• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.29 no.2
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• pp.268-273
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• 2000

To investigate an effect of the ethanol extract of Lycium chinense(EELC) on the activities of enzymes scavenging oxygen free radicals or detoxicating alcohol. The ground Lycium chinense was extracted with 30% edible ethanol and then diluted with 6% ethanol to contain 2% EELC(w/v). Three different groups of male Sprague-Dawley rats had taken a drink EELC, ethanol(ETH) or water(control), respectively for 2 months. At the end of experimental period, the animals were sacrificed and obtained the following findings. The EELC-treated animals showed the highest activity of hepatic glucose-6-phosphatase among three groups. The activities of xanthine oxidase and cytochrome p-450 from EELC treatment group were lower than those from ETH-treated group. However, the activity of superoxide dismutase was higher in the EELC-treated group than the ETH-treated(p<0.005). Furthermore, hepatic alcohol or aldehyde dehydrogenase activity, and glutathione content and glutathione peroxidase were significantly higher in EELC-treated animals than in ETH-treated those. The activity of glutathione S-transferase in liver was appeared the orderly higher value in EELC, ETH and control-treated group. As the result, EELC may affect the reduction of oxygen free radical production and help the detoxication of ethanol.

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.44 no.2
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• pp.37-43
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• 2022

Silkworm food has been found to be effective for dementia, liver function, lowering blood sugar, and possesses antioxidant properties, which has been attracting attention as a health functional food. In this study, methods for enhancing the functionality of silkworms were explored and the production potential of high-functional silkworms was analyzed. For enhancing antioxidant activity, ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, laminarin, and glutathione were injected or fed to 5th instar silkworms, and the antioxidant activity of silkworm extract was comparatively analyzed. There was no significant change in polyphenol and flavonoid content, but it was confirmed that 2,2-diphenyl-1-picrylhydrazyl radical scavenging ability, superoxide dismutase-like activity, and reducing power were slightly increased after injection of ascorbic acid, caffeic acid, and glutathione. To confirm the increase in antioxidant efficacy through feeding, an inducer was mixed with sucrose and sprayed on mulberry leaves. As a result, the growth rate of silkworms improved and all indicators of antioxidant activity were improved in silkworms fed with ascorbic acid and glutathione. Considering these results, producing high-functional silkworms was deemed possible.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.26 no.2
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• pp.247-252
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• 2013

An experiment was conducted to determine the effect of supplementing various concentrations (0, 100, 200, 300, or 400 ${\mu}g/kg$ diet) of organic Se on growth performance, carcass traits, oxidative stress, and immune responses in commercial broiler chickens reared in open-sided poultry house under tropical climatic conditions. Each diet was fed ad libitum to eight replicates consisting of six birds in each pen from 1 to 42 d of age. Body weight gain and feed efficiency, and relative weight of liver, abdominal fat and ready to cook yields were not affected (p>0.05) by organic Se supplementation to broiler diets. Lipid peroxidation in plasma decreased, while activities of glutathione peroxidase and glutathione reductase in plasma increased (p<0.01) linearly with Se concentration in diet. The ratios between heterophyls and lymphocytes and relative weight of lymphoid organs (bursa, spleen, and thymus), and antibody production to Newcastle disease vaccination were not affected (p>0.05) by Se supplementation to broiler diets. However, the cell-mediated immunity (lymphocyte proliferation ratio) increased (p<0.01) linearly with dietary Se concentration. The results of the present study indicate that the supplementation of Se did not influence body weight and feed efficiency. However, supplementation of Se increased antioxidant status and lymphocyte proliferation in broiler chickens.

