• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.499-508
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• 2017

Functional inner-wear being currently sold is being made without regard to the characteristics of various sports events. The purpose of this study is to identify this problem and to investigate the effect of sports taping on golf swing when wearing functional inner-wear. The subjects of this study were 8 male golfers belonging to Korea Professional Golf Association, and Launch monitor and Trackman were used to find out golf club action, ball pitch, distance, etc. There are three types of clubs: driver, wood, and iron, and the first experiment was carried out using only functional inner-wear. In the second experiment, we experimented with functional inner-wear after sports taping, and we compared and analyzed the distance depending on each experiment, the speed of the ball and the club, and the accuracy of the club face. The results of the study were as follows. As a result of driving distance, according to the presence of sports taping on functional inner-wear, there was a statistically significant difference in the driving swing and wood swing, for club and ball speed, there was a statistically significant difference only in the driving swing. Regarding the accuracy by the presence of sports taping on inner-wear, there was a statistically significant difference in the driving swing, wood swing, and iron swing. In conclusion, the sports taping in the functional inner-wear had a positive effect on golf performance improvement, and we hope that golf inner-wear these two specifications combing will be developed in the future.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.487-495
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was conducted to make a comparative biomechanical analysis of X-factor and X-factor stretch during driver and iron swing. The subjects were composed of 10 professional golfers with more than 10 years career. The result was as follows: First, the analysis of the back swing with driver and iron swing showed no differences statistically between both the timing in horizontal rotating of shoulder and hip, the time required for X-factor stretch also showed no differences statistically. Second, the back swing with a driver swing showed more maximum horizontal rotation of shoulder and hip joint than the back swing with an iron swing, but the twist of shoulder and hip that was X-factor stretch angle showed no difference. Third, the GRF of the max value for the left and right foot during shoulder and hip horizontal rotation of back swing showed no differences statistically in the movement of driver and iron swing during the back swing, and the GRF of X-factor stretch for the left and right foot showed no differences statistically in driver and iron swing. Therefore the result of this research showed that the operation of torso(X-factor stretch) and weight shifting were similar although the horizontal rotation of body was different during the driver and iron swing.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.57-67
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• 2005

The purpose of this study was to analyze the kinetic factors of the golf driver swing using the Inverse Dynamics function. For this purpose, joint force were calculated. In order to test the possibility of Inverse Dynamics function(motion-dependent interaction), a triple segmental system was set for wrist, left shoulder and lumbar and joint force working on the anatomical joint region was estimated. For this study, 7 professional golfers were sampled, and then, their driver swings were recorded with two high-speed digital video cameras (180 frames/sec.) to be synthesized into 3-dimensional images and coordinated. Then, Eular's equation was used to produce some kinematic data, which were used to calculate joint force and torque with Newton's function. All data were calculated using LabVIEW 6.1 graphic program. The results of this study can be summarized as follows; It was found that the joint force was generated on wrist, shoulder and lumbar joints in the direction of the target, and that the joint force was stronger in the direction of target immediately before impact. The joint force was generated towards the target to activate the nodes, and then, it was generated in the reverse direction to increase the speed during impact.

• Journal of The Korean Society of Integrative Medicine
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• v.4 no.2
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• pp.13-22
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• 2016

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of the swissball exercise in combination with core muscle in beginner golfer. In general, the swiss ball exercise was related in the core muscle ability. Methods: The experiment was conducted with a total of 10 beginner golfer, and they were dicide into two groups: comparison group(n=5) and experimental group(n=5). In this research, the subjects of the comparison group performed the general matte exercise three times a week, for four weeks. The subjects of the experimental group performed the swiss ball exercise in combination with core muscle three times a week, for four weeks. Use the 7-iron and driver were measured head speed and distance of the comparison group and the experimental group, respectively. The collected data were analyzed by using the paired t-test and ANCOVA Results: The results of this study were as follows: 1) Swiss ball exercise in combination with core muscle revealed the significant improvements after corresponding exercise in golf performance capability. 2) Mat exercise was seen less better than the swiss ball exercises. Conclusion: This results suggested that it was improved the golfer shot performance of beginner proposes to see the Swiss combined movement.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.97-104
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• 2005

Previous studies of kinematic analysis of golf swing usually dealt with variations vertically. The purpose of the study was to examine the horizontal hip joints motion of the fifteen male professional golfers during driver swinging. Kinematic variables were calculated by the Kwon3D motion analysis program. Paired t-tests and one-way ANOVA were used to compare the hip height, distance, displacement, and position differences. Results showed that there were no hip height changes and no hip height differences between left and right hip from address to impact. The axis of the backswing was braced right hip, the axis of the downswing was moving left hip. Hips position at the top of the backswing showed that hips move to target prior to hands, which means the sequential motion of the chain linked body segments. From address to impact, left hip moving distance was longer than right hip(p<.001), but during the whole swing, right hip moving distance was longer than left hip(p<.001). Hip rotation angle to target line was $-48.14{\pm}9.32^{\circ}$ at top of the backswing, $40.88{\pm}8.44^{\circ}$ at impact, and $104.70{\pm}8.14^{\circ}$ at finish.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.115-125
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• 2007

