• Journal of Physiology & Pathology in Korean Medicine
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.493-498
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• 2003

Paeoniae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Jakyakgamchotang have been used in Oriental Medicine for many centuries as a treatment for various disease. The purpose of the present study is to determine the effect of Paeoniae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Jakyakgamchotang on narepinephrine(NE) induced contraction of isolated rabbit femoral artery. Rabbits (2.0kg, female) were killed by CO₂ exposure and a segment (8-10mm) of the aortic ring from each rabbit was cut into equal segments and mounted 'in pairs' in a tissue bath. Contractile force was measured with force displacement transducers under 1.5g loading tension. The dose of NE which evoked 50% of maximal response (ED/sub 50/) was obtained from cumulative dose response curves for NE (10/sup -7/～10/sup -4/M). Contractions evoked by NE (ED/sub 50/) were inhibited significantly by Paeoniae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Jakyakgamcho-tang. The mean percent inhibition of NE induced contraction was 83.9% (p<0.01) after 150㎕/㎖ Paeoniae Radix, 101.1 %(p<0.01) after 150 ㎕/㎖, Glycyrrhizae Radix and 107.3%(p<0.01) after 150㎕/㎖ Jakyakgamcho-tang, Indomethacin slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Paeoniae Radix. Following treatment with indomethacin, the mean percent inhibition caused by 150㎕/㎖ Paeoniae Radix fell to 16.4% in femoral artery induced by NE contraction. Propranolol, ODQ, and L-NNA did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Paeoniae Radix. ODQ slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Glycyrrhizae Radix. Following treatment with ODQ, the mean percent inhibition caused by 150㎕/㎖ Glycyrrhizae Radix fell to 13.0% in femoral artery induced by NE contraction. Propranolol, indomethacin and L-NNA did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Glycyrrhizae Radix. L-NNA slightly but significantly attenuated the inhibitory effects of Jakyakgamchotang. Following treatment with L-NNA, the mean percent inhibition caused by 150㎕/㎖ Jakyakgamchotang fell to 13.8% in femoral artery induced by NE contraction. Propranolol, ODQ and indomethacin did not significantly alter the inhibitory effect of Jakyakgamcho-tang. These results indicate that Paeoniae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Jakyakgamcho-tang can relax NE induced contraction of the isolated rabbit femoral artery, and that this inhibition related to nitric oxide.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.23-29
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• 2010

Objectives : To investigate the immunological activities, we evaluated the combination ratio of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata and Glycyrrhizae Radix (AG) on murine macrophage cell line (RAW 264.7) and ovalbumin/aluminium (OVA/Alum)-immunized mice. Methods : The cellular proliferation and the production of nitric oxide were examined in a macrophage cell line, RAW 264.7 cells, in the presence of the combination ratio of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata and Glycyrrhizae Radix. C57BL/6 mice were immunized intraperitonially with ovalbumin/aluminium ($100{\mu}g/200{\mu}g$) on day 1, 8, and 15. The combination ratio of Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata and Glycyrrhizae Radix (1 g/kg/day) was orally administrated for 3 weeks. On day 22, splenocyte and plasma were collected for mitogen-induced proliferation, lymphocyte subpopulation by flow cytometry and measurement of AST (Aspirate aminotransferase), ALT (Alanine aminotransferase), and antibodies (OVA-specific antibodies of the IgG, IgG1, and total IgM classes). Results : Aconiti Lateralis Radix Preparata treatment had no influence on immune responses. The proliferation and NO production of macrophage and proliferation of splenocyte were increased as the higher ratio of Glycrrhizae Radix. The proliferation of splenocyte, lymphocyte subpopulation and production of antibody (total IgM, OVA-specific IgG and OVA-specific IgG1) were increased as the higher ratio of Glycrrhizae Radix on OVA-immunzed mice. Conclusions : These results suggest that the higher ratio of Glycyrrhizae Radix can increase immunological activities such as NO production in RAW264.7 cells, splenocyte proliferation and immunoglobulin production in OVA-immunized mice.

