• The Journal of Industrial Distribution & Business
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.57-68
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• 2018

Purpose - The purpose of this study is to classify that the quality factors for comparing the Visegrard Group with the Nordic Council have historical similarities against Germany and the Soviet Union. However, this is because in the integrated European market, the competitiveness possessed by the two groups of countries is invested in the priority order to grow. Research design, data, and methodology - The study was conducted on the research design, and the reason for trying to compare the competence of the automobile industry in the assessment of industrial capability is that the Visegrard Group focuses on automotive production and the Nordic Association focuses on the commercialization of the automobile(market). In this study, searching and quantifying indirect evidence was made through standards are more complementary in Europe since each country acts like the role of the European automotive industry for example, which is different from the realistic evaluation criteria, are more important than those of the United States(first in the world) or Germany(first in Europe). Results - The results of this study are as follows: In the global EV market U.S.(export: $ 2.62 billion /share: 36.7%), Germany($ 1.29 billion /18.1%), France($ 390 million /5.4%), United Kingdom($ 380 million /5.4%), and South Korea($ 320 million/ 4.4%). South Korea's share of the EV market is 4.4%, while TSI reaches at +0.9 which measures the comparative advantage of a specific commodity in the world trade market. There is great potential for evaluated as products processing in export competition. But, commercialization, standardization, and overall market expansion did not have a positive impact on global satisfaction. Conclusions - EVs put importance on various utilities. So this suggests that Korea's exports to the EU, including the Visegrard Group, should be more focused on marketability when illuminating with a sharing industrial system under the European Union. It is necessary to specialize in manufacturing and commercialization by country(region) to prepare sharing economy and blockchain in order to create a smart-sharing city linked on artificial intelligence, as the commercialization of electric vehicles, which will have a larger growth rate than that of manufacturing in the fourth revolutionary era.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.17 no.12
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• pp.91-108
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• 2019

Game have become a universal leisure culture for the world. However, not only did the development of the game industry have a positive impact on society, but it also brought about various social problems, such as adversely affecting youth and encouraging criminal acts. In order to minimize these effects, countries around the world operate a game rating system to provide games suitable for age and social values from children and young people to the general public. Since games are new digital content, the limitations of the rating system are still discussed in many studies. Therefore, this study investigates the current status of global game regulation by investigating game rating systems of various countries including Korea. In addition, by comparing and analyzing the game rating system in Korea and the system of other countries, this study suggests a direction to improve our system more appropriately. The results of this study will contribute to securing the effectiveness and standardization of domestic game classification system.

• The KIPS Transactions:PartD
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• v.16D no.5
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• pp.701-714
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• 2009

In the enterprises the data integration based on service requires integrated data management as the change in the environment of enterprises accelerates. Cooperation among enterprises is accomplished through accessing distributed database using business process. As this approach is performed based on the global query, problems such as data heterogeneity, schema heterogeneity, and verification of validity have to be solved in advance for the interoperability among the heterogeneous system. Thus, cooperation requires dynamic and reliable construction. In this paper, we propose XMDR-DSM (eXtended MetaData Registry-Data Service Mediator) system for cooperation. XMDR-DSM, which is comprised of XMDR-DS, XMDR-DQP, and XMDR-DAI, supports the mapping between global schema and local schema and provides data access and integration service. Therefore, XMDR-DSM enables the mutual support of business operations among heterogeneous database. In addition, it can secure information as reusable asset and the standardization of interchange. Also it can manage unified information since it provides business process based on workflow; therefore, it will be able to increase the life span of information and reduce the cost.

• Journal of Aerospace System Engineering
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.58-66
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• 2023

The latest global issues are the Space economy and low-orbit Space communication. 3GPP announced Release 17 standardization in June 2022, and in this regard, the United States prepared a strategy to enhance the competitiveness of the low-orbit 5G-NTN Space industry, and create an ecosystem at the national level in March 2023. Global smartphone semiconductor manufacturers have announced the development and verification results of standard-based chip technology, and satellite communication operators are launching low-orbit 5G-NTN Space communication services and rate products through convergence between terrestrial communication networks. This study diagnoses the current status of Korea's low-orbit 5G-NTN space communication ecosystem. We present our ecosystem creation strategy in terms of fair competition in the market, the service legal system, and the national R&D governance system.

