• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제43권1호
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• pp.29-33
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• 2000

장류 품질개선의 일환으로 된장, 고추장 및 간장 발효물에 glutaminase첨가 효과를 조사하기 위하여 숙성기간에 따른 L-glutamic acid와 아미노태질소(AN) 함량을 분석하였다. 효소첨가구의 발효초기에 대한 발효 45일 째의 glutamic acid의 함량 증가는 고추장이 671.8%, 간장 298.1% 및 된장 193.4% 순으로 높았다 무첨가구에 대한 발효 45일째의 glutamic acid의 함량 증가는 고추장이 363.1%, 된장 159.2%, 간장 35.7% 순으로 높아 고추장 발효물에 대한 glutaminase 첨가 호과가 가장 높아 3배 이상 되었다 또한 glutaminase 첨가시 아미노태질소 함량의 발효초기에 대한 증가효과는 45일 째에 고추장이 216.0%, 간장 120.8% 및 된장 84.5% 순으로 높았고, 무첨가구와 비교하였을 경우 발호 45일에 된장이 40.3%, 고추장 35.7%, 간장 8.4% 순으로 증가하였다. glutaminase첨가 제품에 대한 관능검사 결과 효소를 첨가하지 않은 제품에 비하여 맛과 향, 기호도에서 더 좋은 효과를 나타내었다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• 제29권7호
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• pp.1061-1070
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• 2019

In the present study, the optimization of poly(${\gamma}$-glutamic acid) (${\gamma}$-PGA) production by Bacillus sp. FBL-2 was studied using a statistical approach. One-factor-at-a-time method was used to investigate the effect of carbon sources and nitrogen sources on ${\gamma}$-PGA production and was utilized to select the most significant nutrients affecting the yield of ${\gamma}$-PGA. After identifying effective nutrients, response surface methodology with central composite design (CCD) was used to obtain a mathematical model to identify the optimum concentrations of the key nutrients (sucrose, $\text\tiny{L}$-glutamic acid, yeast extract, and citric acid) for improvement of ${\gamma}$-PGA production. The optimum amount of significant medium components appeared to be sucrose 51.73 g/l, $\text\tiny{L}$-glutamic acid 105.30 g/l, yeast extract 13.25 g/l, and citric acid 10.04 g/l. The optimized medium was validated experimentally, and ${\gamma}$-PGA production increased significantly from 3.59 g/l (0.33 g/l/h) to 44.04 g/l (3.67 g/l/h) when strain FBL-2 was cultivated under the optimal medium developed by the statistical approach, as compared to non-optimized medium.

• 한국축산식품학회지
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.377-389
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• 2013

Gamma-amino butyric acid (GABA) is a kind of pharmacological and biological component and its application is wide and useful in Korea specially, becoming aging society in the near feature. GABA is request special dose for the purposed biological effect but the production of concentrated GABA is very difficult due to low concentration of glutamic acid existed in the fermentation broth. To increase GABA concentrate using fermentation technology, high content of glutamic acid is required. For this reason, various strains which have the glutamic acid decarboxylase (GAD) and can convert glutamic acid to GABA, were isolated from various fermented foods. Most of GABA producing strains are lactic acid bacteria isolated from kimchi, especially added monosodium glutamate (MSG) as a taste enhancer. Optimizing the formulation of culture media and the culture condition, GABA conversion yield and amounts were increased. Finally GABA concentration of fermentation broth in batch or fed batch fermentation reached 660 mM or 1000 mM, respectively. Furthermore formulation of culture media for GABA production developed commercially. Many studies about GABA-rich product have been continued, so GABA-rich kimchi, cheese, yogurt, black raspberry juice and tomato juices has been also developed. In Korea many biological effects of GABA are evaluated recently and GABA will be expected to be used in multipurpose.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제12권4호
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• pp.336-341
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• 1983

