• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.22 no.3
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• pp.177-187
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• 2014

We compared effects of fruit, leaf, and stem extracts from black raspberry on improvement of cholesterol and blood pressure in HepG2 and HUVEC cells, respectively. Cholesterol secretion was inhibited by water extracts of unripe fruit and stem, but not leaf of black raspberry in HepG2 cells. Also, water extracts of unripe fruit, leaf, and stem reduced HMG-CoA reductase activity. Furthermore, nitric oxide production and expression of angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE) protein were regulated by extracts of fruit, leaf, and stem of black raspberry in HUVEC cells. Overall, the rank order according to the improving level of cholesterol and hypertension is as follows: stem > fruit > leaf. In addition, various polyphenol compounds displayed inhibitory effects of HMG-CoA reductase activity and ACE expression. Thus, these data suggested that leaf and stem as wells as fruit of black raspberry can be used as useful food resources for reduction of cholesterol and blood pressure.

• Journal of Sasang Constitutional Medicine
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.28-34
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• 2009

1. Objective This study aims to establish the concept and classification of the Gochangl(鼓脹) pathology introduced in the Sasang Constitutional Medicine literature. 2. Methods Different editions of Donguisusebowon, including the Gabo version and the Sinchuk version, were compared for differences and similarities in the concept, symptomology, pathology, and therapeutics concerning the Soyangin Gochang disease. 3. Results and Conclusion (1) In the Gabo edition, Gochang(鼓脹) is introduced to Eumheohwadongwiyeolyukran(陰虛火動胃熱肉爛) disease category of the Interior-Based Symptomatic Pattern in the "Soyangin Interior Large Intestine Disease" section and is introduced to the conditions progressed from edema included in the Exterior-Based Symptomatic Pattern in the "Articles added to the Soyangin Bladder and Large Intestine Disease" section. (2) In the Sinchuk edition, Gochang(鼓脹) is introduced ro the conditions progressed from Jungso(中消) of the Interior-Based Symptomatic Pattern in the "Soyangin Interior-heat-disease by the fever in the stomach" section and "Articles added to the Soyangin" section. (3) It is reasonable to think that Soyangin's Gochang is considered to Interior-Based Symptomatic Pattern because the Sinchuk edition is developed from the Gabo edition and Gochang is introduced to Jungso(中消) category after the distinction between Gochang and edema in the Sinchuk edition.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.103-116
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• 2021

In this study, the characteristics of rural tourism image perceived by urban residents were analyzed through text analysis of blog data. In order to examine the images related to rural tourism, blog data written with the keyword "Gochang-gun travel" was used. LDA topic analysis, one of the text mining techniques, was used for the analysis. In the tourism image of Gochang-gun, 9 topics were derived, and 112 major places appeared. This was divided into 3 main activities and 5 object spaces through the review of keywords and the original text of blog data. As a result of the analysis, the traditional main resources of the region, Seonun mountain, Seonun temple, and Gochang-eup fortress, formed topic. On the other hand, world heritage such as dolmen and Ungok wetland did not appear as topic. In particular, the farms operated by the private sector form individual topics, and the theme farm can be seen as an important resource for tourism in Gochang-gun. Also, through the distribution of place keywords, it was possible to understand the characteristics of travel by region and the usage behavior of visitors. In the case of Gochang-gun, there was a phenomenon in which visitors were biased by region. This seems to be the result of Gochang-gun seeking to vitalize local tourism focusing on natural, ecological, and scenic resources. It is necessary to establish a plan for balanced regional development and develop other types of tourism resources. This study is different in that it identified the types and characteristics of rural tourism images in the region perceived by visitors, and the status of tourism at the regional level.

