• Applied Microscopy
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• v.20 no.1
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• pp.36-50
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• 1990

This experiment was performed to study the morphological responses of the enterochromaffin cells in the duodenal mucosa of rabbit following bile duct ligation. Adult male rabbits were divided into normal, sham operation and experimental groups. Bile duct ligation was performed under ether anesthesia and animals were sacrificed on the 1st, 3rd, 5th, 7th and 14th day after operation. Mucosal specimens from the duodenum were prefixed with 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), followed by postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide(0.1M Millonig's phosphate buffer, pH 7.3), and embedded within araldite mixture. The sections were cut on a LKB-V ultratome, and observed under a JEM 100CX II electron miroscope. The results were as follow; 1. Irregularities of the nuclei of the enterochromaffin cells were noticed from the 1st day after bile duct ligation, and concentration of the chromatin in the nucleus was more frequently observed on the 7th and the 14th day. 2. The granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi complex of the enterochromaffin cell were more developed than those of the normal on the 1st day after bile duct ligation, but they showed poor organization from the 3rd day. 3. Amount of the microfilaments in the enterochromaffin cell was significantly increased from the 5th day after bile duct ligation and they were more frequently observed in the vicinity of the nucleus. 4. Vacuoles with various electron densities in the enterochromaffin cell were increased in number from the 3rd day after bile duct ligation. 5. Glycogen-like particles in the enterochromaffin cell were frequently observed on the 3rd and the 5th day after bile duct ligation. 6. In the early stage of the ligation of bile duct, in the enterochromaffin cells, well developed intracellular organelles, such as granular endoplasmic reticulum and Golgi apparatus were pronounced. But, in the later stage, the cells contained poor organelles, with the some structural sign of necrotic change.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.76-95
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• 1991

A single injection of cadmium chloride (3.75 mg/kg) was made into the peritoneal cavities of albino rats. The cortices of kidney were obtained from the experimental animals at 3 hr., 6 hr., 12 hr., 24 hr. and 36 hr. after administration of cadmium chloride, respectively. The specimens of each experimental animal were prefixed in 2% glutaraldehyde-4% paraformaldehyde solution for $2{\sim}4$ hours, and these specimens were post-fixed in 1% osmic acid. After fixation, the specimens were dehydrated with alcohol and acetate and embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections, $600{\sim}800{\AA}$ thickness were made and stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate. And all the preparations were observed with Hitachi-600 transmission electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1. The main changes in ultrastructures of the glomeruli observed at 3 hr. after cadmium chloride administration include loss of filtration slit and fenestrae of capillary endothelium that was resulted from thickings of the basal lamina and fusion of pedicels of the podocytes. At 12 hr. after cadmium chloride administration the Bowman's capsules were mostly filled with abnormally thickened and fused pedicels. After 24 hr. however, the only recognized change was loss of fenestrae of the capillary endothelium. And the ultrastructure of the glomeruli were almost normal in 36 hr. after cadmium chloride treatment. 2. At 3 hr. after treatment with cadmium chloride, in the renal tubular cells the vesicles and vacuoles increased in number at the apical portion, of the tubular epithelial cells, the basal infoldings were reduced and the basal lamina was thickened. After 12 hr., a number of phagosomes appeared at the apical portion and the cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were swollen. At 24 hr. after cadmium chloride administration irregularly shaped mitochondria were observed in the apical area, and mitochondria with swollen cristae were found at the basal portion. And after 36 hr. The ultrastructures of the epithelial cells appeared almost normal except for a moderate increase in the number of vesicles and vacuoles. Consequently it is suggested that in albino rats, cadmium chloride induces acute reversible degenerative changes in the glomeruli as well as in the epithelial cells of the proximal convoluted tubules.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.6 no.1
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• pp.21-32
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• 1976

The origins and the functions of the multi vesicular bodies and the various structures of the membranes related to the cytolysomes were studied in the mycelium cells of Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus niger and A. ochraceus, in the hymenium and basidium cells of Agricus bisporus sand Rhizopogon rubesecens, in the cells of assimilation tissue of Marchtantia polymorpha and Pogonalum inflexum and in the mesophyll cells of Pteridium aqiulinum, Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng fixed with glutaraldehyde-paraformaldehyde-$ OsO_4$. In Rhizopus nigricans, Aspergillus niger, A. ochraceus, Agricus bisporus sand Rhizopogon rubescens, the concentric multilamellar, multivesicular, myelin-vesicle-tubular and concentric parallel-lamellar complexes were originated from the plasmalemma, while in Marehantia polymorpha, Pogonatum inflexum, Pteridium aquilinum, Pinus densiflora, Ginkgo biloba and Panax ginseng, they were originated from plasmalemma and the cytoplasm. The structures originated from the plasmalemma may be grouped into multi vesicular body and myelin-like structure, both forming the secondary vacuoles or protruding into the central vacuoles and finally degrading, In some cases, endoplasmic reticulum within the cytoplasm encloses some part of the cytoplasm to form a circle where the membranous lamellae increase in number, while the enclosed cytoplasm decrease to be eventually replaced by the multilamellar structure which is released into the vacuoles and subsquently degraded. The structures originated from the cytoplasm are believed to be the cytosegresomes or cytolysomes closely related to the differentiation of the vacuoles. The possible fate of these structures are also discussed.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.28-40
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• 1994

