• 한국수산과학회지
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• 제40권6호
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• pp.374-379
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• 2007

Two experiments were designed to examine short-term effects of human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG), and long-term effects of gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist (GnRHa), $17{\alpha}-hydroxyprogesterone$ (17P), and $17{\alpha},20{\beta}-dihydroxy-4-pregnen-3-one\;(17,20{\beta}P)$, alone or in combination, on milt production of the starry flounder Platichthys stellatus. In the first experiment, fish were injected with either 200 IU hCG/kg body weight or the same volume of marine fish Ringer's solution (MFRS). In the second experiment, each fish was implanted with a blank cholesterol pellet (control), $200\;{\mu}g$ GnRHa, $500\;{\mu}g$ 17P, or $100\;{\mu}g\;17,20{\beta}P/kg$ body weight alone or in combination. In the first experiment, hCG injection resulted in an increase in the expressible milt volume and a decrease in the spermatocrit (Sct). After pellet implantation in the second experiment, the milt volume was increased in males treated with GnRHa, GnRHa+17P, or $GnRHa+17,20{\beta}P$. On day 7 after hormone pellet implantation, the milt volume began to increase, and on day 14, the milt volume in the $GnRHa+500\;{\mu}g$ 17P group was significantly higher than that in the control group. Compared with the control group, the hormone pellet-treated groups had a significant reduction in the mean Sct and sperm concentration (Sc) at day 7 after pellet implantation, while there were no differences in total sperm number. The results suggest that increases in milt volume are generally associated with decreases in Sct and SC, suggesting that the main mechanism for the increase in milt volume was milt hydration.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제1권2호
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• pp.165-172
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• 1997

the pupose of this study was to investigate the effects of gonadotropin and nitric oxide (NO) on the expression of mouse follicular bad and bax genes that are known induce apoptosis. Large and midium size follicles of immature mice were obtained at 0, 24, and 48 hours time intervals after Pregnant Mare's Serum gonadotropins(PMSG, 5 I.U.) injection. Preovulatory follicles collected at 24 hrs after PMSG injection were cultured with or without various chemicals such as gonadotropin, gonadotropin Releasing hormone(GnRH), testosterone, Sodium nitroprusside (SNP) for 24 hrs at $37^{\circ}C$. After 24 hrs culture, the culture media was used for nitrite assay and total RNA was extracted, subjected to RT-PCT for the analyses of bad and bax expression. We found that expression of bad and bax genes in follicles was markedly reduced before and after in vivo priming with hCG. When the preovulatory follicles were cultured for 24 hrs in culture media with PMSG and hCG, the expression of bad and bax genes was decreased. Moreover, SNP (NO generating agent) can significantly suppress the expression of bad and bax genes in follicles when apoptosis was induced by GnRH agonist and testosterone. At the same time, nitrite production of culture media was increased in GnRH agonist + SNP, testosterone + SNP and SNP treated groups than control group. These data demonstrated for the first time that peptide hormones and NO may play important roles in the regulation of mouse follicular differentiation and may prevent apoptosis via supressing the expression of bad and bax genes.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제11권4호
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• pp.513-519
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• 1998

인간의 태반성 성선자극 호르몬(HCG) 또는 성선자극 호르몬-방출 호르몬 유도체(GnRH-a) 단독 주사와 HCG+GnRH-a, GnRH-a+prostaglandin E sub(2) (PGF sub(2)), GnRH-a+pimozide를 복합적으로 주사하여 성숙한 암컷 쏘가리에서 배란 유도 실험을 하였다. 호르몬과 유도체의 반응 효과는 배란후 인공 수정하여 수정율과 배체형성율을 측정하여 결정하였다. 일반적으로 GnRH-a 실험군이 HCG 실험군에 비해서 수정율과 배체형성율 및 부화율이 높았다. HCG(5,000 IU/kg)+(GnRH-a(10 ${\mu}$g), GnRH-a(10 ${\mu}$g/kg)+PG$F^2$(500 ng/kg) 및 GnRH-a(10 ${\mu}$g/kg)+pimozide(1-5 mg/kg)에서 89% 이상의 높은 부화율을 보였다. 본 연구에서 사용된 성성숙 호르몬과 자극물질로 처리된 모든 암컷에서 배란이 유도되었지만, HCG+GnRH-a+dopamine과 GnRH-a+PG$F_2$+indometacin 처리군에서는 배란이 억제되었다. 이들의 결과는 산란시기에 여러 가지 성성숙 호르몬과 관련된 호르몬과 성성숙 억제물질(GRIF)이 분비된다는 점을 시사한다.