• Journal of Korean Society of Rural Planning
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.101-107
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• 2009

The purposes of this study were to search for the ways to activate the Gochang Blackberry Festival by examining the visitors to the festival and utilizing the results to make efficient use of the local resources and vitalize the area. The results indicate that the visitors were aware of Gochang blackberry's superiority to that of other regions in quality and commercial value but lacked in the recognition of its related products, which suggests that the Gochang government should make diverse efforts to heighten their recognition of the products. There was a great demand for improving and supplementing the local festivals ad experience programs related to Gochang blackberry. It's thus required to reinforce new experience programs and develop various programs by incorporating blackberry into other local resources. The study has its limitations since its subjects were restricted to the visitors of the Gochang Blackberry Festival and it failed to investigate the preference factors of general potential tourists with the small sample. In future study, they need to use a bigger sample of general public to generalize the research findings.

• Korean Journal of Food Science and Technology
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• v.46 no.3
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• pp.375-383
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• 2014

This study aimed to investigate the effects of 50% ethanol extract of ripe black raspberry (Rubus occidentalis, RBR) on hypertension in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and in spontaneously hypertensive rats (SHR). Angiotensin converting enzyme (ACE) inhibition and activation of nitric oxide production by endothelial nitric oxide synthase were significantly regulated by RBR in HUVEC cells. Moreover, the SHR showed significantly higher levels of blood pressure, ACE, renin, endothelin-1, and interleukin-6 than Wistar Kyoto rats (WKY). However, treatment with captopril and RBR decreased the levels of these hypertension-related events in the SHR. The renal arteriole showed greater media thickness/lumen diameter (%) in the SHR than in the WKY. However, media thickness/lumen diameter (%) was reduced in SHR by treatment with captopril and RBR. In addition, the number of eosinophilic cardiac muscle cells was decreased in the heart muscles after treatment with captopril and RBR. Therefore, this study suggests that 50% ethanol extract of RBR may be useful for the prevention and treatment of high blood pressure.

• Development and Reproduction
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• v.16 no.4
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• pp.315-320
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• 2012

The gDNA isolated from Cyclina sinensis from Gochang (GOCHANG), Incheon (INCHEON) and a Chinese site (CHINESE), were amplified by PCR. Here, the seven oligonucleotide decamer primers (BION-66, BION-68, BION-72, BION-73, BION-74, BION-76, and BION-80) were used to generate the unique shared loci to each population and shared loci by the three cyclina clam populations. As regards multiple comparisons of average bandsharing value results, cyclina clam population from Chinese (0.763) exhibited higher bandsharing values than did clam from Incheon (0.681). In this study, the dendrogram obtained by the seven decamer primers indicates three genetic clusters: cluster 1 (GOCHANG 01~GOCHANG 07), cluster 2 (INCHEON 08~INCHEON 14), cluster 3 (CHINESE 15~CHINESE 21). The shortest genetic distance that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals 15 and 17 from the Chinese cyclina clam (0.049), while the longest genetic distance among the twenty-one cyclina clams that displayed significant molecular differences was between individuals GOCHANG no. 03 and INCHEON no. 12 (0.575). Individuals of Incheon cyclina clam population was somewhat closely related to that of Chinese cyclina clam population. In conclusion, our PCR analysis revealed a significant genetic distance among the three cyclina clam populations.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.792-799
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• 2014

This study was conducted to determine the optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation of aronia using the response surface methodology (RSM). Alcohol content of aronia wine was 13.1% after alcohol fermentation of aronia fruits. The optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation were determined by five levels of initial aronia alcohol content, initial acetic acid content, and acetic acid bacteria, using the central composite design. The acetic acid yields, residual alcohol contents, pH, and color values (L, a, b) of acetic acid fermentation products were very significantly different ($p{\leq}0.01$), and were 26.34~57.82 g/L, 0.80~1.53%, 3.19~3.43, 47.58~71.00, 31.77~51.15, and 18.45~48.57, respectively. For the results, the optimal conditions of acetic acid fermentation of aronia were 7.78% of the initial alcohol concentration, 1.58% of the initial acetic acid, and 19.39% of the acetic acid bacteria.

