• The Korean Journal of Physiology and Pharmacology
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.65-71
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• 2008

The present study examined the inhibitory effect of licorice compounds glycyrrhizin and a metabolite $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid on the neurotoxicity of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) in the mouse and on the 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium ($MPP^+$)-induced cell death in differentiated PC12 cells. MPTP treatment increased the activities of total superoxide dismutase, catalase and glutathione peroxidase and the levels of malondialdehyde and carbonyls in the brain compared to control mouse brain. Co-administration of glycyrrhizin (16.8 mg/kg) attenuated the MPTP effect on the enzyme activities and formation of tissue peroxidation products. In vitro assay, licorice compounds attenuated the $MPP^+$-induced cell death and caspase-3 activation in PC12 cells. Glycyrrhizin up to $100{\mu}M$ significantly attenuated the toxicity of $MPP^+$. Meanwhile, $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid showed a maximum inhibitory effect at $10{\mu}M$; beyond this concentration the inhibitory effect declined. Glycyrrhizin and $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid attenuated the hydrogen peroxide- or nitrogen species-induced cell death. Results from this study indicate that glycyrrhizin may attenuate brain tissue damage in mice treated with MPTP through inhibitory effect on oxidative tissue damage. Glycyrrhizin and $18{\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid may reduce the $MPP^+$ toxicity in PC12 cells by suppressing caspase-3 activation. The effect seems to be ascribed to the antioxidant effect.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국자원식물학회 2018년도 춘계학술발표회
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• pp.98-98
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• 2018

Glycyrrhizin은 감초의 주성분으로 많은 생리활성을 나타내는 성분이다. 감초를 복용하게 되면, 글리시리진은 장내에 서식하고 있는 장내세균에 의해 glycyrrhetic acid로 대사된다. 하지만, 지금까지 대사반응에 관여하고 있는 균주가 분리 후 자원화되지 않았다. 본 연구를 통해 사람의 대변으로부터 glycyrrhizin을 대사하는 균주로 분리된 strain GLY의 16S rRNA 유전자를 분석한 결과, Enterococcus faecium과 99%의 상동성을 보여, Enterococcus faecium GLY (Genebank No. MH048988)로 명명하였다. 대사활성의 특성을 검토하기 위하여 time course, 기질의 농도에 따른 대사활성의 변화, 근연 균주와 대사활성 비교를 실시하였다. Time course 실험에서 GLY균주가 증식함에 따라 기질인 glycyrrhizin은 줄어들고, 대사산물인 glycyrrhetic acid는 새로 생성되었다. 또한, 기질의 농도에 따른 대사활성의 차이 검토를 위해 여러 농도를 처리하여 배양하였을 때, 1.0mM을 처리한 샘플에서 최대값의 대사물 농도를 보였다. Enterococcus faecium와의 근연균주를 이용하여 glycyrrhizin 대사활성을 측정한 결과, strain GLY 균주가 가장 큰 대사능을 가지고 있었다. 본 연구는 앞으로 glycyrrhizin 생체이용 및 대사 연구를 위한 기초연구가 될 것이며, 장내세균에 의한 생약성분의 대사를 이해하는데 도움이 될 수 있다.

• 혜화의학회지
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.93-104
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• 2014

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma has been extensively used by human beings as a medicinal herb as well as natural sweetener. In this study, we performed quantification analysis of three major constituents including liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in the 70% ethanol extracts of non-processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector. The analytical column for separation of the 3 constituents used a Gemini C18 column kept at $40^{\circ}C$ by the gradient elution of two mobile phase. The amounts of liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in non-processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were 2.57%, 3.52%, and not detected. After processing by roasting, the best roasting temperature and time of iquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid were $160^{\circ}C$-15 min (2.46%), $160^{\circ}C$-15 min (3.67%), and $240^{\circ}C$-15 min (0.76%), respectively.

