• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.41 no.6
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• pp.747-761
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• 2008

In order to experiment the acoustic remote classification of seabed sediment, we achieved ground-truth data(i.e. video and grab samples, etc.) and developed post-processing for automatic classification procedure on the basis of 300 kHz MultiBeam Echo Sounder(MBES) backscattering data, which was acquired using KONGBERG Simrad EM3000 at Sock-Cho Port, East Sea of South Korea. Sonar signal and its classification performance were identified with geo-referenced video imagery with the aid of GIS (Geographic Information System). The depth range of research site was from 5 m to 22.7 m, and the backscattering amplitude showed from -36dB to -15dB. The mean grain sizes of sediment from equi-distanced sampling site(50 m interval) varied from 2.86$(\phi)$ to 0.88(\phi). To acquire the main feature for the seabed classification from backscattering amplitude of MBES, we evaluated the correlation factors between the backscattering amplitude and properties of sediment samples. The performance of seabed remote classification proposed was evaluated with comparing the correlation of human expert segmentation to automatic algorithm results. The cross-model perception error ratio on automatic classification algorithm shows 8.95% at rocky bottoms, and 2.06% at the area representing low mean grain size.

• Korean Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.33 no.1 s.89
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• pp.31-37
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• 2000

For the purpose of surveying the physicochemical composition of sediment collected from Kwangyang Bay, the percentage of water loss, COD, $H_2S$, grain size and 10 heavy metals were studied at 17 sites. During the surveying period, the changes of the percentage of water loss were appeared $35.5\;{\sim}\;53.8%$. COD and $H_2S$ were showed $3.8\l{\sim}\;12.9\;mg/g$, and $0.1\;{\sim}11.4\;{\mu}g/g$, respectively, In composition of grain size on the sediment, percentages of grain sizes under $74\;{\mu}m$ were varied from 40.5% to 86.7% and above $74\;{\mu}m$ were varied from 11.5% to 43.0%. From the spatial distribution of heavy metal using contour map, we can suppose some heavy metal discharges which affect sediment of Kwangyang Bay, It was estimated that Shinpung creek, Ssang-bong creek, and draining area of sewange treatment plant were the main discharge among the heavy metal output sources. By comparison between present study and heavy metal guideline of nonpolluted sea sediment that is provided by EPA, US, it was showed that the contents of Pb and Hg were acceptable but contents of Mn, Zn, Cu, Fe, As, and Cr were higher than those of EPA guideline.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.36 no.4
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• pp.343-353
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• 1999

Microwave(2.45 GHz) was used as energy source in hydrothermal reaction to fabricate ultrafine BaTiO3 powder. Using microwave of 700 W, crytal BaTiO3 began to fom after 5 min in microwave-autoclave sys-tem. The crystallinity was not noticeably increased with increasing longer reaction time than 10 min. On the other hand in microwave-reflux system crytal BaTiO3 began to form after 15min and the crystallinity was not noticeably increased with increasing longer reaction time than 1hr,. In either case particle size dis-tribution was considerably uniform due to the effect of homogeneous heating by microwave. In addition mi-crowave heating gave an extremely small degree of particle agglomeration compared to electric heating. Av-erage sizes of as-synthesized powders were 30-60nm. Ba/Ti ratio in sol played an important role in det-ermining the particle size. It seems that excess barium forms different phases such as Ba(OH)2 which makes thin layer on the surface of BaTiO3 powder. This thin layer would inhibit the agglomeration of Ba-TiO3 powders and keep the small grain size. In microwave-autoclave system tetragonal-BaTiO3 was formed directly by the reaction of only 15 min. In the case of microwave-reflux system tetragonal-BaTiO3 was formed by driyng over 25$0^{\circ}C$.

• Journal of Aquaculture
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.34-40
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• 2008

This study investigated the effect of rearing conditions on the spawning habit, juvenile growth and larvae development of Marphysa sanguinea, to develop techniques of its artificial seed production. M. sanguinea released trochophore larvae around the burrow when the water temperature was from $18^{\circ}C$ to $22^{\circ}C$. Larvae floated away after staying in the burrow for a while. Larvae secreted mucus eight days after release, covering their whole body with it, and developed ten somites 20 days after release. In preference of juveniles in different grain sizes of sediment, the highest survival rate was made in the grain substrate of $1{\sim}2$ mm in the mean diameter, but the lowest was in the $2{\sim}3$ mm grain substrate. Optimum growth was obtained at the rearing temperature of $24^{\circ}C$(SGR 1.10%), and it reached over $2{\sim}3$ times higher weight gain and specific growth rate than those reared at $21^{\circ}C(0.64),\;18^{\circ}C(0.56)$ and $15^{\circ}C$(0.42) for 50 days. Salinity also made a great difference in the growth and survival rate. The highest weight gain and growth rate were shown when the juveniles were reared at salinity 30 psu.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.12 no.10
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• pp.791-795
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• 2002