Grould Reaction force(GRF) is important in human movements and GRF measurements are one of the most frequently used tool in biomechanical studies. In the studies of the golf swing motion, people refer to GRF as weight transfer. A successful golf swing motion requires many segments activation sequences which are controled by the nerve system. Due to the inter- and intra-individual variability of the human movement and the movement strategies, reliability of the measurements are important in human movement studies. Previous golf researches were based on group studies and certain events' values were analyzed. The purposes of this study were to determine the number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection, to reveal the variability level of the meaningful components of the golf swing GRF, and to classify the types of the golf swing GRF patterns. Twenty three male professional golfers($26.4{\pm}6.6$ years, $174.3{\pm}5.2\;cm$, $71.3{\pm}6.5\;kg$) signed an informed consent form prior to participation in this study. GRFs of driver swings were collected with Kistler 9285 force platform and 9865A amplifier, and calculated by the KwonGRF program(Visol, Korea). Sampling frequency was 1080 Hz. GRF data were trimmed from 1.5 s prior to the impact to 0.5 s after the impact. The number of trials for the reliable GRF collection was determined when the change in floating mean overs the 25 % of the standard deviation of that variable. Variabilities of the variables were determined by the coefficient of variation(CV) of 10 %. The types of GRF patterns were determined by visual inspection of the peak GRF shapes. The minimum number of trials for the reliable golf swing GRF data collection was five. Ten-trial seems more conservative. The value of the peak GRF was more reliable than the value of the impact GRF. The CV of the peak GRF and impact GRF were 7.4 %, 15.2 %, respectively. Because of the +/- sigh of the peak GRF appearance time, it was impossible to calculate CV of the peak GRF appearance time. Golf swing GRF patterns were classified as sing peak type, double peak type, and plateau peak type. This classification suggests the presence of the different golf swing weight transfer strategies.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.26 no.3
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• pp.265-272
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• 2016

Objective: The aim of this study was to analyze X-factor, triple X-factor, and the center of pressure (COP) according to the feel of golf driver swing. Method: For this research, 9 golfers from the Korea Professional Golfers' Association (age: $30.11{\pm}2.98yrs$, height: $178.00{\pm}8.42cm$, weight: $76.22{\pm}8.42kg$, experience: $10.06{\pm}3.11yrs$) were recruited to participate in the experiment. Twelve Motion Analysis Eagle-4 cameras were installed and an image analysis was conducted by using the NLT (non-linear transformation) method, and 2 units of Kistler type 5233A dynamometer were used to measure ground reaction force. The sampling ratio was set at 1000 Hz. The golfers each took 10 swings by using their own driver, and chose the best and worse feel from among 10 shots. A paired-sample t-test was used to analyze the results. Results: In regard to feel, no change in head speed, X-factor, and the triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise, and head swivel, was observed (p>.05). Regarding ground reaction force, a difference was observed between the top of the backswing (p<.05) and impact (p<.05) in the vertical force of the left foot. For COP, a difference was also observed between the mid backswing (p<.001), late backswing (p<.001), and top of the backswing (p<.05) for the right foot X-axis and Y-axis mid follow through (p<.01). Conclusion: It can be reasoned that, irrespective of feel, the head speed, X-factor and triple X-factor's X-factor stretch, hip rise and head swivel did not have an effect on drive distance for domestic golfers, and the vertical reaction force of the left foot and left-right movement span's pressure dispersal of the right foot had an increasing effect on drive distance.

• Journal of the Korean Applied Science and Technology
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• v.38 no.1
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• pp.1-8
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• 2021

The purpose of this study was to analyze relationship between biomechancal factors and diver's distance during golf driver swing. Fifteen professional golfers were participated in as subject. Eight motion capture cameras(250 Hz), 2 force plates(1000 Hz), and Trackman were used to collect kinematic and kinetic datas. It was performed Pearson's correlation analysis using SPSS 24.0. The level of significance was at .05. Ball speed, club head speed, X-Factor, and ground reaction force were correlated on driving distance, However, smash factor and knee moment were not correlated on driving distnace. Ball speed, club head speed, X-Factor, and ground reaction force were effected to driving distance, but smash factor and knee moment were not effected to driving distance.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.437-445
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• 2010

This study was aimed at comparing selected joint angles at the golf address stance by categorizing three different body types. 43 elite male golfers were selected and 9 of them turned out to be the ectoderm while 24 of them to be the mesoderm. The remaining 10 subjects were the endoderm. The measurement was carried out at the address stance with the number 7 iron and the driver. The result showed that the angle of trunk flexion did not different among body types. The trunk tilting angle became more inclined to the right side, which confirmed the guidelines from most of golf lesson books, for bigger people since they tended to put more weight on the right foot. The angle of both knees showed similar but the right knee was bent more than the left knee. The target direction and body alignment faced more to the left side than the target spot because of the influence of open stance and natural aiming position. It seems that pelvis and knees turned a little bit more to the right side than the target direction in order to maintain the parallel. Overall, significant differences among body types were found at the trunk tilting angle and pelvis-target alignment and golf address configuration can be differentiate by these factors.

• Korean Journal of Applied Biomechanics
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• v.20 no.2
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• pp.213-219
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• 2010

The purpose of this study is developing a method to analyze and evaluate a golf swing motion using the ground reaction force (GRF) data. Proper weight shifting is essential for a successful shot in golf swing and this could be evaluated by means of the forces between the feet and ground. GRF during the swing were measured from 15 low-handicapped male golfers including professionals. Four clubs(driver, iron 3, iron 5, and iron 7) were selected to analyze the differences due to different characteristics of club. Swings of each subject were taken using a high speed video camera and GRF data were taken simultaneously by two AMTI force platforms. To simplify the GRF data, forces of the three major component of GRF(vertical, lateral, anterior-posterior force) at 10 predefined temporal events for each trial were selected and the mean of each event were calculated and evaluated. Analyzed vertical GRF (VGRF) data could be divided into two different styles, one-legged and two legged. One-legged style shows good weight transfer to the target leg and most of the previous study shows this style as a typical pattern of good players. Therefore the data from the iron 5 swing obtained from 10 one-legged style golfers are provided as criteria for the evaluation of a swing.