• Journal of the Korean earth science society
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• v.36 no.6
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• pp.533-542
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• 2015

The Gochang beach is located in the southwestern coast of Korea along the eastern part of the Yellow Sea, comprising the Donghori, Gwangseungri, and Myeongsasipri beaches from north to south. The Gochang beach is characterized by macro-tide, open-coast, linear shoreline, and sand substrates. This study has investigated annual and seasonal characteristics of surface topography variation and sediment accumulation rate in the Gochang beach. During the five seasons of winter (Feb.), spring (May), summer (Aug.), and fall (Nov.) in 2014 and winter (Feb.) in 2015, the topographic elevation of total 315 sites was measured along three survey lines. It consists of 21 sites at 30 m intervals in each transverse line perpendicular to the shoreline, respectively. Annual accumulation rate of the Gochang beach in 2014 was -0.081 m/yr, indicative of erosional condition. Annual accumulation rates of the comprising beaches represent -0.091m/yr of the Donghori, -0.051 m/yr of the Gwangseungri, and -0.10 m/yr of the Myeongsasipri.

• Fisheries and Aquatic Sciences
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.13-19
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• 2003

Genomic DNA from the muscle of marsh clam (Corbicula leana) from Gochang, Muan and a Chinese site was extracted to identify genetic differences and similarity by randomly amplified polymorphic DNAs-polymerase chain reaction (RAPD- PCR). Out of 20 primers, seven primers produced amplified fragments which were consistently polymorphic. A total of 1,246 amplified products were produced of which 530 were polymorphic $(42.5\%)$. The number of polymorphic bands produced per primer varied from 40 to 122 with an average of 75.7 in marsh clam from Gochang. 3.28 of the 23.0 polymorphic bands per lane were found to be polymorphic. Also, about $4.34\%$ of total polymorphic bands were specific to marsh clam from Gochang. The major common bands of 0.28 kb generated by primer OPB-15 (GGAGGGTGTT) were present in every individuals, which were polymorphic. This common bands in every individuals should be diagnostic of specific strains, species and/or their relatedness. Primer OPB-19 (ACCCCCGAAG) produced the highest number of 12 specific bands. The intra-population variation was revealed in the band patterns identified by this primer. The random primer OPB-12 (CCTTGACGCA) yielded the amplified fragments which were consistently polymorphic between the marsh clams from Gochang and from Muan. This primer produced a total of 77 polymorphic bands: 31 bands from Gochang, 14 from Muan and 32 from the Chinese populations. An average of polymorphic bands were 1.8 from Gochang and 2.5 from the Chinese populations. This value obtained from the Chinese population was higher than those from the two domestic populations. Generally, the RAPD polymorphism generated by these primers may be useful as a genetic marker for strain or population identification of marsh clam.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.43 no.4
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• pp.507-515
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• 2014

Benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH), which is commonly found in aging men, is characterized by hyperplasia of prostatic stromal and epithelial cells beginning in the periurethral zone of the prostate. The prevalence of BPH increases in an age-dependent manner. Here, we investigated the protective effects of unripe Rubus occidentalis extracts (UROE) on BPH development using a prostate cancer cell line and testosterone-induced BPH rat model. Experiments using an established hormone-dependent prostate cancer cell line (LNCaP) showed that UROE treatment significantly decreased expression of androgen-related genes, including androgen receptor (AR), prostate specific antigen (PSA), and 5-alpha reductase 2, but not 5-alpha reductase 1, which was also observed in flutamide-treated cells. Further, AR and PSA gene expression was reduced by UROE treatment under androgen-stimulated conditions using dihydrotestosterone (DHT). BPH animals displayed elevated prostate weights. However, UROE as well as finasteride treatment significantly reduced prostate weights and DHT levels compared to testosterone-induced BPH animals. Histopathological analysis also showed that UROE treatment suppressed testosterone-induced prostatic hyperplasia. Taken together, the results suggest that UROE may effectively inhibit the development of BPH and thus may be a useful agent in BPH treatment.