• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권11호
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• pp.1399-1409
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• 1999

It is known that previous models are unsatisfactory in predicting adverse pressure gradient turbulent flows. In the present paper, a revised low Reynolds number $k-{\varepsilon}$ model is proposed. In this model, a newly developed term is added lo the dissipation rate equation. In order to reflect appropriate effects for an adverse pressure gradient. The added tenn is derived by considering the distribution of mean velocity and turbulent properties in the turbulent flow with, adverse pressure gradient. The new $k-{\varepsilon}$ model was applied to calculations of flat plate flow with adverse pressure gradient, conical diffuser flow and backward facing step flow. It was found that the three numerical results showed better agreement than other models compared with DNS results and experimental ones.

• Investigative Magnetic Resonance Imaging
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2009

목적 : 나선 주사 영상에서 경사자계시스템의 회로 모델을 기반으로 실제 경사 자계를 추정하여 재구성에 사용함으로써 재구성 영상을 개선하는 방법을 제안하였다. 대상 및 방법 : 자기공명영상장치의 경사자계 시스템은 저항 성분과 자체 인덕턴스, magnet 시스템과의 상호 인덕턴스, 커패시턴스 성분 등을 가지고 있어서 경사자계 증폭기에 인가하는 입력 경사자계 파형과 실제 만들어지는 경사자계 사이에는 시간적인 지연과 함께 파형에도 차이가 있다. 나선주사 영상에서 실제 만들어진 경사자계 파형 및 k-space 궤적은 재구성 과정에서 매우 중요한 역할을 한다. 본 논문에서는 경사자계시스템을 회로 소자로 모델링하였고, 입력 전압 파형에 대한 출력 전류 파형을 구함으로써 실제 얻어지는 경사자계파형을 유도하였다. 모델링에서 사용한 R-L-C 값은 재구성영상의 화질로부터 얻을 수 있는 방법을 제시하였다. 결과 : 1.5 Tesla MRI 시스템에서 경사자계 시스템의 입력 전압 파형에 대하여 실제 얻어지는 경사자계 파형을 추정할 수 있었다. 경사자계파형을 적분함으로써 얻어진 나선 궤적을 재구성에 적용한 결과 재구성 영상의 균일도가 개선되었고, edge 부근에서 overshoot 가 줄어들었으며, 해상도가 향상된 영상을 얻을 수 있었다. 결론 : R-L-C 회로 모델을 이용하여 경사자계시스템을 성공적으로 모델링할 수 있었고, 입력 전압 파형에 대하여 실제 얻어지는 경사자계(전류) 파형을 추정할 수 있었다. 이로부터 얻은 kspace 나선 궤적을 이용하여 월등히 개선된 재구성영상을 얻을 수 있었다.

• Geomechanics and Engineering
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• 제13권6호
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• pp.947-961
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• 2017

An innovative spiral variable-section capillary model is established for piping critical hydraulic gradient of cohesion-less soils causing water/mud inrush in tunnels. The relationship between the actual winding seepage channel and grain-size distribution, porosity, and permeability is established in the model. Soils are classified into coarse particles and fine particles according to the grain-size distribution. The piping critical hydraulic gradient is obtained by analyzing starting modes of fine particles and solving corresponding moment equilibrium equations. Gravities, drag forces, uplift forces and frictions are analyzed in moment equilibrium equations. The influence of drag force and uplift force on incipient motion is generally expounded based on the mechanical analysis. Two cases are studied with the innovative capillary model. The critical hydraulic gradient of each kind of sandy gravels with a bimodal grain-size-distribution is obtained in case one, and results have a good agreement with previous experimental observations. The relationships between the content of fine particles and the critical hydraulic gradient of seepage failure are analyzed in case two, and the changing tendency of the critical hydraulic gradient is accordant with results of experiments.

• 대한수학회보
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• 제54권1호
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• pp.145-158
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• 2017

We present a finite difference method for solving the Ohta-Kawasaki model, representing a model of mesoscopic phase separation for the block copolymer. The numerical methods for solving the Ohta-Kawasaki model need to inherit the mass conservation and energy dissipation properties. We prove these characteristic properties and solvability and unconditionally gradient stability of the scheme by using Hessian matrices of a discrete functional. We present numerical results that validate the mass conservation, and energy dissipation, and unconditional stability of the method.

• 실천공학교육논문지
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.305-312
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• 2022

본 논문에서는 기초적인 데이터 예측 모델을 만들고 최적화하는 교육에 초점을 맞추었다. 그리고 데이터 예측 모델을 최적화하는 데 널리 사용되는 머신러닝의 경사하강법 교육 방법을 제안하였다. 미분법을 적용하여 데이터 예측 모델에 필요한 파라미터 값들을 최적화하는 과정에 사용되는 경사하강법의 전체 동작과정을 시각적으로 보여주며, 수학의 미분법이 머신러닝에 효과적으로 사용되는 것을 교육한다. 경사하강법의 전체 동작과정을 시각적으로 설명하기위해, 스프레드시트로 경사하강법 SW를 구현한다. 본 논문에서는 첫번째로, 2변수 경사하강법 교육 방법을 제시하고, 오차 최소제곱법과 비교하여 2변수 데이터 예측모델의 정확도를 검증한다. 두번째로, 3변수 경사하강법 교육 방법을 제시하고, 3변수 데이터 예측모델의 정확도를 검증한다. 이후, 경사하강법 최적화 실습 방향을 제시하고, 비전공자 교육 만족도 결과를 통해, 제안한 경사하강법 교육방법이 갖는 교육 효과를 분석하였다.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• 제75권3호
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• pp.339-356
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• 2020

