• Journal of Korean Historical Folklife
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• no.30
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• pp.7-41
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• 2009

In this studying we could look that the rites for fortress under the rule of Silla's national rites was the one background which made Seonghwang religion in China was accepted in our nation. In Silla's national rites, fortress was the objects for rites and they were such as Bukhyeong fortress, Galim fortress, and Toseo fortress. These were belonged under Silla's national rites together with rites for famous mountains and big streams but differed from rites for mountains and streams. The fortresses which were belonged under Silla's national rites played a role as governing place during three nations era, but their prestigious position grew lower after provincial systems were consolidated. Fortress was the protectional building to protect the territory from the enemies. Silla's experiencing the war of three nations made them consider much the role of fortress as the important military location. And Silla included the rites for fortress into their national rites and governed the territory. The Galim fortress among them was got rid of Silla's national rites, and the rite seemed to be succeeded by provincial influentials. And this seemed to be the foundation for the provincial influentials in lateral Silla period to accept Seonghwang religion of China. And the fortress belonged to Silla's national rites was Kunhyeon fortress. Seonghwang-sa in Gorye was located in the fortress had governing place. Galim-fortress, Bukhyeong fortress, and Toseo fortress were also the important military locations. Seonghwang-sa in Gorye was the military strategic position, too and the deity for Seonghwang had the power to deal with the victory and defeat. From this, the background that the rite for Seonghwang in Gorye could be belonged to national rites comparatively early differed from China's was searched in the rites for fortress belonged to Silla's national rites.

• (The)Study of the Eastern Classic
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• no.68
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• pp.209-235
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• 2017

This study was conducted for a review of Park Se-chae's Theory of Rituals and eclectic features. He was in agreement with Song Si-yeol's allegation and Seoin's theory of rituals(西人禮論) in the 1659 controversy over propriety(己亥禮訟) and the 1674 controversy over propriety(甲寅禮訟). After that, he was cautious and criticized for Song's claims in 1683 discussion of Hyojong's sacrifices and Taejo's posthumous name. This tendency can be seen in his paper of rituals. He wrote "服制私議"(Private opinion of mourning clothes) etc. in his early life and wrote "關西昏喪契約束"(Covenant on wedding ceremonies and mourning ceremonies in the Gwanse province), "喪祭値疫痘說"(Mourning ceremonies and sacrifice when there is an epidemic) etc. in his later life. By comparing the books, we can identify changes in Park Se-chae's eclectic features. Early in life, he reviewed Gorye(古禮, Rituals of the old such as Liji) and the timely institutions(時制) on the "朱子家禮"(A book written by Zhuzi about family rituals). However, later in life, he reviewed Gorye and the Zhuzi Jiali on the timely institutions. The following is a summary of the above. His theory of rituals can be said that the eclectic features have changed from 'on Zhuzi Jiali' to 'on the timely institution'.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.16 no.6
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• pp.7-26
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• 2007

This article is about restoring the wooden pagoda which located in Silsangsa Temple after historical research. The process of this study, first of all, the theoretical study was considered about similar examples of wooden pagoda and gilt-bronze pagoda in Gorye period and wooden pagoda in contemporary period. After that, the study was established by the present condition of Silsangsa wooden pagoda site, the characteristic of Silsangsa wooden pagoda, the form of arrangement, the scale and height. Finally, considering those studies, the wooden pagoda designed in detail. This restoring design tried to follow the inference in that time. Moreover, the design tried to involve the elements of characteristic of region and Silsangsa wooden pagoda. Therefore, the research establish period of Silsangsa wooden pagoda in Gorye period. Locally, it considered both elements of Silla and Baeckje. The arrange form of restoring wooden pagoda was freestyle arrangement that had two main building of a temple and one middle pagoda. The idea of structure was to establish of double Core system. This system inferred from the system of building structure in ancient wooden pagoda and middle and modern age of multistory wooden construction. According to measurement of foundation stone, the scale of restoring wooden pagoda followed the skill of Tang-scale. The connection structure of each floor followed laminated structure which was the general form of log frame in that time. After study of foundation's condition, the present writer deseeded to have restoring the wooden pagoda 9 stories tall. The final aim was to depend on the structural intuition of the present writer, the writer tried to restore beautiful wooden pagoda according to in those days which is solution for contradiction of unclear point. So, it could be make out a plane of restoring wooden pagoda.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.21-36
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• 2012

As wooden construction developed, it was observed that the rafters with corners changed to angled rafters. The change from rafters to angle rafters means that the angle rafters became the most important member in supporting the roof weight as the construction scale increased and structurally developed. The specific installation methods of angle rafters were all unique in Korea, China, and Japan. In East Asia, the angle of the angle rafter gradually decreased along with the development of construction. However, in Joseon Dynasty Korea, the angle of the angle rafter was larger than that of the Gorye era because the method of fixing the corner of the roof more firmly by building the fan-shaped rafter was utilized. The changes to the angle rafter installation method is a unique characteristic of Korea, in that it was developed in a totally different way from the methods used in China and Japan.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.19 no.6
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• pp.137-153
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• 2010