Xerostomia and xerophthalmia are delicate or serous side effects, occuring when the radiotherapy is administered to the head and neck cancer patient. It is known that the cause of the above side effect is radiosensitivity of serous cells. In this study, the ultrastructural features of the parotid glands of the X-irradiated rats were observed. Sprague-Dawley rats weighing 200-250g each were anesthetized with sodium thiopental, and placed on the Mitsubishi linear accelerator. Only the head and neck areas of animals were exposured at the distance of 80cm, within the area of $30X30cm$, in the depth of 1cm, with the speed of 200R/min. Total doses applied were 3,000R or 6,000R depending on the experimental groups. Animals were sacrificed on the 6th hour, 2nd day and 6th day after the irradiation. Parotid glands were fixed in the 2.5% glutaraldehyde-1.5% paraformaldehyde solution, and followed by refixation in the 1% osmium tetroxide solution. Dehydrated blocks were embedded in araldite mixture, and ultrathin sections were cut. Sections were contrasted with the solution of uranyl acetate and lead citrate, and observed with JEM 100 CX-II electron microscope. The results were as follows: 1. Normal parotid acinar cells are two types; the light and the dark acinar cells. The light acinar cell contains dense secretory granules, whereas dark acinar cells contains granules of medium density with some darker spots within them, or other cells contain granules of medium density with darker rims. 2. Six hours after the irradiation, many acinar cells were degenerated showing variable stages of cytolytic bodies, light bodies, or dense degenerations. Within the acinar cell, Golgi apparatus and granular endoplasmic reticula were most severely altered elements. Granules showed more contrasting densities and irregularities. 3. Two days after the irradiation, some cytolytic bodies, and focal lucent degeneration of cytoplasm, and fine granular alteration of cytoplasmic matrix were pronounced. But other elements including secretory granules are rather looked unlatered. 4. Six days after the irradiation, most severe alterations were seen. Many intracellular canaliculi (or secretion figures), quanta of cytoplasm containing secretion antecedants, severely irregular luminal border, and again contrasting density of secretory granules showing tigroid spots or dense rims were noted. And myoepithelial degenerations were observed not uncommonly. 5. Irregular densities of secretory granules were interpreted as abnormal components of protein or carbohydrate portion are synthesized or abnormally metabolized under severe X-irradiation. 6. Myoepithelial degeneration and related alteration of nerve endings, etc., were suggested as the other causes of xerostomia following X-irradiation. 7. It is requested that radiation doses should be arranged, considering in mind not only the sensitivity of acinar cells but also the myoepithelial and neural functions.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.285-293
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• 2000

The present study has been carried out to investigate the effect of fluoride toxicity on the morphology as well as inorganic chemical constituents of rat teeth. Rats were administered sodium fluoride at dose of 0 ppm, 100 ppm, 200 ppm and 300 ppm at the beginning of pregnancy. Animals were perfused intravascularly with glutaraldehyde and the incisors were removed. Changes in the protein composition of the secretory and maturation enamel were investigated using polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis (SDS PAGE). And the enamel surface of incisors was examined under scanning electron microscope (SEM). Changes of protein quantities were found significantly in high levels fluoride administration for experimental groups compared with control. The SDS PAGE analysis demonstrated as follows In control group, secretory phase enamel protein, amelogenins, was detected more quantities than experimental group. The enamelin, presence in maturation phase enamel , showed more quantifies than control enamel with an increasing fluoride concentration in the drinking water. Also, the scanning electron micrographic data showed hypoplastic, tough, uneven, pitted and cracked enamel surfaces covered with granular deposits as a result of excessive intake of fluoride. From these results we conclude that high dose of fluoride administration leads to severe structural alterations on the enamel surface and these structural changes could be through defective mineralization.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• v.21 no.1
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• pp.227-241
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• 1996