본(本) 연구는 linoleic acid emulsion에 아미노산용액을 첨가했을 경우 이들 아미노산에 항산화효과가 존재하는지를 알아보고 만약 항산화효과가 있다면 산화기간 중 어느 단계에 영향을 미치는지 알아보고자 하였다. Linoleic acid emulsion과 $10^{-2}M$, $10^{-3}M$, $10^{-4}M$의 glutamic acid, phenylalanine, alanine용액을 부피비(比)로 동량(同量) 섞어 시료를 준비하였으며 아미노산 용액 대신 증류수를 넣은 control group과 함께 $60{\pm}1^{\circ}C$에서 incubation 시켰다. Incubation 시킨 sample은 UV visible spectrophotometer에 의해 흡광도를 측정하여 diene conjugation의 정도와 TBA 값을 정하였으며 이 값으로 induction period와 그후의 산화정도를 알아보았다. 그 결과는 다음과 같다. 1) Diene conjugation의 측정결과(測定結果) glutamic acid의 첨가는 induction period를 감소시켜 prooxidant로 작용하며 alanine과 phenylalanine은 induction period를 연장시켜 주므로 항산화효과가 있다고 할 수 있다. 2) Induction period 중 아미노산이 항산화적인 작용을 하는데에는 최적농도(濃度)가 필요하며 alanine과 phenylalanine의 최적농도(濃度)는 각각 $10^{-3}M$과 $10^{-2}M$이었다. 3) Induction period 측정 이후에 TBA값의 측정(測定)결과 glutamic acid, alanine, phenylalanine을 첨가한 group이 control group에 비해 그 값이 낮으므로 induction period 이후의 단계에서 항산화효과(抗酸化效果)가 있음을 알 수 있다. 이때 항산화적(抗酸化的)인 작용(作用)을 하는 최적 농도(濃度)가 glutamic acid의 경우 $10^{-2}M$이었으며 alanine과 phenylalanine의 경우에는 각각 $10^{-3}M$이었다.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제6권1호
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• pp.17-20
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• 1977

A. altissima 엽(葉)의 free amino acid 및 free organic acid의 함량(含量)을 측정한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. free amino acid는 lysine, histidine, arginine, tryptophan, aspartic acid, glutamic acid, threonine, isoleucine, leucine, tyrosine, phenylalanine 등 17종(種)이 정량(定量)되었으며 이들 중 glutamic acid가 가장 많아 전(全)아미노산량의 48.3%를 차지하였다. 2. free organic acid는 formic acid, acetic acid, oxalic acid, maleic acid, succinic acid, fumaric acid, citric acid, tartaric acid 등 8종(種)이 정량되었고 sorbic acid는 미량(微量)이었으며, 이들 중 fumaric acid가 가장 많았다.

• Animal Bioscience
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• 제34권12호
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• pp.1963-1973
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• 2021

Objective: The present study aimed to evaluate the influence of including L-glutamine along with glutamic acid as a supplement in weaned piglets' diets with and without whey powder. Methods: Two assays were carried out. A total of 40 piglets ([Landrace×Large White]×Pietrain) weaned at 24 days of age with an initial body weight of 6.6±0.6 kg were used in the first assay, and the following parameters were evaluated: growth performance, the incidence of diarrhea, morphometry, intestinal integrity, and hepatic glycogen index. The animals were then blocked into four groups according to different diets: diet all-grain feeding (G); diet all-grain feeding with whey powder (GW); and with vs without 1% supplementation of the commercial product containing L-glutamine and glutamic acid (A or NA). Whey powder was added according to the stage of life, corresponding to 17%, 10%, and 5%, respectively, in order to meet the need for lactose. The animals were evaluated at 24 to 42 days and at 24 to 55 days of age. The nutrient digestibility for the second assay was carried out by using 24 animals with an average weight of 11.49±1.6 kg, and the same diets were tested. Results: The supplementation of L-glutamine + glutamic acid or the addition of whey powder in diets for weaned piglets provided (p<0.05) greater feed intake, greater weight gain and improved feed conversion in the initial period (24 to 42 days age). However, in the whole period (24 to 55 days age) only amino acid supplementation affected (p<0.05) growth performance. There was a positive interaction (p<0.05) between the type of diet and L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation on villus height, crypt depth and the villus:crypt ratio in the duodenum. In addition, L-glutamine + glutamic acid supplementation reduced (p<0.05) the crypt depth and improved the villus:crypt ratio in the jejunum. The inclusion of whey powder affected (p<0.05) positively the digestibility coefficients analyzed except mineral matter digestibility coeficients. The supplementation of 1% the commercial product composed of L-glutamine and glutamic acid improved (p<0.05) only the digestibility coefficient of crude protein. Conclusion: These results indicate that supplementation of 1% commercial product containing L-glutamine + glutamic acid in diets for piglets from 24 to 55 days of age, dispenses with the use of whey powder when evaluating growth performance. Amino acid supplementation alone or associated with whey powder affects (p<0.05) positively the indicators of the intestinal integrity.

