• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.131
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• pp.273-301
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• 2014

This study aims to reconstruct Leibniz's theodicy. Theodicy is to defense of the highest wisdom of the creator against the charge which reason brings against it for whatever is the evil in the world. For this defense, Leibniz created his own new kind of concepts: the principle of sufficient reason, the principle of perfection, the best of all possible worlds, moral necessity. Leibniz's theodicy is developed as following. Most good and wisest God created this world freely by moral necessity. God's will was to choose the goods antecedently. But God's will could not create goods only. For God's final purpose is to create the best. For this reason, it happens that the evils may come about by concomitance, and as a result of other greater goods. Therefore the evils are necessary in the world. And evil consists in imperfection. Man has free will as God. Freedom, according to Leibniz, consists in intelligence, which involves a clear knowledge of the object of deliberation. Man has freedom, but man's freedom is imperfect. Evil is originated in man's imperfect freedom.

• Journal of Korean Society for Quality Management
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• v.28 no.4
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• pp.99-105
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• 2000

This paper attempts to apply Markove chain theory to literary works. the objective of this paper is to show the trend of authors and his works by way of Markovian Models. In this introductory research, it is useful to make simple criteria as virtue and evil, good and bad, justice and injustice, positive and negative, man and woman, etc. Markovian transition matrixes which are derived by M.L.E. and A.U.E are almost same. In case of Hamlet, we are able to know the author of Hamlet or his works are inconsistent and fickle.

• The Journal of the Korea Contents Association
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• v.22 no.4
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• pp.468-478
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• 2022

'True education', which was the core ideology of 'the Korean Teachers & Educational Workers Union', is re-appropriated in the new media era. This word, which is actively used by young people, means 'punishment against the object of social condemnation'. One of the characteristics of 'true education contents' commonly seen on the Internet is that it shows a tendency to 'fragmentation'. True educational contents are short in length, and the contents are very local. This reflects the characteristics of a postmodern society where totality disappears and small stories are consumed. Second, the standard for dividing good and evil is extremely 'arbitrary'. Whereas the existing stories of rewarding virtue and punishing vice had universal values such as love, consideration, and peace, the content of true education distinguishes good and evil with an extremely narrow perspective. The way to justify arbitrary standard is to incite public outrage. Third, 'humour' is added. Here, humor is combined with the emotion of hatred, causing the problem of weakening people's critical consciousness.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.22 no.2
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• pp.29-36
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• 2019

Previous resarch demonstrated that moral judgment is not an outcome of rational reasoning, but an independent variable determined by diverse factors. The effects of disgust on moral harshness, audience effect on moralistic punishment are some examples that support this view. The variability of moral judgment raises a question on what effects video stimuli might have on moral judgments. Although a few studies (Schnall, Roper, & Fessler, 2010) have shown that watching a prosocial video clip promote moral behavior, no research have simultaneously tested the effects of both positive and negative video clips on moral (not bahavior but) judgments. Hence, this research tested the effects of viewing videos about good and evil on moral judgments regarding the self and others. To this end, participants were asked to view a video clip depicting content of either positive or negative human behavior and required to make moral judgments on conduct described in a scenario assuming that the person committing the act was either themselves or another person. The results showed significant effects of both video contents (positive, negative) and the actor (self, others) on moral judgments, but they were qualified by the interaction between the two. In particular, participants who watched evil deed of others made harsher judgments on others' moral transgression. Theses results demonstrate that video contents influence moral judgments, and the effect depends on the actor of the immoral behavior. In general discussion, we interpreted the results based on moral disgust, framing effect, and fundamental attribution error.

• The Journal of Korean Philosophical History
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• no.42
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• pp.233-258
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• 2014

This article investigates the concept of the xing(性) used by Hu Hong. Hu Hong's philosophical system considered to top priority for xing is called xingbunlun(性本論), and he suggested the characteristics of xing as follows. First, Hu Hong regarded xing as the fundamental of whole world and related to the specific individual things, so he constructed the concept of xing in the perspective of ontology. Namely while xing is ti(體) the root of all the world, it is the realization of the uniqueness of the individual things. Also he considered xing which of the ontological aspect developed various psychological aspect contained xin (心), qing(情), yu(欲), etc. Seond, As Hu Hong regulated that wei fa(未發) is xing and yi fa(已發) is xin, he defined the ideal relation between xing and xin as xingtixinyong(性體心用). And he considered that the sage and the ordinary peoples are equal in the xing's aspect of wei fa, but they are not equal in ability of the xin in the aspect of wei fa. Hu Hong thought that the only sage realized the ideal relation between xing and xin in this world, because he keep his mind silent. So Hu Hong suggested the possibility of moral cultivation to the ordinary peoples, expressing that human nature realized the function of the mind(成性), in order that they realized ideal relation by following ren(仁). Third, unlike the traditional notion, Hu Hong understood the meaning of xing in the aspect of ontology. He interpreted the shan(善) of xingshan(性善) as the meaning of exclamation, which implied that "the innate goodness of human nature(性善)" meant "Human nature is good." Because Hu Hong thought that the meaning of xing transcended the relative concept of good and evil, and accepted the whole world affirmatively. In the opinion of Hu Hong, as the concept of xing had two ways of intentionality; likes and dislikes(好惡), things formed relationship with other in this world. Then the concept of good and evil of the ethical value judgement occurred.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.34 no.11
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• pp.1912-1922
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• 2010