• 한국어업기술학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국어업기술학회 2000년도 춘계수산관련학회 공동학술대회발표요지집
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• pp.300-301
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• 2000

고급단백질의 수요가 증가함에 따라 양식어류개발의 필요성이 가중되면서 유용어종을 대상으로 계획적이고 안정적인 대량종묘를 확보하기 위해서는 인위적으로 성숙/산란을 조절할 수 있는 방법을 개발하는 것이 우선 과제이다. 이러한 방법에는 적합한 호르몬제를 사용하던지 또는 사육 환경조건을 변화시키는 방법 등이 있는데(Donaldson and Hunter, 1983) 호르몬제를 사용할 경우, 자연산란과 비교해볼 때 난질이 좋지않아 수정률 저하를 초래할 경우가 많다. 지금까지 양식현장에서는 HCG(태반선성선자극호르몬)가 널리 사용되어왔으나, 최근에는 GnRH (gonadotropin hormone-releasing hormone)를 이용한 성숙/배란유도가 성행되고 있으며 이에 대한 투여방법도 및 가지로 연구되고 있다 (Okumura and Sakae, 1993; Leu and Chou, 1996). (중략)

• Clinical and Experimental Pediatrics
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• 제49권3호
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• pp.305-311
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• 2006

목 적 : 성조숙증은 사춘기가 일찍 발생함으로써 최종성인키의 저하가 초래되는 질환으로 사춘기 발현을 억제하여 최종성인키를 향상시키기 위하여 사용되는 성선자극호르몬방출호르몬유도체(gonadotropin releasing hormone agonist, GnRHa)와 일부환자에서 병합치료로 이용되는 성장호르몬(GH)의 치료 효과를 알아보고자 하였다. 방 법 : 1989-2003년까지 서울대학교병원 소아과에서 특발성진성 성조숙증으로 진단 받고 2년 이상 GnRHa를 투여한 21명과 성장호르몬의 병합치료를 시행한 9명에 대하여 2년간의 성장 속도, 예측성인키(predicted adult height, PAH)를 조사하였으며, GnRHa만 투여받은 15명과 성장호르몬을 병합투여받은 6명에서 최종성인키 차이를 후향적으로 비교 분석하였다. 모든 분석은 GnRHa 치료 전 예측성인키가 중간부모키-5 cm(성인여성의 키 1 표준편차)보다 작은 군(PAH_L)과 큰 군(PAH_H), 성장호르몬 병합치료군(GnRHa+GH)으로 구분하여 시행하였다. 결 과 : GnRHa 치료에 따른 PAH의 증가는 PAH_L군에서 첫 1년 동안에 관찰되어, PAH(키 SDS)는 치료 시작 시 $149.7{\pm}6.4cm(-2.1{\pm}1.3)$에서 1년 후에는 $153.5{\pm}6.5cm(-1.4{\pm}1.3)$로 유의하게 증가하고(P=0.004), 2년째에는 $155.8{\pm}8.0cm(-0.9{\pm}1.6)$이었다. 이 시기 동안에 성장속도는 $6.2{\pm}0.7cm$/년이였으며, 골연령 증가(골연령-역연령) 정도는 변화가 없었다. PAH_H군에서는 치료 전 PAH(키 SDS) $160.0{\pm}4.4cm(-0.1{\pm}0.9)$에서 변화가 없어 2년째 $159.5{\pm}6.0cm(-0.2{\pm}1.2)$였다. GnRHa+GH군은 첫 GnRHa 치료시의 PAH는 $149.4{\pm}7.8cm$로 PAH_L군과 비슷하며, 평균 2.3년 동안 GnRHa로 치료받은 후 PAH(키 SDS)는 $154.0{\pm}5. cm(-1.7{\pm}0.9)$로 증가하였으나(P=0.065), GnRHa 투여군들과는 차이가 없었다. 성장호르몬을 병합 투여한 후에 첫 1년 동안 성장속도가 $8.0{\pm}2.8cm/yr$로 치료 전 성장속도 $4.7{\pm}1.2cm/yr$에 비하여 유의하게 증가하여(P=0.013), 결국 1년째 PAH(키 SDS)가 $159.6{\pm}4.4cm(-0.4{\pm}0.6)$로 병합치료 전에 비하여 유의하게 증가하였으며, 2년째는 증가보다는 유지되는 정도였다. PAH_L군(N=8)의 최종성인키(키 SDS)는 $159.8{\pm}5.2cm(-0.1{\pm}1)$로 치료 전에 비하여 $8.5{\pm}2.2cm$ 커졌으며(P<0.001), PAH_H군(N=7)의 최종성인키(키 SDS)는 $156.5{\pm}5.1cm(-0.8{\pm}1)$로 치료 전 예측성인키(SDS) $158.6{\pm}3.8cm(-0.4{\pm}0.8)$, 중간부모키 $157.9{\pm}5.1cm(-0.4{\pm}0.9)$와 차이가 없었다. GnRHa+GH군(N=6)의 최종성인키(키 SDS)는 $158.7{\pm}3.7cm(-0.3{\pm}0.7)$로 GnRHa 치료 전 및 성장호르몬 병합치료 전 예측성인키(키 SDS)에 비하여 각각 평균 11.8 cm, 6.2 cm 증가하였으며(P<0.05), 중간부모키와 비슷하였다. 결 론 : GnRHa 투여의 효과는 첫 1년째에 중간부모키에 비하여 치료 전 예측성인키가 작은 환자에서 뚜렷하게 나타나며, GnRHa 투여 중 성장속도가 저하되면서 예측성인키와 중간부모 키가 작은 환자에서 성장호르몬을 병합 투여하면 중간부모키와 비슷한 최종성인키를 얻을 수 있을 것으로 사료된다.

• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.637-647
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• 2018

Extra-hypothalamic growth hormone-releasing hormone (GHRH) plays an important role in reproduction. To study the treatment effect of Grin (a novel hGHRH homodimer), the infertility models of 85 male Chinese hamsters were established by intraperitoneally injecting 20 mg/kg of cyclophosphamide once in a week for 5 weeks and the treatment with Grin or human menopausal gonadotropin (hMG) as positive control was evaluated by performing a 3-week mating experiment. 2-8 mg/kg of Grin and 200 U/kg of hMG showed similar effect and different pathological characteristics. Compared to the single cyclophosphamide group (0%), the pregnancy rates (H-, M-, L-Grin 26.7, 30.8, 31.3%, and hMG 31.3%) showed significant difference, but there was no difference between the hMG and Grin groups. The single cyclophosphamide group presented loose tubules with pathologic vacuoles and significant TUNEL positive cells. Grin induced less weight of body or testis, compactly aligned tubules with little intra-lumens, whereas hMG caused more weight of body or testis, enlarging tubules with annular clearance. Grin presented a dose-dependent manner or cell differentiation-dependentincrease in testicular GHRH receptor, and did not impact the levels of blood and testicular GH, testosterone. Grin promotes fertility by proliferating and differentiating primitive cells through up-regulating testicular GHRH receptor without triggering GH secretion, which might solve the etiology of oligoasthenozoospermia.

• 환경생물
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.224-231
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• 2002

광주기(하루 중 빛의 길이)는 골든 햄스터의 생식을 조절하는 주된 요인이다. 광주기 정보는 멜라토닌을 통하여 생식 내분비계로 전달된다. 따라서 멜라토닌이 생식에 미치는 효과를 여러 광주기에 노출시킨 햄스터에서 조사하였다. 단주기(하루 중 12시간 이하의 조명)에 노출시킨 동물들과 저녁에 멜라토닌을 주사한 동물들의 정소 무게는 현저하게 줄어들었으나, 장주기 (하루 중 12.5시간 이상의 조명)에 유지된 동물과 오전에 멜라토닌을 투여한 동물들의 정소 무게는 줄어들지 않았다. 퇴화된 정소를 조직학적으로 조사한 결과, 세정관 직경이 감소되었고, 세정관내 세포수가 두드러지게 줄어들었다. 또한 생식 능력이 퇴화된 동물의 혈중 여포자극호르몬과 황체호르몬의 수준도 생식 능력을 보유하고 있는 동물에 비해 뚜렷하게 감소하였다. 멜라토닌 수용체가 역전사 polymerase chain reaction으로 동정되었고 조직특이성 또한 조사하였다. 동정된 멜라토닌 수용체는 309염기였으며, 시상하부와 뇌하수체를 포함하는 다양한 장기에서 발현되었다. 생식을 조절하는 핵심 물질인 gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) 유전자의 발현 또한 동정되었다. 그러나 멜라토닌 처리와 광주기 처리는 GnRH유전자 발현에 영향을 미치지 않았다. 종합하면, 광주기의 효과는 멜리토닌을 경유하여 발휘되며, 멜라토닌은 GnRH유전자의 발현보다는, 생성된 GnRH의 분비에 영향을 미쳐 생식내분비계에 간접적으로 작용함을 알 수 있었다.