• Journal of Positioning, Navigation, and Timing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.189-197
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• 2024

Galileo is a European Global Navigation Satellite System (GNSS) that has offered the Galileo Open Service since 2016. Consequently, the standardization of GNSS augmentation systems, such as Satellite Based Augmentation System (SBAS), Ground Based Augmentation System (GBAS), and Aircraft Based Augmentation System (ABAS) for Galileo signals, is ongoing. In 2023, the European Union Space Programme Agency (EUSPA) released prior probabilities of a satellite fault and a constellation fault for Galileo, which are 3×10^-5 and 2×10^-4 per hour, respectively. In particular, the prior probability of a Galileo constellation fault is significantly higher than that for the GPS constellation fault, which is defined as 1×10^-8 per hour. This raised concerns about its potential impact on GBAS integrity monitoring. According to the Global Positioning System (GPS) Standard Positioning Service Performance Standard (SPS PS), a constellation fault is classified as a wide fault. A wide fault refers to a fault that affects more than two satellites due to a common cause. Such a fault can be caused by a failure in the Earth Orientation Parameter (EOP). The EOP is used when transforming the inertial axis, on which the orbit determination is based, to Earth Centered Earth Fixed (ECEF) axis, accounting for the irregularities in the rotation of the Earth. Therefore, a faulty EOP can introduce errors when computing a satellite position with respect to the ECEF axis. In GNSS, the ephemeris parameters are estimated based on the positions of satellites and are transmitted to navigation satellites. Subsequently, these ephemeris parameters are broadcasted via the navigation message to users. Therefore, a faulty EOP results in erroneous broadcast ephemeris data. In this paper, we assess the conventional ephemeris fault detection monitor currently employed in GBAS for wide faults, as current GBAS considers only single failure cases. In addition to the existing requirements defined in the standards on the Probability of Missed Detection (PMD), we derive a new PMD requirement tailored for a wide fault. The compliance of the current ephemeris monitor to the derived requirement is evaluated through a simulation. Our findings confirm that the conventional monitor meets the requirement even for wide fault scenarios.

• Journal of Distribution Science
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• v.13 no.11
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• pp.93-100
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• 2015

Purpose - The objective of this research is to investigate whether national culture influences consumers' service evaluations. The services industry is receiving increasing attention from academia and practitioners as its position grows in global markets. Standardization or localization is a traditional managerial decision in global business. As the boundaries of services expand across national borders, firms are required to decide whether to standardize services or adjust to local needs. Though it is imperative to reflect global perspectives in marketing theories, these perspectives are mostly based on Western conceptualization of the world. Through a comparison of consumer groups from two culturally remote countries, service quality evaluation mechanisms are examined based on similar stimuli. The study tries to expand service marketing perspectives across national borders. Research design, data, and methodology - Eastern and Western countries are known to be culturally distinct. One Eastern and one Western country were chosen: an Anglo-Saxon country (the U.S., England, and Australia) and South Korea. In Hofstede's cultural dimensions, the differences between the two are pronounced. The Anglo-Saxon based countries share many similarities. Samples of the same sites are targeted. Questionnaires using a service quality scale (SERVQUAL) and a customer satisfaction scale were distributed. Utilizing Hofstede's typology of culture, the service evaluation mechanisms of the respondents from the two groups are evaluated. Three hypotheses are proposed from the review of the literature. These are service evaluation habits, importance of service quality dimensions for the individualistic/collectivistic countries, and strong/weak uncertainty avoidance cultures. Consumers from the individualistic countries are considered to care about themselves and demand a higher level of responsiveness and assurance. On the other hand, consumers from high uncertainty avoidance cultures are assumed to rely more on tangible questions of service quality, as these are the only predictable service quality indicators. A t-test and regression analysis are applied to validate the constructs. Results - The respondents from the Anglo-Saxon countries are more generous on service evaluations than Koreans. Researchers have indicated that Americans tend to give higher service evolution scores than European, Mexican, and Korean counterparts. The tendency is the same here. The sample from Anglo-Saxon countries demonstrated higher service evaluation scores on every dimension of SERVQUAL. For the second hypothesis, the respondents from the collectivistic culture rely less on core service dimensions (assurance and responsiveness) due to their tendency to place more value on group harmony than individual interest. However, the third hypothesis was not validated. Conclusions - The study attempted to expand the scope of service marketing to reflect cross-national perspectives. Service quality is known to have a strong influence on customer satisfaction and loyalty behavior. However, this research demonstrated that individuals from different cultural territories respond heterogeneously to the same stimuli. Scholars argue that national cultures are main factors in such deviated behavior. Scholars and global managers should be aware of differences in consumer value judgment mechanisms such as satisfaction, expectations, and perceptions.

