• 한방비만학회지
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• 제20권1호
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• pp.1-9
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• 2020

Objectives: Artemisinin and its derivatives extracted from Artemisia annua, a Chinese herbal medicine, have variable biological effects due to structural differences. Up to date, the anti-obesity effect of dihydroartemisinin (DHA), a derivative of artemisinin, is unknown. The purpose of this study was to investigate the anti-adipogenic and lipolytic effects of DHA on 3T3-L1 preadipocytes. Methods: Oil Red O staining and AdipoRed assay were used to measure lipid accumulation and triglyceride (TG) content in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. Cell count analysis was used to determine the cytotoxicity of 3T3-L1 cells. Western blot and real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction analyses were used to analyze the expression of protein and mRNA in 3T3-L1 cells, respectively. Results: DHA at 5 μM markedly inhibited lipid accumulation and reduced TG content in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells with no cytotoxicity. Furthermore, DHA at 5 μM inhibited the expression of CCAAT/enhancer-binding protein-α (C/EBP-α), peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor-γ (PPAR-γ), fatty acid synthase (FAS), and perilipin A as well as the phosphorylation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT-3) in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. Moreover, while DHA at 5 μM had no effect on the mRNA expression of adiponectin, it strongly suppressed that of leptin in differentiating 3T3-L1 cells. However, DHA at 5 μM had no lipolytic effect on differentiated 3T3-L1 cells, as assessed by no enhancement of glycerol release. Conclusions: These results demonstrate that DHA at 5 μM has a strong anti-adipogenic effect on differentiating 3T3-L1 cells through the reduced expression and phosphorylation of C/EBP-α, PPAR-γ, FAS, perilipin A, and STAT-3.

• 동의생리병리학회지
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• 제23권6호
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• pp.1409-1415
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• 2009

Obesity is especially a serious health problem in industrialized countries, because it is considered to be a risk factor associated with the genesis or development of various metabolic diseases, including cardiovascular disease and type 2 diabetes mellitus. The purpose of this study was to investigate the effects of tanshinone IIA from Salvia miltiorrhiza Bunge on induction of apoptossis and inhibition of adipogenesis in in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes. The results demonstrated that tanshinone IIA decreased cell population growth of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes, assessed with the MTT [3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyl tetrazolium bromide] and LDH (lactate dehydrogenase) assay. Flow cytometric analysis of 3T3-L1 preadipocytes exposed to tanshinone IIA showed that apoptotic cells increased in a timeand dose-dependent manner. Treatment with tanshinone IIA decreased the number of normal cells and increased the number of apoptotic cells in a dose-dependent manner. The induction of apoptosis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes by tanshinone IIA was mediated through the activation of caspase-3 and Bax, and then through the cleavage of PARP and the down-regulation of Bcl-2. Moreover, tanshinone IIA significantly decreased the amount of intracellular triglycerides and GPDH (glycerol-3-phosphate dehydrogenase) activity in 3T3-L1 adipocytes. Our results suggest that tanshinone IIA efficiently induces apoptosis and inhibits adipogenesis in 3T3-L1 preadipocytes and adipocytes.

• 한국미생물·생명공학회지
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• 제22권3호
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• pp.240-245
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• 1994

Relation the phage defense mechanism of phage resistant Lactococcus lactis subsp. cremoris ATCC 11602-A1 to its cell wall components was investigated. To determine whether teichoic acid which is known to be one of the phage receptor site present on the cell wall, phage adsorption was examined after treatment 5% TCA(60%$\CIRC $C) and concanavalin A to the cell wall of A1 and parent strain. However, the adsorption rate of two strains did not change. Total amount of phosphate after TCA treatment did not change in both strains, but a difference between the two strains was observed. Ribitol and glycerol, components of teichoic acid, could not be detected in the cell walls of two strains by GC analysis. These results suggest that although teichoic acid was not present in the cell walls of both strains, the composition of cell wall of two strains was not identical. Measurement of amount of protein and SDS-polyacryamide gel electrophoresis were carried out to examine the involvement of cell wall protein in phage resistance, showing that protein is nothing to do with phage adsorption of parent strain, but phage resistance of A1 is related to protein. Cell wall carbohydrates of A1 contained rhamnose, glucose, and galactose. Total amount of carbohydrate of 1% SDS-treated A1 cell wall was reduced to the level of parent strain. The results suggest that phage resistance of A1 was due to the presence of a higher level of carbohydrates then parent strain, and to interaction of carbohydrate and protein.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제22권12호
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• pp.1740-1748
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• 2012