• 한국패류학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.95-106
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• 2003

The compositions of amino acid in 6 monocultured benthic diatoms used in aquaculture of Haliotis discus hannai were analyzed, and effects of 15 artificial synthetic amino acids on the settlement and metamorphosis of H. discus hannai larvae. Results showed that the content of L-aspartic acid was highest in all diatoms, and that of L-glutamic acid was second high. In experiment using settlement slat without benthic diatom attached, the highest settlement rate (33.3 ${\pm}$ 8.8%) was obtained with L-glutamic acid, and a higher value (16.7 ${\pm}$ 3.3%) was found with L-aspartic acid at 24 h after experimental commencement, compared to that of control (8.6 ${\pm}$ 5.1%). 80 h later the metamorphosis rates of L-glutamic acid (86.7 ${\pm}$ 10.7%) and L-aspartic acid (80.0 ${\pm}$ 3.3%) groups were higher than control group(0) and other amino acids significantly. The response rate of L-glutamic acid was the highest (62.0%), and those of L-aspartic acid (30.0%) and L-threonine (25.3%) groups were also significantly higher than control group. In the experiment using settlement slat with benthic diatom attached, the best effect of various amino acids on induction of larval settlement was obtained with L-glutamic (82.0 ${\pm}$ 6.9%) and L-aspartic acid (78.7 ${\pm}$ 5.1%) at 24 h after experimental commencement. The settlement rates of L-histidine, L-leucine, L-lysine, L-methionine, L-phenylalanine, and L-tyrosine groups were significantly lower than control group. The same differences in the metamorphosis rate at 56 h after experimental commencement and in the response rate were found. It should be noted that after 80 h the metamorphosis rates of L-histidine (74.0 ${\pm}$ 12.0%) and L-lysine (87.0 ${\pm}$ 8.8%) declined rapidly compared to those of 56 h (8.0 ${\pm}$ 12.0%; 7.7 ${\pm}$ 12.0%).

• Journal of Nutrition and Health
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.92-103
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• 1980

한국산(韓國産) 목이(木耳)버섯과 용도(用途)가 비슷한 석의(石衣)버섯 중(中)의 중성지질(中性脂質)의 성분(成分)을 Thinchrography(latroscan TH-10) 에 의(依)해서 그리고 총(總)아미노산(酸)의 조성(組成)을 아미노산(酸) 자동분석기(自動分析機)(Technicon PNC-1 Type)에 의(依)해서 정량(定量) 분석(分析)을 한 결과(結果) 다음과 같은 결론(結論)을 얻었다. 1) 목이(木耳)와 석의중(石衣中)의 중성지질(中性脂質) 중(中)에는 cholesterolester와 tripalmitin이 주성분(主成分)임이 밝혀졌다. 2) 총(總) amino 산(酸)의 경우는 aspartic acid의 함량(含量)이 목이(木耳)에는 제일(第-) 많았으며 그 다음으로 glutamic acid, serine, alanine과 valine의 순(順)이었고 석의(石衣)의 경우에는 glutamic acid의 함량(含量)이 가장 높았다.

• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제25권3호
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• pp.173-176
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• 1982

느릅나무근(根) 점액(粘液)은 단백질(蛋白質)을 함유(含有)하며 그 함량(含量)은 황촉규근(黃蜀葵根) 점액(粘液)의 단백질(蛋白質) 함량(含量)보다 크다. 점액(粘液)에서 alanine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, proline, phenylalanine 및 tyrsine 등(等) 아미노산(酸_이 검출(檢出)되고 또 이 점액(粘液)에 무수(無水) ethanol을 가(加)하여 얻은 점질물(粘質物)의 가수분해(加水分解) 생성물(生成物)에서는 alanine, aspargine, aspartic acid, glutamine, glutamic acid, hydroxyproline, isoleucine, leucine, methionine, proline, phenylalanine, serine, tyrosine 그리고 valine등(等) 여러 종류(種類)의 아미노산(酸)이 검출(檢出)되었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.369-375
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• 2002

A sperm factor(s) for oocyte activation during fertilization has not been clearly identified. In this study to elucidate an oocyte activation factor(s), mouse sperm were sonicated and ultra-filtered with a 30 kilo-daltons (KD) cutoff membrane and the ultra-filtrate was then sequentially fractionated over Suporose 12 column and Superdex column, The recovered fractions were micro-injected into Mⅱmouse oocytes and second polar body formation (PBF) was examined. Suporose fraction RV2.10 prepared from sperm extract significantly increased PBF. Of Superdex fractions re-separated from Suporose fraction RV2.10, fraction RV2.12 also had the strongest PBF activity. By analyzing with micro-reverse phase column (URPC), the Superdex fraction RV2.12 appeared to be glutamic acid. In microinjection test, glutamic acid significantly increased PBF. This study suggests that glutamic acid should be a type of sperm factor for second polar body formation related to oocyte activation.