This paper examines the types and characteristics of cartoon and animation characters in contemporary fashion in order to provide the basic data necessary for the development and use of fashion character designs that develop creative designs and culturally high values. This study examined the relevant literature, reviewed local publications, foreign fashion magazines, and Internet data from 2000 to 2009. In this way, it analyzed various visual images that reflect cartoon and animation characters in case studies. This paper found some expression types, which are the direct expression of characters through print or collage, the borrowing of character images, the use of cartoon expression techniques, and the use of characters for the composition of clothing forms. Those expression types had some similar characteristics. The first is the expression of a kidult-like entertainment that reflected the inner psychology of adults trying to escape from a complicated modem society and returning to their childhood. The second is the expression of satire. Cartoon and animation characters were used as a medium for pointing out social irregularities and evil deeds that taught the lesson of good triumphing over the evil in fashion; they expressed the satire of the modem society and delivered a message of purity and hope. The third is the use of a decorative factor. Each character was printed in primary colors or expressed in colorful beads, and serial cartoon scenes were printed on clothes and used to make a decorative effect of fashion designs.

• Journal of the Korea Academia-Industrial cooperation Society
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.258-266
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• 2021

This study analyzes two fairy tales of similar plots in which stepmothers appear, "Kongji and Patji" and "Cinderella". The purpose was to investigate the role of a stepmother in a fairy tale and to examine the differences between the stepmothers in the two fairy tales mentioned above. Stepmothers in "Kongji and Patji" and "Cinderella" show similar tendencies but there were differences in the content of the tasks, as well as the evil actions of the stepmother after marriage. However, stepmothers who commit these cruel evil deeds were necessary for several reasons. First of all, children who cannot cope with psychological conflicts themselves can cope with contradictory emotions by projecting the guilt and psychological conflicts onto their stepmother and exposing themselves to their anger. Besides, they can understand the diversity of life and learn how to overcome pain, sorrow, and hardship. A fairy tale in which a stepmother plays a role is of educational significance in that it teaches lessons to children by showing that in the end, the wicked are punished and good people live a happy life. This helps the child to have a positive self-identity.

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.55 no.1
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• pp.3-24
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• 2009

The Harry Potter series is considered to represent the multicultural aspect of contemporary British society and to show critical perspectives of racism. This series, however, also includes many elements of British imperialism. This paper examines the ideas about education and Harry's role in relation to British imperialism. One of the main ideas prevalent in 19th century British boys' public schools was that people's blood origin is the most important element in determining their characteristics, ability and moral qualities. The students' inherited capacity and their family background are more highly regarded than their secondary learning and training. This reflects a 19th century concept that ultimately, inborn quality makes 'a hero', a truth presented in the educational policies of Hogwarts. Hogwarts' educational policies and systems can also be related to 'developmentalism', which defines children as imperfect, in-progress and incomplete, thus needing proper training and discipline. As this concept functioned to justify the control of children while educating them, Hogwarts adopts diverse controlling devices and oppressive policies, which are mainly justified in the name of education. On the one hand, child characters are controlled and oppressed by the school authorities, on the other hand, some of the students such as Harry have remarkable magic powers enough to resist the adult authority and even to save the magic society from the evil power. Harry plays dual roles, which the British boys of the Empire were assigned from their society; they are important heirs to conquer the 'evil' or 'barbarous' world but need to be obedient to a 'good' authority to achieve the mission. Harry's magic power and self-discipline ultimately contribute to fulfilling Dumbledore's mission, which mirrors 19th century British boys' roles as the heirs of the British Empire.

• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.29-40
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• 2023

The term and concept of "immortality" has garnered a considerable amount of attention worldwide. However, research on this topic is lacking, and the question of when the mind of a deceased individual survives death has yet to be answered. This research investigates whether morality and mind perception of the dead correlate with immortality. Study 1 measures the perceived immortality of people, who were good or evil in life. The results show that the perceived morality is related with the perceived immortality. Moreover, participants indicated the extent to which each person had maintained a degree of morality and agency/experience of the mind. Therefore, morality and mind perception toward a person are related to perceived immortality. In Study 2, participants were asked to read three essays on robots (good, evil, and nonmoral), and had to indicate the extent to which each robot maintains a degree of immortality, morality, and agency/experience of the mind. The results show that good spirits of a robot are related to higher scores of mind perception toward the robot, resulting in increasing tendency of perceived immortality. These results provide implications that the morality of humans and robots can mediate the relationship between mind perception and immortality. This work extends on previous research on the determinants of social robots for overcoming difficulties in human-robot interaction.

• Journal of Korean Philosophical Society
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• v.139
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• pp.105-131
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• 2016

The notion of responsibility, which has now gained a firm foothold as one of the fundamental notions of philosophy and its neighboring disciplines, became the subject of philosophical enquiry only in the 19th century by Kierkegaard, who delved into the morality of critical self-awareness in ethical responsibility of the absolute self; and Nietzsche, who put emphasis on the responsibility of the sovereign self in coping with the problems of the future. Nietzsche is the first philosopher who took issue with the diminishment (Verkleinerung) of humanity-what he called human being's greatest disease-that swept Europe at that time. Concerns about Europe's future were the key movens of Nietzsche's philosophy revolving around the advent of nihilism in Europe and its solutions. He prepared alternative solutions in deep awareness that the ethics of good and evil firmly rooted in the traditional metaphysics and Christianity would not even catch the depth and breadth of the big problem of globalization brought about by modernism, let alone solve it. Nietzsche devoted his whole life to disseminating the knowledge that the future of humankind depends on removing these old ethics. This article traces Nietzsche's reflections on the ethical event of responsibility and provides an overview of the purview and scope contained in the meaning covered by the notion of responsibility in his philosophy beyond common norms and values.