The effect of collagen dissolution in acid conditioned dentin was morphologically examined by both scanning and transmission electron microscopy. 18 freshly extracted human molars and dentin bonding systems of All Bond 2, Scotchbond Multipurpose, Superbond D-Liner were used in this study. For SEM preparation, each 3 of ~ exposed dentin surfaces were acid conditioned by using various acids within the above three bonding systems respectively. After acid conditioning of the other 3 exposed dentin surfaces as above, they were treated with 1.7% NaOCl for 2 minutes. The remaining 3 dentin surfaces were acid conditioned and treated with 3.3 % NaOCl for 2 minutes. All of the specimens were then fixed in 4 % glutaraldehyde for 12 h at $4^{\circ}C$ and dehydrated in ethanols grades from 50 % to 100 %, then surface changes of the specimens were observed by using SEM. For TEM preparation, exposed dentin surfaces were acid conditioned with the same acid as SEM specimens and treated with 1.7%, 3.3 % NaOCl respectively, then applied with corresponding bonding agents. After the procedures were finished, composite resin were applied on the dentin surfaces and light cured. Small, rectangular sticks with end dimensions of approximately 1 by 1 mm were sectioned and further sample preparative techniques for transmission electron microscopy were performed in accordance with the procedures used for ultrastructural TEM observations of calcified tissues. The results were as follows : 1. In the 1.7 % NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the porous dentin surface of intertubular dentin and wide opening of dentinal tubules were appeared. And there were fine irregularities on the intertubular dentin, indicating a clear difference as compared with the acid conditioned specimens. 2. In the 3.3% NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the intertubular dentin was further eroded causing a more porous and wider opening of dentinal tubules. Moreover, sharp irregularities on the intertubular dentin were more evident than those of acid conditioned and 1.7% NaOCl retreated specimens. 3. In all of the acid conditioned specimens, the resin-dentin hybrid layer of approximately 3.5mm thickness was formed and the collapsed collagen layer was observed on the uppermost part of hybrid layer in the specimens applied with All Bond 2. The collgen fibrils of intertubular dentin in specimens applied with Scotchbond Multipurpose were running perpendicular to the interface, and electron dense black layer demarcated from the deep unaltered dentin was more evident in the specimen applied with Superbond D-Liner than any other specimens. 4. In the 1.7 % NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the resin-dentin hybrid layer of approximately 2.5-3.0mm thickness was formed and the collapsed collagen layer and longitudinally running collagen fibrils as shown in the acid conditioned specimens were observed in the specimens applied with All Bond 2 and Superbond D-Liner. 5. In all of the 3.3% NaOCl retreated specimens after acid conditioning, the evidence of resin-dentin hybrid layer was not identified ; nevertheless, the longitudinally running collagen fibrils remained slightly in the specimens applied with All Bond 2.

• Journal of Chest Surgery
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• v.32 no.11
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• pp.989-997
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• 1999

Background: Calcific degeneration is the major cause of clinical failure of glutaraldehyde (GA) crosslinked bioprosthetic tissues implanted in the body and necessitates the reoperation or causes death. Surface modification of biologic tissues using sulfonated polyethyleneoixde (PEO-SO3) has been suggested to significantly enhance blood compatibility, biostability and calcification-resistance by means of the synergistic effect of highly mobile and hydrophilic PEO chains and electrical repulsion of negatively charged sulfonate groups. This study was designed to evaluate the anticalcification effect of surface-modification of biologic arteries by direct coupling of PEO-SO3 after GA fixation and changes of calcification according to the implantation period through the quantitative investigation of the deposited calcium and phosphorous contents of the biologic arterial tissues in the canine circulatory implantation model. Material and Method: Total of 16 fresh canine carotid arteries were harvested from eight adult dogs and divided in to GA group(n =8) and PEO-SO3 group(n=8). Sulfonation of diamino-terminated PEO was performed using propane sultone. Canine carotid arteries were only crosslinked with 0.65% GA solution in GA group and modified by direct coupling 5% PEO-SO3 solution after GA crosslinkage for 2 days and stabilized by NaBH4 solution for 16 hours in PEO-SO3 group. In both groups the resected segment of bilateral carotid arteries were reconstructed. Reconstructed segments of the two groups were analysed the quantities of calcium and phosphorous contents after 3(n=4) and 6(n=4) weeks in vivo. Result: After implantation of 3 seeks, PEO-SO3 group showed significantly less depositions.