Jeongrimsaji as temple remains of Baekje Sabi period, its re-excavation has been carried three times in full scale. As a result, the buildings in left and right of lecture hall was largely identified in 3 forms. First, layout of small buildings in left and right of lecture hall. Second, layput of corridor in left and right of lecture hall. Third, layout of construction site in the north of corridor in left and right of lecture hall. Above second is included into remains of Gorye, the third is included into remains of Baekje - the remains were almost ruined then. The first form and third form in above is different each other in size of buildings, form of layout, and location. It is important to investigate these points: the time of constructing the buildings; what position have the use and function of the buildings in the temple? ; transition process of layout of the Buddhist temple. In this context, of temple remains in Baekje during the 5~7th century, the cases where construction sites in left and right of lecture hall and construction site in the north of corridor are identified, have been reviewed. Based on this review, the use and function of buildings, their transition process were investigated. The survey results show that small buildings in left and right of lecture hall existed in the middle and later period of the 6th century. During the later 6th century ~ the 7th century, construction site in narrow and long square shape was located in left and right of lecture hall instead of small buildings in the north of corridor. Therefore, it is identified that the aforementioned thing is earlier stage and the latter thing is later stage.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.67-80
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• 2012

Objectives : We investigated the effects of Ingecheonggeumdan(ICD) on body weight and examined whether blood lipid levels and visceral fat are inhibited by it in high fat diet-fed obese male mice. Methods : 8 weeks old, high fat diet-fed obese male mice were divided into 6 groups: C57BL/6N normal, control, ICD-1(150mg/kg), ICD-2(300mg/kg), ICD-3(600mg/kg) and orlistat(10mg/kg). After mice were treated with ICD and orlistat for 8 weeks, we measured body weight gain, food intake, feeding efficiency ratio, fat weight, plasma leptin and lipid levels. We also performed histological analysis for liver and fat on the mice. Results : Compared with controls, ICD and orlistat-treated mice had lower body weight gain and adipose tissue weight, the magnitudes of which were prominent in ICD-3. Compared with controls, ICD and orlistat-treated mice had lower blood leptin levels, the magnitude of which was prominent in ICD-3. Compared with controls, ICD and orlistat-treated mice had higher blood HDL-cholesterol and lower blood plasma LDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels, the magnitudes of which were prominent in ICD-3. Blood plasma AST and ALT concentrations were not changed by ICD and orlistat, indicating ICD and orlistat do not show any toxic effects. Consistent with their effects on body weight gain, the size of adipocytes and hepatic lipid accumulation were significantly decreased by ICD and orlistat. Conclusions : These results demonstrate that ICD and orlistat effectively reduce body weight gain, blood plasma LDL-cholesterol, free fatty acid and triglyceride levels and improves abdominal fat, the magnitudes of which were prominent in ICD-3.

• Herbal Formula Science
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• v.14 no.2
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• pp.45-56
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• 2006

Objectives : We evaluated anti-hyperlipidemia effect of Gyeongshinganjeehwan (GGEx) in high fat induced obese male micro-pigs. Methods : 7 month-old micro-pigs are fed with normal (n = 3) or high fat diet (n = 18) for 12 weeks. The pig revealed obesity in high fat diet were divided into 2 groups (n = 5 each) and vehicle (OMP) and Gyeongshingangjeehwan (GGEx, 616.7 mg/kg/day) were administrated for 1 month. We monitored the changes in body weight and measured plasma cholesterol, triglyceride, free fatty acid, GOT and, GPT after 1 month. The visceral fat were measured with computerized tomography and weights of various organs were measured after sacrifice. Results : 1. GGEx group had significantly reduced body weight gain than obese control group in statistics. 2. GGEx group didn't significantly differ from obese control group in blood total cholesterol, blood LDL-cholesterol, blood triglyceride. but it's data were similar to normal control group. 3. GGEx group had prominantly reduced visceral fat than obese control group in computerized tomography. 4. Blood GOT and GPT didn't differ from between groups. The organ weight were not significant different. And it is normal in size and colour of visceral organs. Conclusions : It is concluded that GGEx has anti-hyperlipidemia effect by improving visceral fat and access to security.

• Journal of the Mineralogical Society of Korea
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.279-292
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• 2015

New occurrences of large-scaled Zn-Pb deposits are recently found in the Danjang-myeon, Milyang. They are skarn-type deposits which replaced the intercalated limestone beds in the Jeonggaksan Formation. This study aims at characterizing occurrences, mineralogy, and chemistry of Zn-Pb ores and skarn minerals. Skarn orebodies are mainly found in 3 areas, named Gukjeon-ri, Gorye-ri, and Gucheon-ri orebodies, where sphalerite found as main ore mineral in 200-300 m in height and amount of galena increases as altitude does. Ores are dark grey to dark green in color and closely related with clinopyroxene zone. They occur with hedenbergite, grossular, actinolite, epidote, and small amounts of axinite, calcite, and quartz. Main ore mineral is sphalerite which includes tiny spotted grains of galena and chalcopyrite and becomes rich in grade in association with clinopyroxene and epidote. FeS contents in sphalerite show relatively wide range between 1.53 and 23.07 mole%, whose contents intend to increase towards biotite granite known as ore-related igneous rocks. CdS contents are in the range of 0.22-0.93 mole%, showing decrease tendency from southwest (Gukjeon-ri) to northeast (Gucheon-ri). Zn-Pb deposits developed in Danjang-myeon reveal decrease in temperature with increase of altitude, leading to gradual changes in compositions of ore and skarn minerals.