• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.25 no.7
• /
• pp.757-764
• /
• 2015

The immature fruit of Rubus coreanus Miquel (bokbunja in Korean) is mainly consumed as a fruit wine due to its sour taste and low sugar content. The lees (LBW) remaining after the production of bokbunja wine are discarded as they have no specific usage. The aim of this study was to develop high-value-added biomaterials for functional foods and beauty/health products by investigating the anti-microbial, anti-oxidant, and anti-thrombosis activities of LBW using ethanol and hot water extracts and their subsequent organic solvent fractions. The ethyl acetate (EA) fraction of LBW extracts has a high polyphenol content (413–459 mg/g), and showed strong anti-microbial activity against gram-positive bacteria. The EA fraction also showed excellent radical-scavenging activity against DPPH anion, ABTS cation, and nitrite, with strong reducing power. The polyphenol-enriched EA fraction strongly inhibited thrombin, prothrombin, and blood coagulation factors. The butanol fraction showed a specific inhibition of coagulation factors, as measured in activated partial thromboplastin time assay, which is linked to intrinsic blood coagulation. The butanol fraction also showed strong inhibition of platelet aggregation, at levels comparable to aspirin. The residue of the hot-water extract, which is produced by sequential solvent fractionation of the LBW extract, showed superior inhibition against platelet aggregation when compared to aspirin. Our results suggest that the LBW, which are currently discarded, are a promising source of novel functional foods and beauty/health products.

• Microbiology and Biotechnology Letters
• /
• v.42 no.4
• /
• pp.386-392
• /
• 2014

The present study was aimed at investigating the antimicrobial activities of licorice's active ingredients. Four samples of licorice ingredients (glycyrrhizin, liquiritin, liquiritigenin, and isoliquiritigenin) were evaluated for their antimicrobial activities against six skin microorganisms. The bioassay applied for determining the antimicrobial effects employed a disc diffusion assay, the minimum inhibitory concentration, and the challenge test. The ingredients showed antibacterial activities. Especially, isoliquiritigenin has significant antimicrobial activities against two Gram-positive (Bacillus subtilis, Propionobacterium acnes) and two Gramnegative (Escherichia coli, Pseudomonas aeruginosa) bacteria. These samples had much higher antimicrobial activities than synthetic preservatives. Our results reveal that liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin could be useful compounds for the development of antibacterial agents for the preservation of cosmetics and foods. The two flavonoids, liquiritigenin and isoliquiritigenin, sourced from Korea, China, Uzbekistan, were quantified using HPLC. The results demonstrated that Korean licorice has two flavonoids (liquiritigenin, isoliquiritigenin) in much higher quantities than was observed in the licorice obtained from the two other countries. Thus, isoliquiritigenin and Korean licorice extract represent new candidates for antimicrobial agents.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.18 no.4
• /
• pp.590-596
• /
• 2011

Pimpinella brachycarpa, called as cham-na-mul in Korea, is an edible popular herb. However, the study of biological activity of P. brachycarpa is still rudimentary in worldwide. In this study, from the cultivated P. brachycarpa, we prepared the methanol extract and its subsequent solvent fractions, and their antimicrobial, antioxidation, and anti-proliferative activities were evaluated. The fraction yields of n-hexane (H), methylene chloride (EC), ethylacetate (EA), butanol (B), and water residue (W) from the methanol extract were 18.71, 0.7, 0.56, 4.57, and 71.51%, respectively. Analysis of total flavonoid and total polyphenol showed that the EA fraction contained the highest contents (89.23 and 200 mg/g), and the W residue has the lowest contents (19.6 and 2.27 mg/g) among the factions. In antimicrobial activity assay, the EA fraction showed a broad-range antibacterial activity, while the H fraction is effective against gram positive bacteria. In antioxidation activity assay, EA and B fraction showed strong DPPH anion and ABTS cation scavenging activities including reducing power, and Hand MC fraction showed effective nitrite scavenging activity (71.43~83.82 ${\mu}g$/mL of $IC_{50}$). In a while, only B fraction showed strong anti-proliferative activity against human colorectal cancer HCT-116 (166 ${\mu}g$/mL of $IC_{50}$) as a dose-dependent manner up to 200 ${\mu}g$/mL. These results suggest that the EA and B fraction of P. brachycarpa could be developed as functional food ingredients.