A home-made meju sample contaminated naturally with aflatoxins was used for isolation of fungal strains. Overall, 230 fungal isolates were obtained on dichloran rosebengal chloramphenicol (DRBC) and dichloran 18% glycerol (DG18) agar plates. Morphological characteristics and molecular analysis of a partial ${\beta}$-tubulin gene and the internal transcribed spacer (ITS) of rDNA were used for the identification of the isolates. The fungal isolates were divided into 7 genera: Aspergillus, Eurotium, Penicillium, Eupenicillium, Mucor, Lichtheimia, and Curvularia. Three strains from 56 isolates of the A. oryzae/flavus group were found to be aflatoxigenic A. flavus, by the presence of the aflatoxin biosynthesis genes and confirmatory aflatoxin production by high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The predominant isolate from DRBC plates was A. oryzae (42 strains, 36.2%), whereas that from DG18 was A. candidus (61 strains, 53.5%). Out of the 230 isolates, the most common species was A. candidus (34.3%) followed by A. oryzae (22.2%), Mucor circinelloides (13.0%), P. polonicum (10.0%), A. tubingensis (4.8%), and L. ramosa (3.5%). A. flavus and E. chevalieri presented occurrence levels of 2.2%, respectively. The remaining isolates of A. unguis, P. oxalicum, Eupenicillium cinnamopurpureum, A. acidus, E. rubrum, P. chrysogenum, M. racemosus, and C. inaequalis had lower occurrence levels of < 2.0%.

• 한국표면공학회지
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• 제54권5호
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• pp.238-247
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• 2021

PEO (plasma electrolytic oxidation) was applied to modify the surface of AZ31 magnesium alloy in this study. The mixed solution of sodium hydroxide (NaOH) and sodium silicate (Na₂SiO₃) was used as the electrolyte, and 0 - 0.05 g/L of Ca-GP (Glycerol Phosphate Calcium salt) was added in the electrolyte as an additive. PEO treatment was conducted at a current density of 30mA/cm² for 5 minutes using a DC power supply. The surface properties were identified by SEM, XRD and surface roughness analyses, and the corrosion resistance was evaluated by potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests. In addition, the biocompatibility was evaluated by immersion test in SBF solution. As the concentration of Ca-GP was increased, the surface morphology was denser and more uniform, and the amount of Ca and the thickness of oxide layer increased. Only Mg peak was observed in XRD analysis due to very thin oxide layer. The corrosion resistance of PEO-treated samples increased with the concentration of Ca-GP in comparision with the untreated sample. In particular, the highest corrosion resistance was identified at the group of 0.04g Ca-GP through potentiodynamic polarization and immersion tests in saline solution (0.9 wt.%NaCl). During the immersion in saline solution, pH rapidly increased at the beginning of immersion period due to rapid corrosion, and then increase rate of pH decreased. However, the pH value in the SBF temporarily increased from 7.4 to 8.5 during the day, then decreased due to the inhibition of corrosion with HA(hydroxyapatite) formation.

• 한국동물생명공학회지
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• 제37권2호
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• pp.130-135
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• 2022

Epididymal sperm cryopreservation provides a potential method for preserving genetic material from males of endangered species. This pilot study was conducted to develop a freezing method for tiger epididymal sperm. We evaluated post-thaw sperm condition using testes with intact epididymides obtained from a Siberian tiger (Panthera tigris altaica) after castration. The epididymis was chopped in Tyrode's albumin-lactate-pyruvate 1x and incubated at 5% CO₂, 95% air for 10 min. The Percoll separation density gradient method was used for selective recovery of motile spermatozoa after sperm collection using a cell strainer. The spermatozoa were diluted with modified Norwegian extender supplemented with 20 mM trehalose (extender 1) and subsequent extender 2 (extender 1 with 10% glycerol) and frozen using LN₂ vapor. After thawing at 37℃ for 25 s, Isolate^® solution was used for more effective recovery of live sperm. Sperm motility (computerized assisted sperm analysis, CASA), viability (SYBR-14 and Propidium Iodide) and acrosome integrity (Pisum sativum agglutinin with FITC) were evaluated. The motility of tiger epididymal spermatozoa was 40.1 ± 2.0%, and progressively motile sperm comprised 32.7 ± 2.3%. Viability was 56.3 ± 1.6% and acrosome integrity was 62.3 ± 4.4%. Cryopreservation of tiger epididymal sperm using a modified Norwegian extender and density gradient method could be effective to obtain functional spermatozoa for future assisted reproductive practices in endangered species.

