• Journal of the Korean Society of Tobacco Science
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.38-45
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• 2002

This study was conducted to determine the smoke component concentration and the smoke distribution in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter with stalk position and grade of Korean leaf tobaccos. 12 grades of flue-cured and burley leaf tobaccos which were taken from the Kim-cheon and Ock-cheon leaf tobacco processing factory were used for this study. Six kinds of smoke components such as tar, nicotine, water, carbon monoxide(CO), carbon dioxide($CO_2$) puff No. collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter were analyzed. Also, nicotine/tar, CO/tar ratio were calculated from the analytical data. Puff no., CO, and $CO_2$ concentration of flue-cured and burley tobacco leaves at high stalk position were higher than those of low stalk position, and these components were increased in high grade of leaf tobacco. Compared with flue-cured tobacco, burley tobacco showed a little values of puff no., nicotine, and tar concentration. The pH range of burley tobaccos was broader than that of flue-cured tobaccos, and the ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos was significantly higher than that of flue-cured tobaccos. The pH value and ammonia concentration of burley tobaccos were decreased as stalk position of leaf tobaccos decreased. The distribution of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad and cigarette filter was different with a different grade and stalk position of tobacco leaves. In high stalk position of tobacco leaves, the portion of smoke components collected in the cambridge filter pad was also increased. The average nicotine, water, and tar removal efficiency by a cigarette filter in a flue-cured tobacco were 37%, 64%, and 48%, respectively. Compared with flue-cured tobaccos, smoke components of burley tobaccos had high nicotine and low water removal efficiency by a cigarette filter. The average ratio of nicotine/tar and CO/tar of flue-cured tobaccos and burley tobaccos were 0.097, 1.22, 0.094, and 0.97, in order. Nicotine/tar ratio was decreased and CO/tar ratio was increased in low stalk position.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.23 no.3
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• pp.211-220
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• 2014

This study reports the formation characteristics of tar, ash and clinker due to a wood pellet grade and the performance analysis of wood pellet boiler in terms of the moisture contents change of the wood pellet. Tar was accumulated on the heating surface according to combustion of wood pellet, the ash was yielded on the floor of combustion chamber in a wood pellet boiler and the clinker was solidified at the burner due to combustion of the 3rd grade wood pellet. Especially, the moisture contents is important factor to define the grade. Wood of logging residues has a non-uniform moisture contents after the field process, yields of tar, ash and clinker are increased in case of combustion due to the high ash contents. For these reasons, emission of harmful compounds in the exhaust gas, decrease of boiler efficiency and the system operating errors are observed. In the performance analysis of wood pellet boiler in terms of the moisture contents change of the 1st grade wood pellet, the boiler efficiency was reduced by 27.08% with 6.6% moisture contents increase. The optimum moisture contents of wood pellet is needed to improve the boiler performance and efficiency.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.11 no.4
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• pp.363-373
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• 1973

The Sewability was tested with the seam strength and Puckering Grade by a general sewing machine according to some properties of simulated Leather, yarn tensile strength needle and stitches. The main results tested are as follows ; 1. The thick and uncomfortable leather is unable to be sewed by a general sewing machine, but the thin and soft one is able to. 2. The interval between stitches depends on type of leather used, and the variance in accordance with type of leather varies much more in the case of narrower interval. 3. When the sewability of leather-surface is not so good, is desirable to pour oil on the surface for the purpose of better efficiency. 4. The seam strength is directly proportional to interval of stitch and tensile strength of yarn and leather used, and needle No. 14 is more effective than No.1l. 5. The more the soft and thin leather is, the lower the Puckering Grade becomes. Type of yarn and interval of stitches do not seem to effect the Puckering Grade.