• Animal cells and systems
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• 제1권4호
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• pp.595-602
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• 1997

Treatment of newborn female rats with gonadal steroids induces permanent sterility in adulthood. We investigated the alteration in expression patterns of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) in neonatally estrogenized sterile rats (ESR). Newborn female rats received daily injections of 17${\beta}$-estradiol (E, 10 ${\mu}$g) from the day of birth (day 1) to postnatal day 5. Controls were subjected to vehicles over the same period. All animals were sacrificed on week 7 after birth. Hypothalamic GnRH mANA levels were markedly higher in all ESR than in controls, while hypothalamic GnRH contents in ESR increased in proportion to the frequency of daily administration of E. However, both pituitary LH6 mRNA and serum LH levels were inversely decreased by the same treatment. The data indicate that neonatal exposure of E equally elevates the expression of GnRH gene, but reduces the secretion of GnRH, accordingly leading to attenuation of LH6 gene expression and circulating LH levels. The temporal effect of E and/or progesterone (P) on GnRH and LH6 mRNA levels was also examined in ESR. Newborn female rats were daily injected with E (10 ${\mu}$g) or vehicle for five successive days from day 1 and ovariectomized at week 5. They were implanted with E (235 ${\mu}$g/ml) two days prior to week 7, injected with P (1 mg) 42 h later, and sacrificed 7 h after P administration. In ovariectomized controls, hypothalamic GnRH mRNA levels were dropped to half by treatment of E and restored by subsequent treatment of P. The negative feedback action of E on GnRH mRNA levels observed in ovariectomized rats was completely blocked by neonatal exposure of E. The change in pituitary LH mRNA levels was similar to that in hypothalamic GnRH mRNA levels. Taken together, the results suggest that neonatal treatment of E alters the synthesis and release of GnRH in adulthood and furthermore blocks the negative feedback regulation of E which occurs normally after ovariectomy.

• 한국발생생물학회지:발생과생식
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.175-182
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• 2018

In order to examine the effects of four different light spectra (white, red, green, and blue) on the oocyte maturation, the change of reproductive parameters, via brain-pituitary-gonad (BPG) axis in grass puffer, were investigated. After exposure four different light spectra for 7 weeks, the abundance of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) mRNA which is a type of seabream (sbGnRH) and two different subunit of gonadotropin hormones mRNAs, follicle-stimulating hormone ($fsh{\beta}$) mRNA and luteinizing hormone ($lh{\beta}$) mRNA, were analyzed in the brain and pituitary. Histological analysis showed that the mature oocyte ratio in the green spectrum was higher than other light spectra-exposed groups. Gonadosomatic index (GSI) and oocyte developmental stage were also investigated in the gonad based on histological observations. GSI value with the presence of yolk stage oocytes was significantly increased in the green spectrum-exposed group when compared to that of the other light-exposed groups (white, red, and blue) (p<0.05). The abundances of sbGnRH mRNA and $fsh{\beta}$ mRNA in the green spectrum-exposed group were also significant higher than those of the other light spectra-exposed groups (p<0.05). These results indicate that the maturation of oocyte in grass puffer can be accelerated by exposure to the spectrum of green. To better understand the molecular mechanism for the maturation of oocyte in grass puffer, further study examining the relationship between oocyte development and its related genes is required.

• Clinical and Experimental Reproductive Medicine
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• 제47권4호
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• pp.306-311
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• 2020

Objective: The aim of this study was to determine whether co-administration of a gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) agonist and human chorionic gonadotropin (hCG) for final oocyte maturation improved mature oocyte cryopreservation outcomes in young women with decreased ovarian reserve (DOR) compared with hCG alone. Methods: Between January 2016 and August 2019, controlled ovarian stimulation (COS) cycles in women (aged ≤35 years, anti-Müllerian hormone [AMH] <1.2 ng/mL) who underwent elective oocyte cryopreservation for fertility preservation were retrospectively analyzed. Results: A total of 76 COS cycles were triggered with a GnRH agonist and hCG (the dual group) or hCG alone (the hCG group). The mean age and serum AMH levels were comparable between the two groups. The duration of stimulation, total dose of follicle-stimulating hormone used, and total number of oocytes retrieved were similar. However, the number of mature oocytes retrieved and the oocyte maturation rate were significantly higher in the dual group than in the hCG group (p=0.010 and p<0.001). After controlling for confounders, the dual-trigger method remained a significant factor related to the number of mature oocytes retrieved (p=0.016). Conclusion: We showed improved mature oocyte collection and maturation rate with the dual triggering of oocyte maturation in young women with DOR. A dual trigger appears to be more beneficial than hCG alone in terms of mature oocyte cryopreservation for young women with DOR.