• 한국버섯학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.316-323
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• 2014

당류 성분을 단당류, 이당류, 알코올로 나눠서 비교 분석하였으며 우선 단당류에서 Glucose는 ASI 7114가 81.11 g/l 로 다른 약용버섯 및 식용버섯과 비교를 해 봐도 가장 많은 함량을 보였고, Fructose에서는 노루궁뎅이버섯이 119.98 g/l 이었고, 팽이버섯, 표고버섯도 많은 함량을 보였다. 하지만 영지버섯 중 가장 높게 나타난 것은 ASI 7015로 15.70 g/l 이었다. 노루궁뎅이 버섯보다는 1/8정도 수준이었다. Ribose는 전체적으로 낮은 값을 보였으며, 대부분 함유하지 않음을 알 수 있었다. Xylose는 전체적으로 낮은 값을 보였으며, ASI 7004가 0.96 g/l 로 다른 약용버섯 및 식용버섯과 비교를 해 봐도 가장 많은 함량을 보였지만 큰 차이는 없었다. 다음은 이당류인 Trehalose에서는 양송이버섯이 35.21 g/l 로 가장 많은 함량을 보였고, 영지버섯중 가장 많은 함량을 갖고 있는 ASI 7033의 3.09 g/l 보다도 11배이상 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. ${\alpha}$-Lactose에서는 꽃송이버섯이 3.38 g/l 로 높은 값을 보였고, 영지버섯 중 가장 많은 함량을 갖고 있는 ASI 7060의 0.27 g/l 보다도 12.5배 이상 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 당 알콜인 Glycerol 에서는 새송이버섯이 69.74 g/l 로 가장 많은 함량을 보였고, 영지버섯 중 가장 많은 함량을 갖고 있는 ASI 7004의 8.61 g/l 보다도 8배 이상 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. Sorbitol에서는 팽이버섯이 0.72 g/l 로 가장 많은 함량을 보였고, 영지버섯 중 가장 많은 함량을 갖고 있는 ASI 7003의 0.38 g/l 보다도 2배정도 함유하고 있음을 알 수 있었다. 또한 대부분의 영지버섯에서는 함유하고 있지 않았다. Mannitol에서는 양송이가 2.96 g/l 로 가장 많은 함량을 갖고 있었으며, 표고버섯과 노랑느타리버섯에서만 함유하고 있었으며, 영지버섯에서는 함유하고 있지 않은 걸로 나타났다. 마지막으로 myo-Inositol의 함량을 분석한 결과, 모든 것에서 함유하고 있지 않은 걸로 보였다.

• 한국식품과학회지
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• 제12권3호
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• pp.193-199
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• 1980

유리 지방산을 많이 함유한 미강유(산 값=119.7)와 당량의 글리세린의 에스테르화 반응에 관한 실험을 시도하였는 바, 실험 결과를 보면 (1) 반응온도를 $170^{\circ}C$에서 $210^{\circ}C$와 $250^{\circ}C$로 올렸을 때 촉매의 유무 및 반응시간에 관계 없이 평균 산 값은 각각 42.7, 21.5 및 10.0으로 반응이 촉진되었고, (2) 촉매를 사용하였을 때 온도와 시간에 관계없이 반응이 현저히 촉진되었다. 이 때의 평균 산 값은 12.5로써 촉매를 사용하지 않을 때의 평균 산 값 36.9보다 훨씬 적었으며, (3) 반응시간을 3시간에서 6시간으로 증가 시켰을 때도 촉매의 유무 및 반응 속도에 관계없이 평균 산 값은 각각 31.1과 18.3으로 반응이 촉진되었다. 관 크로마토그래피에 의한 트러-글리세리드 및 유리 지방산의 분석 결과를 보면 탈검한 미강유를 $250^{\circ}C$에서 6시간동안 촉매를 사용하거나 사용하지 않고 에스테르화 반응을 시켰을 때 트리-글리세리드의 경우, 반응 전 미강유의 10.4%로부터 각각 72.9%와 61.1%로 증가하였고 유리 지방산의 경우, 반응전 미강유의 60.2%로 부터 각각 1.4%와 6.1%로 감소하였다. 요드값에 의해서 간접적으로 중합물을 측정한 결과를 보면 촉매에 의한 중합은 일어나지 않았으며 온도를 $170^{\circ}C$에서 $210^{\circ}C$로 올렸을 때에도 중합은 일어나지 않았으나, $250^{\circ}C$에서 6시간동안 반응을 시켰을 때에는 어느 정도 중합물이 생성됨을 알 수 있었다. 또한, 고성능 액체 크로마토그래피에 의한 분석에 의하면 미강유의 지방산은 주로 올레산(42.5), 리놀산(29.0%) 및 팔미트산(20.3%)이었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제17권11호
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• pp.1599-1607
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• 2004