• Journal of the Korea Safety Management & Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.1-9
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• 2010

Recently, in circumstantial situation it is recommended positively to utilize of EIFS(Exterior Insulating and Finishing System) as energy policy for economizing energy. But internal EPS insulators of EIFS are exterior panel of high fire risk, because of constituting of flammable materials to be fragile in fire. In this study, fire risk is assessed by experiment Con Calorimeter test and SBI(Single Burning Item) test. As the result of experiment, Con Calorimeter tests do not reach to capability standard of internal incombustible grade, and are assessed as low grade in SBI incombustible grade. Because EIPS is exterior material in buildings with high fire risk in spite of good efficiency, it is required rapidly to take measures to meet situation through various studies(for instance, adjusting law regulation, etc.) in the future.

• The Korean Journal of Rehabilitation Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.118-127
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• 2016

Purpose: This study was to develop an evidence-based clinical practice protocol of physical restraints by adaptation process for patients with a geriatric hospital. Methods: Protocol adaptation process was conducted in accordance with manual for guideline adaptation version 1.0 by ADAPTE collaboration. Results: The adapted physical restraint protocol was consisted of 3 domains and 37 recommendations. The number of recommendations in each domain were: 7 nursing assessment, 19 nursing intervention, and 11 nursing evaluation. More than half (56.8%) of the recommendations were rated as grade B, 37.8% as grade C, and 5.4% were rated as grade D. Conclusion: The adapted physical restraint protocol is expected to contribute as an evidence-based clinical practice protocol for healthcare workers in geriatric hospitals for reducing and improving efficiency of appropriate physical restraints use.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Mechanical Technology
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• v.13 no.3
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• pp.17-23
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• 2011

To estimate fuel consumption of a vehicle, a car can be tested on chassis dynamometer. In this case, test causes a lot of time and money. To predict the fuel efficiency of vehicles in the design stage or early stage of development, the development of computer simulation model is necessary. Using simulation to predict the fuel consumption, the driving model which consists of time-velocity profile and time-grade profile is necessary In this study, vehicle model is developed in MatLab/simulink to estimate real driving fuel consumption rate with time-velocity profile, time-shift gear profile and time-grade profile. Vehicle model consists of driver model, engine model, power train model, and so on. On-road vehicle tests to verify the vehicle model are carried out for analyzing the result of simulation and comparing with those of the experiments.

• Journal of Trauma and Injury
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2010

Purpose: High-grade (III, IV, V) renal injury may need interventional management. We investigated whether the selective embolization of the renal artery is effective for the treatment of major renal injury in comparison with emergency renal exploration. Methods: We retrospectively reviewed the medical and radiologic records of patients who underwent surgery or embolization for renal injury (Grade III, IV, V) between January 1990 and December 2007. We analyzed the change in treatment method before and after 2000, the blood pressure, the hemoglobin at the time of visit, the hospital days and the complications in patients who received surgery or embolization. Preserved renal functions of the embolized kidneys were identified by using enhanced CT. Results: Cases of surgery and embolization were 37 and 13, respectively: 5 and 4 in renal injury grade III, 17 and 6 in grade IV and 13 and 3 in grade V. Cases of surgery and embolization were 33 and 1 before 2000 and 2 and 12 after 2000, repectively: embolizations increased after 2000. No significant differences in mean diastolic pressure, hemoglobin, hospital days and complications existed between the surgery and the embolization groups (p>0.05). However, the transfusion volume was significantly smaller in the embolization group (p<0.05). One postoperative complication occurred in the surgery group. We identified the preserved renal functions of the embolized kidney by using enhanced CT. Conclusion: Embolization could be one treatment method for high-grade renal injury. Thus, we might suggest selective embolization a useful method for preserving the renal function in cases of high-grade renal injury.

• Journal of Fisheries and Marine Sciences Education
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.863-877
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• 2013