• Korean Journal of Oriental Medicine
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• v.15 no.1
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• pp.85-89
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• 2009

The aim of this study was to study the quantitative analysis of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica, Ganoderma lucidum, honey or Nuruk. The amounts of dry on loss were measured and the quantitative analysis of glycyrrhizic acid was performed by high performance liquid chromatographic (HPLC). HPLC method was performed on C18 column ($250\;mm\;{\times}\;4.6\;mm$, $5\;{\mu}m$, RS tech) using gradient solvent mixtures of water-acetonitrile with photodiode array detector (254 nm). The flow rate was $1.0\;m{\ell}/min$. Retention time of glycyrrhizic acid was about 23.96 min and linearity of calibration was $R^2$=0.9998. Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract (control) was $5.048\;{\pm}\;0.14$; Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract fermented with Paecilomyces japonica (SDT) was $1.975\;{\pm}\;0.07$; Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract fermented with Ganoderma lucidum (SYT) was $2.676 \;{\pm}\;0.07$; Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract fermented with honey (SST) was $5.191\;{\pm}\;0.06$; Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in Glycyrrhizae Radix extract fermented with Nuruk (SNT) was $5.305\;{\pm}\;0.34$, respectively. Contents of glycyrrhizic acid in SDT and SYT were decreased but that in SST and SNT was increased when compared to control.

• The Korea Journal of Herbology
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.43-49
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• 2005

Objectives : The present study was carried out to determine if Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Glycyrrhizae Radix was known to reinforce the function of the spleen and replenish Qi, remove heat and counteract toxicity, dispel phlegm and relieve cough, alleviate spasmodic pain, and to moderate drug actions. It's indications are weakness of the spleen and the stomach marked by lassitude and weakness; cardiac palpitation and shortness of breath; cough with much phlegm: spasmodic pain in the epigastrium, abdomen and limbs: carbuncles and sores. It is often used for reducing the toxic or drastic actions of other drugs. Methods : Antioxidative effect of 3% concentration of Glycyrrhizae Radix extract was measured. Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix extract via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and the changes of urine volume, serum creatinine levels, glomerular filtration rate(GFR), fractional Na+ excretion$(FE\;Na^+)\;and\;K^+\;excretion(FE\;K^+)$ in ischemia/reperfusion induced acute renal failure were measured. Results : Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of serum creatinine level, which was accompanied by a reduction in glomerular filtration rate(GFR). The fractional excretion of $Na^+\;and\;K^+$ increased in ischemia-induced animals, which was partially prevented by Glycyrrhizae Radix extract treatment. Conclusions : These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure. Glycyrrhizae Radix extract exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion, and its effect may be attributed to an antioxidant action.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.93-104
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• 2014

Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma has been extensively used by human beings as a medicinal herb as well as natural sweetener. In this study, we performed quantification analysis of three major constituents including liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in the 70% ethanol extracts of non-processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma and processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma using a high-performance liquid chromatography coupled with photodiode array detector. The analytical column for separation of the 3 constituents used a Gemini C18 column kept at $40^{\circ}C$ by the gradient elution of two mobile phase. The amounts of liquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid in non-processed Glycyrrhizae Radix et Rhizoma were 2.57%, 3.52%, and not detected. After processing by roasting, the best roasting temperature and time of iquiritin, glycyrrhizin, and glycyrrhetinic acid were $160^{\circ}C$-15 min (2.46%), $160^{\circ}C$-15 min (3.67%), and $240^{\circ}C$-15 min (0.76%), respectively.

• The Journal of Korean Medicine Ophthalmology and Otolaryngology and Dermatology
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• v.17 no.2
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• pp.31-38
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the effects herbal extracts on the skin inflammatory reactions. Among the herbal ingredients of herbal extracts, ethanol extract of Glycyrrhizae Radix showed potent radical scavenging activity, more than 86$\%$ at a concentration of 0.01$\%$, tested by DPPH(I,1-diphenyl-2-picryl-hyrazyl) method. And ethanol extract of Aurantii Immaturus Fructus inhibited the lipopolysaccharide-induced release of nitric oxide(NO), 99$\%$ at 50㎍／㎖, by the macrophage RAW 246.7 cells. In addition, the ethanol extracts of Sophorae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix showed antibacterial activities on Propionibacterium acnes that causes acne, Sophorae Radix, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Aurantii Immaturus Fructus on Corynebacterium xerosis that cause osmidrosis axillae, Glycyrrhizae Radix and Aurantii Immaturus Fructus on Staphylococcus aureus that was reported to cause impetigo and atopic disease. Taken together, I expect that herbal extracts may be used as a drug for treatment on skin inflammation.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.5-11
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• 2011

Objectives: The present study was undergone to determine whether Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture intravenous injection exerts beneficial effect against the ischemia-induced acute renal failure in rabbits. Methods: Rabbits were treated with Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture via i.v., followed by renal ischemia/reperfusion. The fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate were measured and the malondialdehyde content was also determined. The morphological changes of cortical part of kidney also observed with light microscope. Results: Renal ischemia/reperfusion caused increase of the fractional excretion of glucose and phosphate in ischemia-induced animals, which was prevented by Radix Glycyrrhizae extract treatment. Ischemia/reperfusion increased lipid peroxidation, which was prevented and morphological changes also altered by Radix Glycyrrhizae pharmacopuncture administration. Conclusions: These results indicate that lipid peroxidation plays a critical role in ischemia-induced acute renal failure and Glycyrrhizae Radix pharmacopuncture exerts the protective effect against acute renal failure induced by renal ischemia/reperfusion.

