• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.263-271
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• 2014

The purpose of this study is to investigate the dyeability of silk fabrics with Humulus japonicus (Hwansam) extract which is a kind of weeds that grows wild in the suburbs. In the research, the general extract method was conducted with the extract from fresh herb of root-removed Humulus japonicus while we investigated the optimal dyeing conditions and dyeability depending on the changes of the kind of mordants, methods and temperature. The functional properties such as antibacterial activities, deodorization and UV protection were also reviewed. The ideal output, as a result, was shown at 100% of dye concentration, $90^{\circ}C$ of dyeing temperature and 40 minutes of dyeing time while in terms of dye uptake depending on the kind of mordants and methods, it was found that among four mordants of $SnCl_2$, $AlK(SO_4)_2$, $CuSO_4$, and $FeSO_4$ post-mordanting with $FeSO_4$ showed the best result. Color fastness to washing, dry cleaning and rubbing was found strong at grade 4-5 and the grade to light was as good as 3 while to perspiration was good at 4-5 as well. In aspects of functional properties, it showed excellent results of 99% deodorization rate, 98% UV protection rate and 99.9% bacterial reduction against Staphylococcus aureus.

• Journal of Korean Elementary Science Education
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.219-232
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• 2010

In this study, we investigated and compared the types of analogy generation processes and the perceptions of analogy generation on saturated solution of fifth grade scientifically-gifted and general elementary students. After the instruction of self-generating analogies on 'saturated solution' concept for two classes, 12 scientifically-gifted and 8 general elementary students were interviewed to explore their analogy generation processes and the perceptions of the abilities required in the processes, the conditions of good analogies, and the advantages/disadvantages of analogy generation. The results revealed that their analogy generation processes were classified into three types. The scientifically-gifted students generated the analogies in more systematic and efficient ways and had better understanding of the important parts in the processes than the general elementary students. They also suggested more concrete and various ideas about the conditions of good analogies. Many scientifically-gifted and general elementary students thought that analogy generation would have positive influences on the developments of the cognitive aspects such as various higher-level thinking abilities and understanding of science concepts as well as the affective aspects such as science learning motivation and interest. Educational implications of these findings are discussed.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.29 no.11
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• pp.1520-1526
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• 2005

Henna is a natural colorant and has been used to dye hair, skin and leather since civilization began. It has reddish brown to orange shade. The major color components of Henna are Lawsone(2-hydroxy-1,4-naphthaquinone) and Luteolin (3',4',5,7-tetrahydroxy-flavone). In this study, various fibers containing the nitrogen component, especially used fur underwear, were dyed with Henna under various dyeing conditions, then dyeing characteristics, color fastness, and anti-bacterial properties were evaluated. from the results, Henna has good affinity to the chlorinated wool>wool>Pu/nylon>nylon>soybean>silk in decreasing order. The color fastness of the wool fabric dyed with Henna to washing, dry-cleaning, and perspiration showed 4-5 grade. The color fastness to light was 3rd grade. These results are relatively good comparing with other natural dyes. Moreover dyed fabric with Henna showed excellent antibacterial activity.

• Journal of the Korean Arthroscopy Society
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.22-27
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• 2009

Purpose: To identify the damage of the articular cartilage and analyze the clinical results of the partial medial meniscectomy. Materials and Methods: From January 2001 to December 2004, forty-eight patients in the degenerative arthritis and medial meniscal tear of knee who undertook arthroscopic partial meniscectomy and were able to keep pace with the times follow-up for more than 3 years were enrolled in this study. Six cases were men and 42 were women, and the mean age was 55.7 years (40~78 years). The patients were classified into two groups according to the Outerbridge grade. Grade I and II were classified into group 1 and grade III and IV into group 2. Group 1 included 30 cases and group 2 included 18 cases. The result were analyzed according to the Tapper & Hoover classification and Lysholm knee scoring scale. And we measured the distance of medial joint space in standing anteroposterior (AP) view of both sides at the pre-operative and the last follow-up. Results: According to the Tapper & Hoover classification, 28 cases were excellent, 7 cases good, 8 cases fair, and 5 cases poor. Among group 1, 25 cases were excellent, 2 cases good, 2 cases fair, 1 case poor. However, among group 2, 3 cases were excellent, 5 cases good, 6 cases fair, 4 cases poor. Average Lysholm knee score was improved from 62.4 preoperatively to 94 postoperatively in group 1, and from 58 preoperatively to 77.9 postoperatively in group 2. The joint space narrowing showed no statistically significant difference in both knees standing AP view. Conclusion: The arthroscopic partial meniscectomy for a patient with the degenerative articular cartilage was an effective treatment. However, we could not satisfy the results, in cases of Outerbridge grade III and IV. In grade III and IV, the partial meniscectomy was not aggravated the cartilage damage.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Earth Science Education
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• v.7 no.1
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• pp.119-132
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• 2014