The purpose of this study is to analyze clarify the relationship of transformational leadership of higher-ranking officers and work satisfaction of lower-ranking officers for the government employees in education administration. The main conclusions were as the followings. First, looking into the analysis result on the transformational leadership of higher-ranking officers, there is a noticeable difference for each position, grade 6 shows noticeably low difference than grade 8 and grade 9 in overall position, and for each service agency, the government employees in board of education show noticeably higher difference than the government employees in elementary schools on entire serve agencies. Second, looking into the analysis result on the work satisfaction of lower-ranking officers, for each position, grade 6 and grade 7 government employees show noticeably low difference than grade 8 and grade 9 in personnel territory and education and training territory, and for each service agency, government employees in the board of education show noticeably higher difference than the government employees in elementary and middle schools on agencies. And third, looking into the analysis result on the relationship of work satisfaction of lower-ranking officers and the transformational leadership of higher-ranking officers, the statistically noticeable level of static correlation has been shown for vision setting and growth-striving territory from the lower domain of the transformational leadership of higher-ranking officers in personnel, compensation, working environment and so forth, efficiency territory of operation, cohesion territory of department and charisma leadership territory in personnel domain, cohesion territory of department in personnel domain, human respect territory in duty, personnel, and compensation domain.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.53-66
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• 1972

There is an urgent need to improve the tool predicting success or failure of academic achievement of nursing in Korea so as to identify as early as possible those students who should receive special instruction and to improve screening procedures for admission of nursing. The main purpose of this study is to identify the correlation between the grade point averages of courses learned and their psychological test characteristics in a baccalaureate nursing program. All 240 students, except freshmen, enrolled in Nursing Department of Seoul National University in the spring semester, 1972, participated in this study. All of the subjects completed the psychometric tests such as interest test, personality test and test of self-concept. Total grade point averages, grade point averages of general education subjects, of supporting science courses and of professional education subjects were used as performance criteria of the students. Through the calculation of product-moment correlation coefficients between the test scores and four grade point averages of each class and of total subjects, the following findings and recommendations were obtained. 1. There was so much variation in characteristics of interest test correlated with academic achievement of nursing students in each class. 2. Since the school objectives, curriculum and teaching strategies may affect predictive efficiency of characteristics of students'interest test, interest test must-be utilized in a homogeneous group in order to predict school achievement. 3. Characteristics of interest test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages of all subjects were scientific interest-biological, scientific interest-physical, and humanitarian interest. Scientific interest-physics: was the only characteristic positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses. 4. There were various patterns in characteristics of personality test correlated with school achievement of nursing students by class pattern and personality maturation as they progress toward higher classes. 5. A characteristic of personality test, responsibility, is in high positive correlation with academic achievement in the upper division of classes. 6. Responsibility was the sole personality factor positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses in the total number of students. 7. There were very different correlation coefficients between characteristics of self-concept test and academic achievement according to the type of each class and type of courses they learned. 8. Characteristics of self-concept test positively correlated at significant level with total grade point averages and grade point averages of nursing courses of all students were physical self and row variability. Those who have positive concept on their own physical status and who are deficient in self-concept were higher in total grade point averages and grade point averages of professional courses than other students. 9. Scores of professional courses offered in freshmen and sophomore classes were in positive correlation with limited number of characteristics of psychological tests. In pursuit of a tool predicting successful academic achievement of nursing students, their G.P.A. during the junior and senior year of nursing will serve as the more reasonable criteria. 10. Junior students of this school were in higher positive correlation with many psychological factors than other classes.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.208-217
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• 2018

Background: The quality differences in seedlings of medicinal herbs often affect the quality of medicinal parts. The establishment of the grading standard of Panax notoginseng seedlings is significant for the stable quality of medicinal parts of P. notoginseng. Methods: To establish the grading standard of P. notoginseng seedlings, a total of 36,000 P. notoginseng seedlings were collected from 30 producing areas, of which the fresh weight, root length, root diameter, bud length, bud diameter, and rootlet number were measured. The K-means clustering method was applied to grade seedlings and establish the grading standard. Results: The fresh weight and rootlet number of P. notoginseng seedlings were determined as the final indices of grading. P. notoginseng seedlings from different regions of Yunnan could be preliminarily classified into four grades: the special grade, the premium grade, the standard grade, and culled seedlings. Conclusion: The grading standard was proven to be reasonable according to the agronomic characters, emergence rate, and photosynthetic efficiency of seedlings after transplantation, and the yields and contents of active constituents of the medicinal parts from different grades of seedlings.