• Food Science and Preservation
• /
• v.24 no.8
• /
• pp.1180-1187
• /
• 2017

Zingiber officinale Roscoe, commonly known as ginger, has long been used as a powerful health-promoting antioxidant that supports cellular health of the human body. The objective of this study was to compare the antioxidant and antimicrobial activities of the samples with aging and fermentation. Antioxidant activities of the samples were compared using total phenol, flavonoid contents, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity. Antimicrobial activities were also examined using the paper disc method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). Acidity of the fermented ginger (FG) with lactic acid bacteria showed a significantly higher value than that of the ginger (GG). The content of 6-gingerol, a bioactive component in ginger, decreased in all fermented gingers but 6-shogaol which is also one of the main valuable ingredients showed the increased content at ginger fermented with Streptococcus thermophilus and Lactobacillus acidphilus. Flavonoid contents of the FG and GG did not show significant differences. However, ABTS cation radical scavenging activity and DPPH radical scavenging activity were 10-30% increased in the samples with fermentation (p<0.05), respectively. The samples of the disc showed an inhibitory effect on growth of gram positive Staphylococcus aureus and Listeria monocytogenes. Zinger with fermentation showed higher antioxidant and antimicrobial activities. Thus, we conclude that aging and fermentation can be a helpful process to increase the functional effects of ginger.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
• /
• v.20 no.1 s.32
• /
• pp.115-129
• /
• 2007

Objectives : This study was carried out to evaluate anti-oxidative, anti-microbial and anti-cancer effect for clinical application of Bibangtalmyungsan (BTS) Results : 1. The oxidative effects were measured by polyphenol, DPPH radical scavenging activity. BTS water extract was showed more effective than ethanol extract and also various solvent fractions from BTS water extract showed effective in the following order : ethyl acetate fraction > butanol fraction > hexane fraction ${\fallingdotseq}$ chloroform fraction ${\fallingdotseq}$ aqueous fraction 2. The results of anti-microbial effects were as follows. 1) Antibacterial activities of BTS extracts against Gram's negative and positive bacteria were ineffective 2) Antifungal activities of the BTS extracts against Aspergillus spp. , Trichohyton mentagrophyte KTCC 1077 were not effective. 3. The result of anti-cancer effects were as followings: 1) BTS ethanol extract was more effective than water extract against Caco-2, Calu-6, but it had cytotoxic effect against NIH3T3. 2) On the Caco-2, effective only in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 35.81 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 3) On the Calu-6, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 189.65 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective In butanol $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 299.74 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 345.13 ${\mu}g/ml)$ 4) On the SUN-601, $IC_{50}$ value was within 80 ${\mu}g/ml$ in ethyl acetate fraction and hexane fraction. 5) On the HCT-1l6, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 82.94 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective in hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 374.56 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 6) On the AML-2/WT, the most effective in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 41.44 ${\mu}g/ml)$ and effective In hexane $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 303.01 ${\mu}g/ml)$. 7) On the NIH3T3, effective only in ethyl acetate $fraction(IC_{50}:$ 203.42 ${\mu}g/ml)$, but it was more ineffective than other cancer cells. Conclusion : These result suggest that BTS has antioxidative, antifungal activities and cytotoxic effects against Caco-2, Calu-6, SUN-601, HCT-116, AML-2/WT and NIH3T3, especially ethyl acetate fraction from water extract has more effective in antioxidative and anticancer effects.

• Journal of Life Science
• /
• v.29 no.1
• /
• pp.52-59
• /
• 2019

The leave of Polygonum tinctorium (LPT) have been used for centuries as a traditional medicine and as a food ingredient and natural dye. The aim of the current study was to develop high-value added products using LPT. Hot water extract (HWE) and ethanol extract (EE) of LPT were prepared, respectively, and their bioactivity was evaluated. The extraction ratio for the HWE was 27.6%, which was two-fold higher than that of the EE. The contents of total polyphenol in the HWE and total sugar in the EE were 51.2 mg/g and 297.8 mg/g, respectively. The total flavonoid and reducing sugar contents were similar in the extracts, irrespective of the extraction solvent. The HWE did not show antimicrobial activity in a disc-diffusion assay, but the EE showed strong growth inhibition against gram-positive bacteria. The EE exhibited stronger DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities and reducing power than those of the HWE. The HWE was particularly effective as a scavenger of nitrite ($RC_{50}$ of $6.0{\mu}g/ml$). In an antithrombosis activity assay, the EE showed significant anticoagulation activity as determined by an extended blood coagulation time (thrombin time, prothrombin time, and activated partial thromboplastin time), in addition to platelet aggregation activity. The HWE also showed platelet aggregation inhibitory activity. This report provides the first evidence of antithrombosis activities of LPT. Our results suggest that LPT has potential as a new antioxidant and antithrombosis agent.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
• /
• v.25 no.11
• /
• pp.579-586
• /
• 2022