This study examined the effects of pre-slaughter fasting, chasing stress and chiller ageing on objective meat quality, and their relations to the proteome profile of longissimus muscle using 20 male Korean native black pigs. Treatments were composed of two levels of pre-slaughter feed withdrawal, two levels of pre-slaughter stress and four chiller ageing times. A 15 min chasing stress immediately prior to slaughter significantly (p<0.05) decreased detectable levels of $\mu$-calpain activity during rigor development and chiller ageing, but did not have any direct effect on objective meat quality. On the other hand, pigs fed until the morning of slaughter resulted in significantly (p<0.05) higher hunter L* value and cooking loss than those which received an 18 h feed withdrawal prior to slaughter. Cooking loss and hunter L* value were constant during 7 d of chiller ageing, followed by significant increases at 14 d. The fed animals showed a significantly (p<0.05) higher hunter a* value at both 3 and 7 d, while the other group maintained a stable redness for 7 d. WB-shear force was not affected by the pre-slaughter treatments, but had significant (p<0.05) linear reduction from 1 to 7 d. A gelbased proteome analysis was performed on selected animals for low and high hunter L* values at 1 d. Ten and five spots had greater than two-fold spot densities for the low and high hunter L* groups, respectively. The ten spots included chain A, deoxyribounclease I complex with actin, heat shock protein 27 kDa, a protein similar to cardiac $Ca^{2+}$ release channel, and myosin heavy chain, while the five spots included chain A aldehyde dehydrogenase, glycerol-3 phosphate dehydrogenase, and hemoglobin alpha chain. In general, feeding until the morning of slaughter resulted in more desirable meat color, but appeared to reduce palatability due to increased cooking loss. Proteome analysis demonstrated that various proteins were concomitantly involved in the determination of final meat color. The most noticeable observation in the current study was that various isoforms for a particular protein differed in degradation and/or expression rate depending on meat quality.

• 생명과학회지
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• 제25권12호
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• pp.1408-1414
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• 2015

화학농약의 오남용은 환경오염을 유발하고, 사람의 건강에 악영향을 미치므로 그 대안으로 미생물을 이용한 생물학적 방제에 대한 관심이 높아지고 있다. 본 연구에서는 환경에서 안정성을 유지할 수 있는 생물방제균을 확보하기 위하여 잿빛곰팡이병균인 Botrytis cinerea의 생육을 억제할 수 있는 Bacillus 속 균주를 탐색한 후, 선정된 균주의 항진균 물질 생산을 위한 조건, 항진균 기작 및 물리화학적 안정성에 대하여 조사하였다. 가장 높은 항진균 활성을 가진 균주는 고추의 근권 토양에서 분리된 AF4 균주였으며, 표현형적 특성 및 16S rRNA 유전자 염기 서열에 근거하여 동정한 결과, Bacillus subtilis로 확인되었다. AF4 균주는 최적 탄소원으로 glycerol을, 최적 질소원으로 casein을 요구하였으며, 25-40℃ 및 pH 7-10에서 항진균 활성을 나타내었다. 최적조건에서 항진균 활성은 140±3 AU/ml로, 기본배지보다 활성이 증가했음을 알 수 있었다. AF4 균주는 B. cinereas 균사를 형태적으로 변화시킴으로써 항진균 효과를 나타내는 것으로 추정되었으며, 다양한 식물병원성 곰팡이의 생육을 억제할 수 있었다. 또한 AF4 균주가 생성하는 항진균 물질은 열, pH, 유기용매 및 단백질 분해효소 처리에도 항진균 활성을 유지하였으므로 대단히 안정한 물질인 것으로 판단되었다. 따라서 Bacillus subtilis AF4는 다양한 곰팡이유래 식물질병방제에 적용가능성이 높은 균주임을 알 수 있었다.