We studied the physical properties of $Co_3$$O_4$-added Ni-Zn ferrite which were sintered at 1050~110$0^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours. X-ray diffraction showed a spinel structure, and optical microscopy showed grain sizes of 5 to 10 $\mu\textrm{m}$. As the sintering temperature was increased from $1050^{\circ}C$ to $1070^{\circ}C$, the initial permeability and magnetic induction increased, and both of the loss factor and the coercive force decreased. The Curie temperatures were about $^234~245{\circ}C$ with added $Co_3$$O_4$. The initial permeability was 350 to 420 and maximum magnetic induction density and coercive force 4870G to 4980G and 0.15 Oe to 0.21 Oe, respectively which were similar to those of Ni-Zn ferrite synthesized in the conventional process. The frequency of specimen was in the range of 1MHz to 300MHz. In the plot of initial permeability vs. frequencies, a $180^{\circ}C$ rotation of the magnetic domain could be perceived in a broad band of microwave before and after the resonance frequency.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.50-54
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• 2017

The microstructure, the crystallization behavior, and magnetic properties of FeSi-based soft magnetic alloys (FINEMET) were investigated using transmission electron microscopy, X-ray diffraction, and coercive force measurements. The amorphous $Fe_{73.28}Si_{13.43}B_{8.72}Cu_{0.94}Nb_{3.63}$ alloys particles, prepared in $10^{-4}$ torr by gas atomization process, were heat treated at $530^{\circ}C$, $600^{\circ}C$, and $670^{\circ}C$ for 1 hour in a vacuum of $10^{-2}$ torr. Nanocrystalline Fe precipitation was first formed followed by the grain growth. Phase formation and crystallite sizes was compared linked to its magnetic behavior, which showed that excellent soft magnetic property can directly be correlated with its microstructure.

• Journal of the Korean Society for Heat Treatment
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.56-61
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• 2016

Heating experiments using the Ti-3Al-2.5V tube materials in a vacuum furnace have been performed to investigate a pertinent range of working temperatures and holding times for the development of the successive or simultaneous operation of superplastic hydroforming and diffusion bonding. The specimens were heated at $820^{\circ}C$, $870^{\circ}C$ and $920^{\circ}C$ respectively. Holding times at each temperature were varied up to 4 hours. Holding times longer than 1 hour were selected to consider the diffusion bonding process after or during the hydroforming process in the superplastic state. Grain sizes were varied from $5.7{\mu}m$ of the as-received tube to $9.2{\mu}m$ after heating at $870^{\circ}C/4hours$. Homogeneus granular microstructures could be maintained up to $870^{\circ}C$, while microstructures at $920^{\circ}C$ showed no more granular type.

• Korean Journal of Materials Research
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• v.14 no.9
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• pp.619-626
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• 2004

Pulsed metalorganic chemical vapor deposition (MOCVD) of conformal copper seed layers, for the electrodeposition Cu films, has been achieved by an alternating supply of a Cu(I) source and $H_2$ reactant at the deposition temperatures from 50 to $100^{\circ}C$. The Cu thickness increased proportionally to the number of cycles, and the growth rate was in the range from 3.5 to $8.2{\AA}/cycle$, showing the ability to control the nano-scale thickness. As-deposited films show highly smooth surfaces even for films thicker than 100 nm. In addition about a $90\%$ step coverage was obtained inside trenches, with an aspect ratio greater than 30:1. $H_2$, introduced as a reactant gas, can play an active role in achieving highly conformal coating, with increased grain sizes.

• Proceedings of the Materials Research Society of Korea Conference
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• 2003.03a
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• pp.135-135
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• 2003

This paper presents the preparation of SnO$_2$ films by Sol-Gel process and using spin coating method, and their sensing properties in CO gas. Experimental procedure consisted of following steps: (1) Tin chloride(SnCl$_4$) and Ammonium hydrogen carbonate (NH$_4$HCO$_3$) were used as precursors; (2) the Sol solution with concentration of about 10wt% SnO$_2$ was prepared from washed Gel-precipitate for spin coating step; (3) thereafter, the coating solution was dropped onto the alumina (Al$_2$O$_3$) substrate that was then spun, the spin coating was carried out with total 10 times; (4) finally, the films were calcined for 3 hours at 50$0^{\circ}C$ or higher temperature (600, 700, 800 or 90$0^{\circ}C$) in order to obtain various gram sizes. The average grain size was calculated by Scherrer's equation using main peaks in XRD spectra; meanwhile the thickness, microstructure and surface morphology of the films were observed by FE-SEM.

• Transactions on Electrical and Electronic Materials
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.208-210
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• 2013

ZnO films were deposited on glass substrates by radio frequency (RF) magnetron sputtering and exposed to intense electron beam irradiation to investigate the effects of electron irradiation on the properties of the films. Although all of the films had ZnO (002) textured structure regardless of electron irradiation, the grain sizes of the films decreased with electron irradiation. Surface roughness also depended on electron irradiation. The surface roughness varied between 2.3 and 1.6 nm, depending on the irradiation energy. Based on photoluminescence (PL) characterization, the most intense UV emission was observed from ZnO films irradiated at 900 eV. Since the intensity of UV emission is dependent upon the stoichiometric of ZnO films, we conclude that 900 eV was the optimum electron irradiation energy to achieve the best stoichiometric of ZnO films in this study.