Research on the potential biological activity of red alga Symphyocladia spp. has been limited to Symphyocladia latiuscula, which is widely used as a food ingredient in Korea. Here, we examined the biological activity of another species, Symphyocladia linearis, which is found in Korea and was reported as a new species in 2013. The aim of this study was to evaluate the antioxidant, anti-inflammatory, and antibacterial properties of a 70% ethanol extract of S. linearis. Antioxidant activity, which was evaluated using radical scavenging assays, revealed half maximal inhibitory concentration values for 2,2-diphenyl-1-picryl-hydrazyl-hydrate (DPPH) and 2,2'-azino-bis-3-ethylbenzothiazoline-6-sulfonic acid (ABTS) of 34.57 and 11.70 ㎍/mL algal extract, respectively. Anti-inflammatory activity of the S. linearis ethanolic extract was evaluated using RAW 264.7 cells by measuring the inhibition of lipopolysaccharide-induced nitric oxide (NO) and prostaglandin E₂ (PGE₂) production. The potential cytotoxicity of NO and PGE₂ was first examined, confirming no toxicity at concentrations ranging from 10-100 ㎍/mL. NO production was inhibited 61.1% and 78.0% at 50 and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively; and PGE₂ production was inhibited 69.1%, 83.2%, and 94.8% at 25, 50, and 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract, respectively. Thus, the S. linearis extract showed very strong efficacy against PGE₂ production. The cellular production of reactive oxygen species, measured using 2',7'-dichlorofluorescin diacetate fluorescence, was inhibited 48.8% by the addition of 100 ㎍/mL S. linearis extract. Antibacterial activity was evaluated using the disc diffusion method and minimum inhibitory concentration (MIC). S. linearis was effective only against gram-positive bacteria, exhibiting antibacterial activity against Staphylococcus aureus with a MIC of 256 ㎍/mL extract and against Bacillus cereus with a MIC of 1,024 ㎍/mL extract. Based on these results, we infer that a 70% ethanolic extract of S. linearis possesses strong anti-inflammatory properties, and therefore has the potential to be used in the prevention and treatment of inflammatory and immune diseases.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.7
• /
• pp.909-914
• /
• 2023

While searching for the bacteria which are responsible for degradation of pesticide in soybean field soil, a novel bacterial strain, designated 5-5^T, was isolated. The cells of the strain were Gram-staining-positive, aerobic and non-motile rods. Growth occurred at 10-42℃ (optimum, 30℃), pH 5.5-9.0 (optimum, pH 7.0-7.5), and 0-2% (w/v) NaCl (optimum, 1%). The predominant fatty acids were C_15:0 anteiso, C_17:0 anteiso, and summed feature 8 (C_18:1 ω7c and/or C_18:1 ω6c). The predominant menaquinone was MK-9 (H₂). Diphosphatidylglycerol, glycolipids, phosphatidylinositol, and phosphatidylglycerol were the major polar lipids. Phylogenetic analysis of 16S rRNA gene sequences indicated that strain 5-5^T is a member of the genus Sinomonas and its closest relative is Sinomonas humi MUSC 117^T, sharing a genetic similarity of 98.4%. The draft genome of strain 5-5^T was 4,727,205 bp long with an N50 contig of 4,464,284 bp. Genomic DNA G+C content of strain 5-5^T was68.0 mol%. The average nucleotide identity (ANI) values between strain 5-5^T and its closest strains S. humi MUSC 117^T and S. susongensis A31^T were 87.0, and 84.3 % respectively. In silico DNA-DNA hybridization values between strain 5-5^T and its closest strains S. humi MUSC 117^T and S. susongensis A31^T were 32.5% and 27.9% respectively. Based on the ANI and in silico DNA-DNA hybridization analyses, the 5-5^T strain was considered as novel species belonging to the genus Sinomonas. On the basis of the results from phenotypic, genotypic and chemotaxonomic analyses, strain 5-5^T represents a novel speciesof the genus Sinomonas, for which the name Sinomonas terrae sp. nov. is proposed. The type strain is 5-5^T (=KCTC 49650^T =NBRC 115790^T).