• 한국응용과학기술학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.215-222
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• 2006

From experiment results on pharmacetical characteristics and analysis of Glycyrrhizin extract, some conclusions are obtained as follows. From results on extract experiment of Glycyrrhizin, it appeared about 8%-extraction ratio as semi-solid state, and after dried in freezing from Glycyrrhizin extract of semi-solid state, it obtained about 70%-Glycyrrhizin extract as solid state of yellow gold color. From results on antimicrobial experiment of Glycyrrhizin extract, number of S-typhimurium and Fungus in microbe decreased more and more according to time passage. This phenomenon shows that Glycyrrhizin extract keeps antimicrobial effect. From results on antioxidation experiment of Glycyrrhizin extract, DPPH scavenging activity of free radical shows that Glycyrrhizin extract appears more remarkable reduction ability than reference samples. This phenomenon means that antioxidation of Glycyrrhizin extract appears higher than Vitamin-C and BHA. From results on instrument analysis, the fatty and aromatic components of 2-pentanone, cyclohexasiloxane, tetrasiloxane, benzoquinoline-2-carboxylic acid etcs from Glycyrrhizin extract was detected with GC/MS and inorganic components of Ca, Mg, Ti, Zn, Fe etcs from Glycyrrhizin extract was detected with ICP/OES.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• 제19권4호
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• pp.292-296
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• 1996

By human intestinal bacteria, glycyrrhizin (18${\beta}$-glycyrrhetic acid ${beta}$-D-glucuronyl.${\alpha}$-D-glucuronic acid, GL) and baicalin (baicalein ${\beta}$-D-glucuronic acid) were metabolized to glycyrrhetinic acid and baicalin, respectively. However, .${\alpha}$-glucuronidase of Bacteroides JY-6 isolated from human intestinal bacteria hydrolyzed GL or 18.${\beta}$-glycyrrhetinic acid ..${\alpha}$-D-glucuronic acid to 18${\beta}$-glycyrrhetic acid but did not baicalin. However, E. coli ${\beta}$-glucironidase from human intestinal bacteria hydrolyzed baicalin to baicalein, but did not GL.${\beta}$-Glucuronidase of mammalian tissues hydrolyzed both GL and baicalin.

• 한국양식학회지
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• 제5권2호
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• pp.143-155
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• 1992

산화된 사료에 첨가한 비타민 E, C 와 glycyrrhizin이 나일 틸라피아의 성장 및 Edwardsiella tarda 감염 시 저항력에 미치는 영향을 알아 보기 위해 thiobarbitric acid (TBA) 값이 $80\~88$ mg/kg 사료만을 단독으로 또는 이 사료 100 g 당 비타민 E (50 mg), C (60 mg)과 glycyrrhizin ($25\~200$ mg) 등을 각기 또는 상호 혼합하여 7 주간 사육하였다. 사육후 성장을 조사한 결과 비타민 E, C 및 glycyrrhizin 등을 각기 또는 혼합한 실험군이 산화된 사료만을 투여한 대조군에 비해 성장율이 좋았으며, 혈청 내의 glutamic oxaloacetic transaminase (GOT)와 glutamic pyruvic transaminase (GPT) 값은 산화된 사료를 투여한 실험군에서만 매우 높게 나타났다. 질병원인 E. tarda를 인위적으로 감염시켰을 때 저항력에 있어서도 glycyrrhizin 25 mg 투여군을 제외한 비타민 E, C 및 glycyrrhizin 등을 투여한 실험군이 산화된 사료만을 투여한 대조군에 비해 생존율이 현저히 높았다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 볼 때 산화된 사료만을 나일 틸라피아에 투여했을 때 성장 및 간의 활성도가 떨어지는 반면, 비타민 E, C 및 glycyrrhizin 등을 섞어서 투여했을때 성장 및 간의 활성도가 증가되었을 뿐만 아니라 E. tarda에 대한 저항력도 증가되었음을 알 수 있었다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.269-274
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• 1999

To analyze scientifically the prescription principle of polyprescriptions (Gamchotang, Daewhanggamchotang, Jakyakgamchotang, Gamchogungangtang and Gilkyungtang) containing Glycyrrhizae Radix, the transforming rate of glycyrrhizin in these polyprescriptions to 18 ${\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid and their inhibitory effect on ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, hyaluronidase, phosphodiesterase and trypsin were investigated. When Glycyrrhizae Radix containing polyprescriptions were extracted with water, the contents of glycyrrhizin in water extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix with Rhei Rhizoma or with Zingiberis Rhizoma were higher than that of Glycyrrhizae Radix only, but that in water extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix with Platicodi Radix was lower than that of Glycyrrhizae Radix only. By human intestinal bacteria, glycyrrhizin was metabolized to 18 ${\beta}-glycyrrhetinic$ acid. These metabolism of glycyrrhizin in polyprescriptions containing Glycyrrhizae Radix was inhibited by Rhei Rhizoma, Paeoniae Radix and Platicodi Radix, but was not affected by Zingiberis Rhizoma. The inhibitory activity of Glycyrrhizae Radix on hyaluronidase and ${\beta}-glucuronidase$, was synergistic with Rhei Rhizoma or Zingiberis Rhizoma, but was antagonistic by Platicodi Radix.