• The Journal of Internal Korean Medicine
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• v.38 no.3
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• pp.367-375
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• 2017

Objective: To investigate the effect of Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba, Curcumae Radix, and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus complex extract (ACA) on dyslipidemia-related factor expression and anti-oxidation in HepG2 cells. Method: After treatment with ACA in the HepG2 cells, DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity, ROS production, and glutathione (GSH) production were measured. The free fatty acid, lipid peroxidation (MDA), ACAT1, and HMG-CoA reductase mRNA expression were measured in the HepG2 cells after treatment with ACA. Results: 1. DPPH, ABTS radical scavenging activity increased in an ACA concentration-dependent manner. 2. ACA significantly decreased ROS production in comparison to the control group. 3. ACA significantly increased glutathione production. 4. ACA significantly decreased free fatty acid and lipid peroxidation (MDA) in the HepG2 cells. 5. ACA decreased the mRNA expression of ACAT1 and HMG-CoA reductase. Conclusion: These results suggest that Artemisiae Iwayomogii Herba, Curcumae Radix, and Aurantii Fructus Immaturus complex extract (ACA) inhibits dyslipidemia-related factor expression and that it is effective in anti-oxidation. A future in vivo experiment with ACA is needed to investigate the effect on anti-dyslipidemia. It is expected that ACA is effective in anti-dyslipidemia and applied to cardiovascular disease, ischemic heart disease, stroke, etc.

• Environmental Analysis Health and Toxicology
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.87-95
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• 2005

Cadmium is well known as a toxic metal and has insulin mimicking effects in rat adipose tissue. This study was undertaken to investigate the effect of CdCl₂ on glucose transport and its mechanism in 3T3 - L1 adipocytes. CdCl₂ exhibits respectively 2.2 and 2.8 fold increases in the 2-deoxyglucose uptake when exposed to 10 and 25 μM of CdCl₂ for 12 hr. To investigate the stimulating mechanism of glucose transport induced by CdCl₂. Wortmannin and PD98059 were used respectively as PI3K inhibitor and MAPK inhibitor, which did not affect 2-DOG uptake. This results suggest that induced 2-deoxy-(l-3H)-D-glucose (2-DOG) uptake by CdCl₂ may not be concerned with the insulin signalling pathway. Whereas nifedipine, a calcium channel blocker inhibited the 2- DOG uptake stimulated by CdCl₂. In addition, we also measured the increased production of Reactive oxygen substances (ROS) and glutathione (GSH) level in 3T3-L1 adipocytes to investigate correlation between the glucose uptake and increased production of ROS with H2DCFDA. CdCl₂ increased production of ROS. Induced 2-DOG uptake and increased production of ROS by CdCl₂ were decreased by N-acetylcystein (NAC). And L-buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) a potent inhibitor of γ-GCS, decreased of 2-DOG uptake. Also NAC and BSO changed the cellular GSH level, but GSH/GSSG ratio remained unchanged at 10, 25 μM of CdCl₂.

• Journal of Preventive Medicine and Public Health
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• v.32 no.2
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• pp.170-176
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• 1999

Objectives: To evaluate the protective effects of glutathione (GSH) on the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds$(CM_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2)$ or cadmium chloride$(CdCl_2)$ in EMT-6 cells. Methods: The compounds investigated were $CH_3HgCl,\;HgCl_2,\;CdCl_2$, GSH, buthionine Sulfoximine(BSO), L-2-oxothiazolidine-4-carboxylic acid(OTC). Cytotoxicity analysis consist of nitric oxide(NO) production, ATP production and cell viability. Results: Mercurial compounds and cadmium chloride significantly decreased cell viability and the synthesis of NO and cellular ATP in EMT-6 cells. GSH was not toxic at concentrations of 0-1.6 mM. In the presence of GSH, mercurial compounds and cadmium did not decrease the production of ATP and nitrite in EMT-6 cells. The protective effects of GSH against the cytotoxicity of mercurial compounds and cadmium depended on the concentration of added GSH to the culture medium for EMT-6 cells. We evaluated the effects of intracellular GSH level on mercury- or cadmium-induced cytotoxicity by the pretreatment experiments. Pretreatment of GSH was not changed ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production, and pretreatment of BSO was decreased in dose and time-dependent manner. Pretreatment of OTC was increased ${NO_2}^-$ and ATP production in dose- and tine-dependent manner. Because intracellular GSH level was increased by OTC pretreatment, the protective effect on mercury- and cadmium-induced cytotoxicity was increased. Conclusions: These results indicated that sulfhydryl compounds had the protective effects against mercury-induced cytotoxicity by the intracellular GSH levels.

• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1993

The reaction of sulfhydryl groups in human serum ablumin with bacteriostatic and hypotensive notrosating agents such as sodium nitorprusside and sodium nitrite has been examined. The low reactivity of sodium nitroprusside to sulfhydral groups in albumin has been observed and the sterical inaccessilibility of the agent site which sulfhydryl group resides was implicated. The reaction of sodium nitrite with albumin was highly influenced by pH and little reactivity was observed at physiological pH. On the other hand, the reaction between albumin and S-nitrosoglutatione, an intermediate induced from the reaction of glutathione and nitrosating agents, resulted in the rapid decrease of free sulfhydryl groups in albumin. S-Nitrosylation of the sulfhydryl group by S-nitrosoglutathione and the subsequent production of mixed disulfide is the probable route of modification. In the physiological system, S-nitroso-glutathione may act as an active intermediate in expressing reacivity of nitrosating agents to sulfhydryl groups in albumin.

• BMB Reports
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• v.44 no.8
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• pp.497-505
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• 2011

Reactive oxygen species (ROS), which include superoxide anions and peroxides, induce oxidative stress, contributing to the initiation and progression of cardiovascular diseases involving atherosclerosis. The endogenous and exogenous factors hypercholesterolemia, hyperglycemia, hypertension, and shear stress induce various enzyme systems such as nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide (phosphate) oxidase, xanthine oxidase, and lipoxygenase in vascular and immune cells, which generate ROS. Besides inducing oxidative stress, ROS mediate signaling pathways involved in monocyte adhesion and infiltration, platelet activation, and smooth muscle cell migration. A number of antioxidant enzymes (e.g., superoxide dismutases, catalase, glutathione peroxidases, and peroxiredoxins) regulate ROS in vascular and immune cells. Atherosclerosis results from a local imbalance between ROS production and these antioxidant enzymes. In this review, we will discuss 1) oxidative stress and atherosclerosis, 2) ROS-dependent atherogenic signaling in endothelial cells, macrophages, and vascular smooth muscle cells, 3) roles of peroxidases in atherosclerosis, and 4) antioxidant drugs and therapeutic perspectives.

• Biomedical Science Letters
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.49-52
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• 2006

To elucidate the effect of antioxidant complex containing $\beta-carotene$, vitamin E, vitamin C, Ginkgo Biloba leaf extract and selenium on oxygen :tree radical production and detoxification system, rats were fed normal diet and normal diet with antioxidant complex 0.1%, 0.3% and 0.5% for 3 weeks. Feed efficiency ratio, changes in body weight, weight gain and amounts of feces of rat are similar in four groups. Liver weight per body weight and hepatic lipid peroxide weight increased in 0.5% group. However, hepatic glutathione contents in all antioxidant complex added groups were significantly increased compare with normal control group. On the other hand, the activity of xanthine oxidase was a little increased due to the amounts of antioxidant complex. Superoxide dismutase and gutathione peroxidase activity of 0.1% antioxidant complex added group were increased about $10{\sim}20%$ in comparison to normal control group. These results suggest that the supplementation of antioxidant complex 0.1% to basal diet may reduce the hepatic damage caused by free radicals.

• YAKHAK HOEJI
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• v.41 no.1
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• pp.111-116
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• 1997

The neurotoxicity induced by L-glutamate in primary cultures of rat cortical cells could be attenuated by sesquiterpene constituent of Ginkgo biloba leaves, bilobalide. At the c oncentration of 100 nM, Bilobalide elevated the combined levels of reduced/oxidized glutathione in rat cortical cells exposed to 100 ${\mu}$M glutamate. Furthermore, bilobalide promoted a reduction in superoxide dismutase activity in glutamate-treated cells. Finally, bilobalide markedly inhibited the production of malondialdehyde. a measure of lipid peroxidation, in glutamate-treated rat cortical cells.