, Kyung-shik
    • Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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    • v.24 no.2
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    • pp.59-83
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    • 2018
  • With the increasing importance of sentiment analysis to grasp the needs of customers and the public, various types of deep learning models have been actively applied to English texts. In the sentiment analysis of English texts by deep learning, natural language sentences included in training and test datasets are usually converted into sequences of word vectors before being entered into the deep learning models. In this case, word vectors generally refer to vector representations of words obtained through splitting a sentence by space characters. There are several ways to derive word vectors, one of which is Word2Vec used for producing the 300 dimensional Google word vectors from about 100 billion words of Google News data. They have been widely used in the studies of sentiment analysis of reviews from various fields such as restaurants, movies, laptops, cameras, etc. Unlike English, morpheme plays an essential role in sentiment analysis and sentence structure analysis in Korean, which is a typical agglutinative language with developed postpositions and endings. A morpheme can be defined as the smallest meaningful unit of a language, and a word consists of one or more morphemes. For example, for a word '예쁘고', the morphemes are '예쁘(= adjective)' and '고(=connective ending)'. Reflecting the significance of Korean morphemes, it seems reasonable to adopt the morphemes as a basic unit in Korean sentiment analysis. Therefore, in this study, we use 'morpheme vector' as an input to a deep learning model rather than 'word vector' which is mainly used in English text. The morpheme vector refers to a vector representation for the morpheme and can be derived by applying an existent word vector derivation mechanism to the sentences divided into constituent morphemes. By the way, here come some questions as follows. What is the desirable range of POS(Part-Of-Speech) tags when deriving morpheme vectors for improving the classification accuracy of a deep learning model? Is it proper to apply a typical word vector model which primarily relies on the form of words to Korean with a high homonym ratio? Will the text preprocessing such as correcting spelling or spacing errors affect the classification accuracy, especially when drawing morpheme vectors from Korean product reviews with a lot of grammatical mistakes and variations? We seek to find empirical answers to these fundamental issues, which may be encountered first when applying various deep learning models to Korean texts. As a starting point, we summarized these issues as three central research questions as follows. First, which is better effective, to use morpheme vectors from grammatically correct texts of other domain than the analysis target, or to use morpheme vectors from considerably ungrammatical texts of the same domain, as the initial input of a deep learning model? Second, what is an appropriate morpheme vector derivation method for Korean regarding the range of POS tags, homonym, text preprocessing, minimum frequency? Third, can we get a satisfactory level of classification accuracy when applying deep learning to Korean sentiment analysis? As an approach to these research questions, we generate various types of morpheme vectors reflecting the research questions and then compare the classification accuracy through a non-static CNN(Convolutional Neural Network) model taking in the morpheme vectors. As for training and test datasets, Naver Shopping's 17,260 cosmetics product reviews are used. To derive morpheme vectors, we use data from the same domain as the target one and data from other domain; Naver shopping's about 2 million cosmetics product reviews and 520,000 Naver News data arguably corresponding to Google's News data. The six primary sets of morpheme vectors constructed in this study differ in terms of the following three criteria. First, they come from two types of data source; Naver news of high grammatical correctness and Naver shopping's cosmetics product reviews of low grammatical correctness. Second, they are distinguished in the degree of data preprocessing, namely, only splitting sentences or up to additional spelling and spacing corrections after sentence separation. Third, they vary concerning the form of input fed into a word vector model; whether the morphemes themselves are entered into a word vector model or with their POS tags attached. The morpheme vectors further vary depending on the consideration range of POS tags, the minimum frequency of morphemes included, and the random initialization range. All morpheme vectors are derived through CBOW(Continuous Bag-Of-Words) model with the context window 5 and the vector dimension 300. It seems that utilizing the same domain text even with a lower degree of grammatical correctness, performing spelling and spacing corrections as well as sentence splitting, and incorporating morphemes of any POS tags including incomprehensible category lead to the better classification accuracy. The POS tag attachment, which is devised for the high proportion of homonyms in Korean, and the minimum frequency standard for the morpheme to be included seem not to have any definite influence on the classification accuracy.

Comprehension and Production of Causative and Passive Sentences in Multicultural Family Children (다문화 가정 아동의 사동문, 피동문 이해와 사동 및 피동 접미사 표현 능력)

  • PARK, Eun-Jong;PARK, Chan-Hee;PARK, Hyun
    • Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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    • v.28 no.5
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    • pp.1365-1377
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    • 2016
  • The purpose of this study is to find out by comparing the ability of comprehension and production of causative and passive sentences and grammatical morphemes between multicultural family children and normal children. Fifteen multicultural family children and fifteen normal children aged 7-9 years participated in this study. The results of this study are as follows; First, the children of multicultural family showed significantly a lower ability to comprehension and production of causative and passive sentences compared to normal children. Second, the children of multicultural family showed the difference about the acquisition of grammatical morpheme of causative and passive compared to normal children. Third, multicultural family children and normal children were not statistically significant differences in comprehension and production abilities of causative and passive in accordance with the increase of age.

Grammatical morphemes' effect on Korean word vector generation (형식형태소가 한국어 단어 벡터 생성에 미치는 영향)

  • Youn, Junyoung;Kim, Dowon;Min, Tae Hong;Lee, Jae Sung
    • Annual Conference on Human and Language Technology
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    • 2017.10a
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    • pp.179-183
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    • 2017
  • 단어 벡터는 단어 사이의 관계를 벡터 연산으로 가능하게 할 뿐 아니라, 상위의 신경망 프로그램의 사전학습 데이터로 많이 활용되고 있다. 한국어 어절은 생산적인 조사나 어미 때문에 효율적인 단어 벡터 생성이 어려워 대개 실질형태소만을 사용하여 한국어 단어 벡터를 생성한다. 본 논문에서는 실질형태소와 형식형태소를 모두 사용하되, 형식형태소를 적절하게 분류하여 단어 벡터의 성능을 높이는 방법을 제안한다. 자체 구축한 단어 관계 테스트 집합으로 추출 성능을 평가해 본 결과, 제안한 방법으로 형식형태소를 사용할 경우, 성능이 향상되었다.

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Grammatical morphemes' effect on Korean word vector generation (형식형태소가 한국어 단어 벡터 생성에 미치는 영향)

  • Youn, Junyoung;Kim, Dowon;Min, Tae Hong;Lee, Jae Sung
    • 한국어정보학회:학술대회논문집
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    • 2017.10a
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    • pp.179-183
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    • 2017
  • 단어 벡터는 단어 사이의 관계를 벡터 연산으로 가능하게 할 뿐 아니라, 상위의 신경망 프로그램의 사전학습 데이터로 많이 활용되고 있다. 한국어 어절은 생산적인 조사나 어미 때문에 효율적인 단어 벡터 생성이 어려워 대개 실질형태소만을 사용하여 한국어 단어 벡터를 생성한다. 본 논문에서는 실질형태소와 형식형태소를 모두 사용하되, 형식형태소를 적절하게 분류하여 단어 벡터의 성능을 높이는 방법을 제안한다. 자체 구축한 단어 관계 테스트 집합으로 추출 성능을 평가해 본 결과, 제안한 방법으로 형식형태소를 사용할 경우, 성능이 향상되었다.

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