In recent years, Korea encourages teachers to do STEAM education(Science, Technology, Engineering, Arts & Mathematics), which includes Arts to STEM education to train creative science technology talent. Related to this, we developed a subject substitute STEAM program for the 6th grade students in elementary school and applied it in a field. The STEAM program which substitutes contents in curriculum related to Energy unit was developed and it was taught to twenty four sixth grade students during regular classes. During the classes, all activities of students were observed and they were written in recording notes during the observation. After all STEAM program ended, how students recognize the subject substitute STEAM program compared to general class, understand learning contents and think about the program before and after the STEAM classes were analyzed through questionnaire and interviews. The results were as follows. First, some students had difficulty in reconciling different ideas in group, creative thinking and crafts but most students liked the STEAM classes because many activities are fun and it is easy to understand. Second, learners regarded practical use of knowledge, learning different subjects together and interests as the reasons they can understand learning contents easily during STEAM program. Third, learners recognized STEAM classes are good to understand knowledge, think creative ideas and improve social skills after the STEAM classes while they showed anticipation, worry and fear before taking the classes. It is found that a subjective substitute STEAM program is helpful to increase learners' interests in learning, understand learning contents, increase creativity and have a good personality through a qualitative research.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.29 no.7
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• pp.918-922
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• 2000

Objective : The authors analyzed the results of management outcomes for basilar bifurcation aneurysms treated with transcranial surgery and endovascular surgery. Methods : At the authors' institution between May 1989 and December 1998, 47 aneurysms with 45 patients were treated with transcranial surgery including surgical clipping/wrapping and endovascular surgery for basilar bifurcation aneurysms. The medical records and neuroimaging studies of the patients were reviewed retrospectively. Results : Of the 45 patients, 87 percent of the aneurysms were ruptured and 13% unruptured. Forty six percent of the patients had multiple aneurysms including basilar bifurcation aneurysm. Of the 39 patients with subarachnoid hemorrahge, 77% were in good neurological status(Hunt Hess grade I-III), 23% were in poor grade(H-H grade IV-V). Thirty two patients were treated with transcranial surgery and 15 patients were treated with endovascular surgery. Two patients who had treated with wrapping surgery later bled during follow-up period and treated with endovascular surgery. The management outcome of the transcranial surgery was : Glasgow outcome scale(GOS) I 66%, GOS II 12.5%, GOS III 6.3%, GOS IV 6.3% and GOS V(death) 9.4%. The major causes of morbidity related to transcranial surgery were perforator occlusion, vasospasm and retraction injury. The management outcome of the endovascular surgery was : GOS I 66.7%, GOS II 6.7%, and GOS V 26.7%. The major causes of mortality related to endovascular surgery were related to intraoperative aneurysmal bleeding. Conclusion : This report documents that more than 75% of patients undergoing treatment either transcranial or endovascular surgery can expect good clinical outcomes. Treatment modality in management of basilar bifurcation aneurysm must be carefully selected based on various considering factors.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.42 no.5
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• pp.382-387
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• 2007

Objective : Cubital tunnel syndrome is the second most common entrapment neuropathy of the upper extremity. Although many different operative techniques have been introduced, none of them have been proven superior to others. Simple cubital tunnel decompression has numerous advantages, including simplicity and safety. We present our experience of treating cubital tunnel syndrome with simple decompression in 15 patients. Methods : According to Dellon's criteria, one patient was classified as grade 1, eight as grade 2, and six as grade 3. Preoperative electrodiagnostic studies were performed in all patients and 7 of them were rechecked postoperatively. Five patients of 15 underwent simple decompression using a small skin incision (2 cm or less). Results : Preoperative mean value of motor conduction velocity (MCV) within the segment (above the elbow-below the elbow) was $41.8{\pm}15.2\;m/s$ and this result showed a decrease compared to the result of MCV in the below the elbow-wrist segment ($57.8{\pm}6.9\;m/s$) with statistical significance (p<0.05). Postoperative mean values of MCV were improved in 6 of 7 patients from $39.8{\pm}12.1\;m/s$ to $47.8{\pm}12.1\;m/s$ (p<0.05). After an average follow-up of $4.8{\pm}5.3$ months, 14 patients of 15 (93%) reported good or excellent clinical outcomes according to a modified Bishop scoring system. Five patients who had been treated using a small skin incision achieved good or excellent outcomes. There were no complications, recurrences, or subluxation of the ulnar nerve. Conclusion : Simple decompression of the ulnar nerve is an effective and successful minimally invasive technique for patients with cubital tunnel syndrome.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
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• v.46 no.4
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• pp.312-316
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• 2009