In this article, a developed bond-based peridynamic model for functionally graded materials (FGMs) is proposed to simulate the dynamic fracture behaviors in FGMs. In the developed bond-based peridynamic model for FGMs, bonds are categorized into three different types, including transverse directionally peridynamic bond, gradient directionally peridynamic bond and arbitrary directionally peridynamic bond, according to the geometrical relationship between directions of peridynamic bonds and gradient bonds in FGMs. The peridynamic micromodulus in the gradient directionally and arbitrary directionally peridynamic bonds can be determined using the weighted projection method. Firstly, the standard bond-based peridynamic simulations of crack propagation and branching in the homogeneous PMMA plate are performed for validations, and the results are in good agreement with the previous experimental observations and the previous phase-field numerical results. Then, the numerical study of crack initiation, propagation and branching in FGMs are conducted using the developed bond-based peridynamic model, and the influence of gradient direction on the dynamic fracture behaviors, such as crack patterns and crack tip propagation speed, in FGMs is systematically studied. Finally, numerical results reveal that crack branching in FGMs under dynamic loading conditions is easier to occur as the gradient angle decreases, which is measured by the gradient direction and direction of the initial crack.

• 대기
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.665-672
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• 2016

In this study, we examine future changes in the Hadley cell (HC) strength using CMIP5 climate change simulations. The current study is an extension of a previous study by Seo et al. that used all 30 available models. Here, we select 18-23 well-performing models based on their significant internal sensitivity of the interannual HC strength variation to the latitudinal temperature gradient variation. The model projections along with simple scaling analysis show that the inter-model variability in the HC strength change is a result of the inter-model spread in the meridional temperature gradient across the subtropics for both DJF and JJA, not by the tropopause height or gross static stability change. The HC strength is expected to weaken significantly during DJF, while little change is expected in the JJA HC strength. Compared to the calculations with all model members, selected model statistics increase the linear correlation between the changes in HC strength and meridional temperature gradient by 13~23%, confirming the robust sensitivity of the HC strength to the meridional temperature gradient. Two scaling equations for the selected models predict changes in HC strength better than all-member predictions. In particular, the prediction improvement in DJF is as high as 30%. The simple scaling relations successfully predict both the ensemble-mean changes and model-to-model variations in the HC strength for both seasons.

• 천문학회지
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.63-73
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• 1996

The previous study of chemical evolution of the Galaxy is extended to the radial properties of the Galactic disk. The present model includes radial dependency of the time-dependent bimodal IMF, radial flow of material in the disk, and the change of type I supernova explosion rate with radial distance from the disk center as model parameters and observed gas and stellar density distributions and metallicity abundance gradient as observational constraints. The results of two models in this study explain the observed gas and stellar density distributions well, with the slope of the gas density gradient in the region of 4.5 kpc$Y_1$ and -0.123dex/kpc in model $Y_2$, respectively, which fit well the observed gradient of -0.l1dex/kpc. The abundance gradient reproduced in model $Y_1$ is getting flatter with decreasing radius, while that in model $Y_2$ is getting steeper, which fits better the observed abundance gradient. This result shows the necessity of exponentially increasing type I supernova explosion rate with decreasing radius in order to explain the observed abundance gradient in the disk. The fitness of observed density distribution and star formation rate distribution justifies the reliability of time-dependent bimodal IMF as a compound quantitative chemical evolution model of the Galaxy. The temporal variations of metallicity gradients for carbon, nitrogen and oxygen are also shown.

• 대한기계학회논문집B
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.610-620
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• 1999

Recently, numerous modifications of low Reynolds number $k-{\epsilon}$ model have boon carried out with the aid of DNS data. However, the previous models made in this way are too intricate to be used practically. To overcome this shortcoming, a new low Reynolds number $k-{\epsilon}$ model has boon developed by considering the distribution of turbulent properties near the wall. This study proposes the revised a turbulence model for prediction of turbulent flow with adverse pressure gradient and separation. Nondimensional distance $y^+$ in damping functions is changed to $y^*$ and some terms modeled for one dimensional flow in $\epsilon$ equations are expanded into two or three dimensional form. Predicted results by the revised model show an acceptable agreement with DNS data and experimental results. However, for a turbulent flow with severe adverse pressure gradient, an additive term reflecting an adverse pressure gradient effect will have to be considered.

• 한국추진공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국추진공학회 2011년도 제37회 추계학술대회논문집
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• pp.528-535
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• 2011

본 논문에서는 변형율 독립 탄-소성 구성방정식을 이용, 전단 변형 하에서의 국부적 소성변형 집중현상이 분석되었다. 또한 변형량 기울기 (strain gradient) 항이 포함된 비구역적 (non-local) 구성방정식이 유도되었으며 이는 다시 이중후방응력 경화 모델로 표현되었다. 더욱이 본 모델은 연속체 파손역학과 조합되었다. 국부적 변형집중 현상은 수치해석을 통해 분석되었으며 변형량 기울기 항이 구성방정식에 포함될 때 본 항의 크기가 증가할수록 전단 밴드의 크기는 감소하는 것으로 밝혀졌다.