• 분석과학
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• 제13권4호
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• pp.504-510
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• 2000

Glycyrrhizin은 감초(Glycyrrhizae Radix)의 주성분으로써 항궤양, 항염증, 항알러지, 진해작용을 하는 것으로 알려져 있으며 glycyrrhetinic acid에 2당류가 연결된 매우 hydrophilic하고 분자량이 큰(mw=822.92) 물질이다. 본 연구에서는 on-line high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC)/electrospray ionization (ESI)- mass spectrometery (MS)를 이용하여 각종 glycyrrhizin 표준품들의 불순물들에 대한 구조 규명을 하였다. 사용한 HPLC column은 $C_{18}$($3.9{\times}300mm$, $10{\mu}m$)이었으며 이동상은 acetic acid/$H_2O$(1:15):acetonitrile=3:2를 0.8ml/min으로 흘려주었고 용출물을 post-column splitter를 사용하여 50:1로 split시켜서 ESI-MS에 주입하였다. ESI-MS는 negative mode이었으며 CapEx voltage는 100 V에서 각 불순물들의 분자량이 측정되었고 구조규명을 위하여 CapEx voltage를 80-300 V까지 변화시켜주는 CID (collision induced dissoclation) 기법을 사용함으로써 fragment를 얻을 수 있었고 이를 바탕으로 구조규명을 하였다. 주요 불순물의 구조는 glycyrrhetic acid moiety에 수산화기(-OH)가 붙은 형태와 glycyrrhetic acid moiety의 12번 위치에서 환원이 일어난 형태 이었다. 표준품의 순도는 약 90% 정도이었다.

• 한국연초학회지
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• 제22권2호
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• pp.170-175
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• 2000

This study was carried out to compare the quality of licorices from various cultivating areas. licorice samples used in this study were collected from North-east and Sinkiang area in China, Mongolia, Uzvekistan and Kazahstan. The chemical components of licorice samples were analyzed and the signal patterns of the electracts were detected by the electronic nose. Contents of glycyrrhizin and glicyrrhizic acid, the key components of licorice were distributed in the region of 16.7～25.2% and 5.8～10.2%, respectively and were various according to the samples of the collected areas. In glycyrrhizin contents, root of Sinkiang showed the lowest value of 16.7%, and that of North-east the highest of 25.2%. In glycyrrhizic acid contents, root of Sinkiang showed the lowest of 5.8 %, and Kazahstan showed the highest of 10.2 %. Composition ratio of glycyrrhizin to glycyrrhizic acid was not always limear. As other components is other components affecting quality, contents of ash, starch and gums were 2.4～3.7%, 0.2～3.9%, respectively. When the headspace volatiles of licorices were analyzed using Electronic Nose System and the obtained data were interpreted using statistical method of MANOVA, characteristic patterns of licorices were different from each other according to collected area and its p value showed 0.0001. These results suggest that licorices may be discriminated from the collected areas by using Electronic Nose System.

• 생약학회지
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• 제26권1호
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• pp.31-39
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• 1995

In order to investigate the chemical and pharmacological characterization of crude drug processing, the triterpenoidal constituents of Glycyrrhizae Radix(GR) were examined. Processed GR has been often used to reinforce and change the efficacy of GR. Glycyrrhizin(GL) is one of the main constituents of GR. Following procedure described in the oriental medicinal reference, GR and GL were heated at $140^{\circ}C{\sim}240^{\circ}C$ in GC oven. And then, the content of GL in the processed GR and GL was analyzed by HPLC. GL was transformed to $18-{\beta}-glycyrrhetic\;acid\;mono-{\beta}-D-glucuronide(GM)$ and glycyrrhetic acid(GA) by processing at $170^{\circ}C$. Determination of the content of GL increasing the heating temperature showed that GL was decomposed by heat above $150^{\circ}C$. It was also found that the content of GL in GR processed by heat above $170^{\circ}C$ remakeably decreased.