Objective : The purpose of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a transforaminal suprapedicular approach, semi-rigid flexible curved probe, and 3-dimensional reconstruction computed tomography (3D-CT) with discogram in the endoscopic treatment of non-contained lumbar disc herniations. Methods : The subjects were 153 patients with difficult, non-contained lumbar disc herniations undergoing endoscopic treatment. The types of herniation were as follows : extraforaminal, 17 patients; foraminal, 21 patients; high grade migration, 59 patients; and high canal compromise, 56 patients. To overcome the difficulties in endoscopic treatment, the anatomic structures were analyzed by 3D reconstruction CT and the high grade disc was extracted using a semi-rigid flexible curved probe and a transforaminal suprapedicular approach. Results : The mean follow-up was 18.3 months. The mean visual analogue scale (VAS) of the patients prior to surgery was 9.48, and the mean postoperative VAS was 1.63. According to Macnab's criteria, 145 patients had excellent and good results, and thus satisfactory results were obtained in 94.77% cases. Conclusion : In a posterolateral endoscopic lumbar discectomy, the difficult, non-contained disc is considered to be the most important factor impeding the success of surgery. By applying a semi-rigid flexible curved probe and using a transforaminal suprapedicular approach, good surgical results can be obtained, even in high grade, non-contained disc herniations.

• Korean Medical Education Review
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.20-31
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• 2018

Good assessment is crucial for feedback on curriculum and to motivate students to learn. This study was conducted to perform item analysis on the Medical Education Assessment Consortium clinical knowledge mock examination (MEAC CKME) (2011-2016) and to evaluate several effects to improve item quality using both classical test theory and item response theory. The estimated difficulty index (P) and discrimination index (D) were calculated according to each course, item type, A (single best answer)/R (extended matching) type, and grading of item quality. The cut-off values used to evaluate P were: >0.8 (easy); 0.6-0.8 (moderate); and <0.6 (difficult). The cut-off value for D was 0.3. The proportion of appropriate items was defined as those with P between 0.25-0.75 and D ${\geq}0.25$. Cronbach ${\alpha}$ was used to assess the reliability and was compared with those of the Korean Medical Licensing Examination (KMLE). The results showed the recent mean difficulty and decimation index was 0.62 and 0.20 for the first MEAC CKME and 0.71 and 0.19 for the second MEAC CKME, respectively. Higher grade items evaluated by a self-checklist system had better D values than lower grade items and higher grade items gradually increased. The preview and editing process by experts revealed maintained P, decreased recall items, increased appropriate items with better D values, and higher reliability. In conclusion, the MEAC CKME (2011-2016) is deemed appropriate as an assessment to evaluate students' competence and prepare year four medical students for the KMLE. In addition, the self-checklist system for writing good items was useful in improving item quality.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Grassland and Forage Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.29-36
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• 2020

This study was conducted to suggest the new grassland grade system on evaluating the grassland status. The grassland status has been evaluated based on the forage yield (good, fair and poor) by municipal authorities. The grassland grades by current system were 19 good, 11 fair and 11 poor among the 41 grassland farms from 6 provinces. This evaluation result differed greatly from the result of actual measurement of forage yields which showed all poor. The big difference was resulted from failing the reflection of the various characteristics, such as different seasonal growth and harvest frequency. Furthermore, the lack of consistent examining date and method added the inaccuracy of current grassland grade system. The new grassland grade system based on the grassland vegetation ratio (grass, weed and bare soil) was initially designed into 6-grade system (1st; 100~80%, 2nd; 79~60%, 3rd; 59~40%, 4th; 39~20%; 5th; 19~1% and 6th; 0% on the basis of grasses proportion), but later was changed into 4-grade system (1st, 2nd, 3rd, and 4th grades are 70% or more, 50% or more, 50% or less, and 0% of forage proportion, respectively) after reflecting the opinion of grassland farms and municipal authorities. Re-evaluation on the grassland status using the 4-grade system resulted in the total 80% consisted of 2nd, 3rd and 4th grade which means most grasslands needs the partial reseeding or the rehabilitation of entire grassland. Pictures and schematic diagrams depicting the 4-grade system were presented to improve the objectivity of evaluation. The optimal time for assessing grassland status is fall when plant height 20~30 cm. Conclusively, the 4-grade system is an efficient method for all non-professionals including grassland farms or municipal authorities in assessing the grassland status. To apply this system to the field, the institutional arrangements such as amendment of grassland act should take place in advance.