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• v.33 no.2
• /
• pp.188-194
• /
• 2023

Microbacterium elymi KUDC0405^T was isolated from the rhizosphere of Elymus tsukushiensis from the Dokdo Islands. The KUDC0405^T strain was Gram-stain-positive, non-spore forming, non-motile, and facultatively anaerobic bacteria. Strain KUDC0405^T was a rod-shaped bacterium with size dimensions of 0.3-0.4 × 0.7-0.8 ㎛. Based on 16S rRNA gene sequences, KUDC0405^T was most closely related to Microbacterium bovistercoris NEAU-LLE^T (97.8%) and Microbacterium pseudoresistens CC-5209^T (97.6%). The dDDH (digital DNA-DNA hybridization) values between KUDC0405^T and M. bovistercoris NEAU-LLE^T and M. pseudoresistens CC-5209^T were below 17.3% and 17.5%, respectively. The ANI (average nucleotide identity) values among strains KUDC0405^T, M. bovistercoris NEAU-LLE^T, and M. pseudoresistens CC-5209^T were 86.6% and 80.7%, respectively. The AAI (average amino acid identity) values were 64.66% and 64.97%, respectively, between KUDC0405^T and its closest related type strains. The genome contained 3,596 CDCs, three rRNAs, 46 tRNAs, and three non-coding RNAs (ncRNAs). The genomic DNA GC content was 70.4%. The polar lipids included diphosphatydilglycerol, glycolipid, phosphatydilglycerol, and unknown phospholipid, and the major fatty acids were anteiso-C_17:0 and iso-C_16:0. Strain KUDC0405^T contained MK-12 as the major menaquinone. Based on genotypic, phylogenetic, and phenotypic properties, strain KUDC0405^T should be considered a novel species within the genus Microbacterium, for which we propose the name M. elymi sp. nov., and the type strain as KUDC0405^T (=KCTC 49411^T, =CGMCC1.18472^T).

• Journal of fish pathology
• /
• v.36 no.2
• /
• pp.277-286
• /
• 2023

Korean rockfish, Sebastes schlegelii, is a representative bony fish that belongs to the family Scorpaenidae and the order Scorpaeniformes. It has high ecological and economic value and is widely cultivated in many East Asian countries, including South Korea, Japan and China. One of streptococci, Streptococcus iniae, is Gram-positive cocci with a negative reaction for catalase and oxidase. The Korean rockfish shows clinical signs when infected with S. iniae, such as body darkening, bleeding, enlarged kidneys, blurred eyes, abdominal distension, etc., ultimately leading to death. The Korean rockfish causes significant economic losses every year in South Korea due to streptococcosis. In this study, we identified bacteria from the fish using polymerase chain reaction and conducted analyses of hemolytic activity and biochemical tests using API 20 STREP and API ZYM systems. Results of confirming the hemolytic activity (n=4) observed in alpha-type hemolysis (25%), beta-type hemol- ysis (50%), and gamma-type hemolysis (25%) of isolates. The biochemical test results exhibited sig- nificant variation among S. iniae. Additionally, we performed intraperitoneal injection with S. iniae in the fish and analyzed the phylogenetic tree using housekeeping genes of S. iniae, including cpsD, arcC, glnA, groEL, gyrB, mutS, pheT, prkC, rpoB, and tkt, via multilocus sequence typing (MLST). The lethal dose (LD₅₀) showed strong pathogenicity, such as 3.34 × 10 colony-forming unit (CFU)/ml for 23FBStr0601 strain and 7.16 × 10 CFU/ml for 23FBStr0602 strain. 23FBStr0603 strain showed relatively low pathogenicity at 1.73 × 10⁵ CFU/ml. The strains 23FBStr0601 and 23FBStr0602, which showed strong pathogenicity, clustered into one monophyletic group. The 23FBStr0603 strain showed weak pathogenicity and formed a monophyletic group with KCTC 3657.