• Textile Coloration and Finishing
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.34-39
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• 2004

Dyeing properties of Glycyrrhizae Radix was investigated with silk fabrics. Dyeing water is a type of chalcone, it showed yellow in IR spectrum. K/S value showed high in following conditions; Glycyrrhizae Radix $200g/1\ell4 water, $80^{\circ}$ of dyeing temperature, 90 minute of dyeing time. Glycyrrhizae Radix dyeing water has higher K/S value in alkalinity(pH9) than in neutrality(pH7) or acidity(pH3) conditions. K/S value showed highest in pH5 premordant method of alkalinity dyeing water condition. The color of silk fabric dyed with Glycyrrhizae Radix is yellow. The change of color did not show by mordant treatment. K/S value showed higher in mordant treatment than nonmordant. Light fastness showed over 3 degree in nonmordant, premordant, simmordant(Al,Cu,Fe) and postmordant(Cu). Water fastness showed over 3 degree in dyeing water(pH3, pH5, pH7). Dry cleaning fastness showed over 3 degree in all dyeing methods. Washing fastness is showed in 2-3 degree; Al in nonmordant, premordant, simmordant and Cu in simmordant are 2-3 degree. Perspiration fastness is nearly 3-4 degree in premordant and simmordant. Perspiration fastness shows high in premordant, simmordant than postmordant. The fastness of light, water, dry cleaning, washing, perspiration shows better nonmordant, premordant, simmordant than postmordant method.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.227-232
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• 1989

As a part of studies on the quality control of crude drug preparation (So-Shi-Ho-Tang), index components of Glycyrrhizae Radix were identified by TLC and quantified by HPLC. Specific red spot (Rf=0.47) was identified in acid hydrolysate of glycosidic fraction on silica gel plate with benzene/ethyl acetate (1 : 1, v/v). The content of glycyrrhizin was determined by quantification of glycyrrhetinic acid by HPLC on ${\mu}-Bondapak\;C_{18}$ column with $MeOH/H_2O/HAc$ (78 : 19 : 3, v/v). Its recovery rate in the extract granules, compared to the content in the Glycyrrhizae Radix, was $83.3{\pm}0.7%$.

• The Journal of Korean Medical History
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• v.24 no.2
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• pp.117-123
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• 2011

Objectives : To quantitatively analyze the academic characteristics of Yuhagan and Idongwon and compare it to existing qualitative analysis. Methods : The prescriptions listed in Somunsunmyungronbang and Nansilbijang were entered into a database. Commonly used combination of medical herbs were researched throughout the literature. Results : In Nansilbijang, among the combinations of 8 medical herbs, Glycyrrhizae Radix, Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex combination was used 11 times out of the 277 prescriptions. In Somunsunmyungronbang, combinations of 7 medical herbs: (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Menthae Herba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Forsythiae Fructus), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Paeniae Radix Alba, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Cnidii Rhizoma, Scutellariae Radix), (Glycyrrhizae Radix, Platycodi Radix, Angelicae gigantis Radix, Rhei Radix et Rhizoma, Atractylodis Rhizoma Alba, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba) were each used 7 times out of the 350 prescriptions. Conclusions : Nansilbijang shows more prescriptions applying Cimicifugae Rhizoma, Bupleuri Radix, Ginseng Radix, Citri Pericarpium, Atractyodis Rhizoma, Astragali Radix, Phellodendri Cortex. Prescriptions aimed to tonify ql with Ginseng Radix and Astragali Radix, to upraise the middle qi with Bupleuri Radix and Cimicifugae Rhizoma, and to regulate qi with Citri Pericarpium and Atractyodis Rhizoma were common. Somunsunmyungronbang preferred the use of Angelicae gigantis Radix, Platycodi Radix, Rhel Radix et Rhizoma, Gypsum Fibrosum, Schizonepete Herba, Forsythiae Fructus and Menthae Herba so its focus was on the aggressive management of febrile diseases.