• The Korean Journal of Soil Zoology
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• v.5 no.2
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• pp.101-112
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• 2000

Spiders usually have poor vision but not the jumping spiders. Their eight eyes are located on its distinctive box-shaped head and relatively well developed. The Spiders were fixated with 3% glutaraldehyde and thin section was performed with ultra-microtome. The specimens were observed with light microscopy, transmission and scanning electron microscopy. Eye area of jumping spider is competed of three rows. The first eye row comprise four eyes. Among them, two anterior median eyes are the largest and two anterior lateral eyes are relatively small. The former are main-eyes and have excellent vision. The second row, which has the two smallest eyes, is located about midway between the first and third rows. The third row is about half-way back on the thorax and eyed of which are middle size. To investigate ultrastructure of salticid spiders'eye, Menemerus fulvus was chosen. All of Menemerus fuvus's eyes are composed of cornea, lens, vitreous body and retina in histologically. Cornea layer, linked to exocuticle of exoskeleton. is regular layer structure without any cell tripe. Lenses are biconvex type. Retinas comprise well developed microvilli-shape rhabdomeres, unpigmented supporting cells, and pigmented cell. Retinas of anterior median eyes are surrounded by circular cylinder-shaped vitreous body, photoreceptor, i.e. rhabdomeres, of it is irregularly arranged compared to the other eyes.

• Journal of Energy Engineering
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.171-177
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• 2011

PVA/GLA/$Al_2O_3{\cdot}3SiO_2$ composite membranes were prepared through the reaction polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) with glutaraldehyde (GLA) as a cross-linking agent and subsequently adding aluminum silicate ($Al_2O_3{\cdot}3SiO_2$) as an inorganic material. The water uptake decreased as the GDL contents increased due to cross-linking process of PVA with GDL, and the ion conductivity increased as the $Al_2O_3{\cdot}3SiO_2$ contents increased in PVA/GLA/$Al_2O_3{\cdot}3SiO_2$ composite membranes. The cross-linking structure of the polymers was confirmed using IR and the tendency of water uptake. The thermal analysis of the copolymers was carried out by TGA. TGA results showed that PVA/GLA composite membrane were more heat-resistant than PVA due to the cross-linking of PVA, and the heat stability of the composite membranes improved much more as the concentration of $Al_2O_3{\cdot}3SiO_2$ increased. Membranes prepared in this study seem to be have thermal stability and increase a tendency of the cation conductivity up to $60^{\circ}C$, but to be exhibit lower performance tendency at over $90^{\circ}C$. Therefore, it is necessary to do more aggressive effort to explore the possibility of application as an ion-conductive composite electrolyte.

• Applied Microscopy
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• v.23 no.1
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• pp.35-55
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• 1993

cis-Dichlorodiammineplatinum (II) (cis-Platin), a metallic compound, has widely been used as an effective anticancer chemotherapeutic agent. The precise mechanism of action of this agent is still unknown, but it is postulated that cis-Platin may act on the cancer cell like bifunctional alkylating agents. Although this agent is very beneficial to the patients with cervical cancer, germinoma of testis, neuroblastoma and others, it may also damage to the normal cell so that many side effects; severe hemorrhagic enterocolitis, bone marrow depression, renal damage and liver damage will develope. This experiment has been undertaken to pursue the cytotoxic effects of the cis-Platin on the ultrastructures of the interalveolar septum in the mouse lung. A total of 55 healthy male mice of ICR strain were used as experimental animals and divided into 5 mice of normal control group and 50 mice of cis-Platin treated group. The mice of cis-Platin treated group were sacrificed by carotid exsanguination at 6, 12, 24 hours, 3 days and 7 days after intraperitoneal injection of 6.0 mg of cis-Platin ($Abiplatin^R$ Abic Co. Ltd.) per kg of mouse body weight. The specimen obtained from the lower lobe of left lung were sliced into $1mm^3$ and prefixed with 2% glutaraldehyde -2.5% paraformaldehyde solution prepared with Millonig's phosphatae buffer solution (pH 7.4) at $4^{\circ}C$ for 3-4 hours. After postfixation with 1% osmium tetroxide solution all specimens were embedded in Epon 812. Ultrathin sections about $600-800{\AA}$ in thickness were stained with uranyl acetate and lead citrate and observed with Hitachi-600 electron microscope. The results obtained were as follows: 1. Local swellings with increase of electron density and number of pinocytic vesicles in the cytoplasms of the type I pneumocyte and endothelial cell of the blood air barrier in interalveolar septum of cis-platin treated mice were observed. 2. Cisternae of rough endoplasmic reticulum were dilated and sacculated in association with detachment of membrane bound ribosomes of the type II pneumocyte in interalveolar septum of cis-Platin treated mice. 3. Swollon mitochondria with uneven electron density of their matrix were observed in the type II pneumocyte of interalveolar septum in the cis-Platin treated mice. 4. The lamellae of lammelar bodies in type II pneumocyte of interalveolar septum in cis-Platin treated mice were devoided or transformed into homogeneous electron dense material. It is consequently suggested that cis-Platin would induce the cellular edema of type I pneumocyte and endothelial cell, and degenerative changes of cytoplasmic organelles of the type II pneumocyte in the interalveolar septum of the mouse lung.