• Journal of the Korean Geographical Society
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• v.48 no.6
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• pp.897-913
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• 2013

The main purpose of the paper is to examine the spatial characteristics of school choice through residential mobility by conducting a correlation analysis on the relationships between the middle schools' entrance rates to special high schools and the elementary schools' net transfer rates. Analyses are done at both the individual school level and the school catchment area level. Prior to the calculation, the two variables involved in the correlation analysis are transformed via a standardization equation, and the standardized scores are mapped and explored. Both the global and local correlation analyses are done for the standardized variables. Main findings are twofold. First, the global correlation analysis reports that there exists a statistically significant correlation between the two variables at both the analytical levels. Second, albeit the prominent positive correlation at the global level, the local analysis reveals the existence of a considerable level of spatial heterogeneity in terms of bivariate association. While several school catchment areas with very high local correlation coefficients (the HH association type) are popped up, other areas with various types of bivariate association including ones even opposite to the global trend are also observed.

• Journal of Intelligence and Information Systems
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.209-235
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• 2022

Starting from 2010, blockchain technology, along with the development of artificial intelligence, has been in the spotlight as the latest technology to lead the 4th industrial revolution. Furthermore, previous research regarding blockchain's technological applications has been ongoing ever since. However, few studies have been examined the standards for classifying the blockchain economic ecosystem from a capital market perspective. Our study is classified into a collection of interviews of software developers, entrepreneurs, market participants and experts who use blockchain technology to utilize the blockchain economic ecosystem from a capital market perspective for investing in stocks, and case study methodologies of blockchain economic ecosystem according to application fields of blockchain technology. Additionally, as a way that can be used in connection with equity investment in the capital market, the blockchain economic ecosystem classification methodology was established to form an investment universe consisting of global blue-chip stocks. It also helped construct an intelligent portfolio through quantitative and qualitative analysis that are based on quant and artificial intelligence strategies and evaluate its performances. Lastly, it presented a successful investment strategy according to the growth of blockchain economic ecosystem. This study not only classifies and analyzes blockchain standardization as a blockchain economic ecosystem from a capital market, rather than a technical, point of view, but also constructs a portfolio that targets global blue-chip stocks while also developing strategies to achieve superior performances. This study provides insights that are fused with global equity investment from the perspectives of investment theory and the economy. Therefore, it has practical implications that can contribute to the development of capital markets.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.27 no.2
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• pp.194-201
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• 2012

Facing a number of global food-related accidents, the concept and system for food traceability have been designed and introduced in many countries to manage the food-safety risks. To connect and harmonize the various food traceability-information in food traceability system according to the food supply chain, the coding system of identification-number for food-traceability has to be standardized. The GTIN (Global Trade Item Number) barcode system which has been globally standardized and implemented, is reviewed with the mandatory food-labeling regulation in expiration date of processed foods. The integration of GTIN-13 bar-code system for food-traceability is a crucial factor to expand its function in the food-related industrial areas. In this literature, the standard coding system of identification-number for food-traceability is proposed with 20 digit coding number which is combined with GTIN-13 bar-code (13 digit), expiration date (6 digit), and additional classification code (1 digit). This proposed standard coding system for identification-number has a several advantages in application for prohibiting the sale of hazard goods, food-recall, and inquiring food traceability-information. And also, this proposed coding system could enhance the food traceability system by communicating and harmonizing the information with the national network such as UNI-PASS and electronic Tax-invoice system. For the global application, the identification-number for food-traceability needs to be cooperated with the upcoming global standards such as GTIN-128 bar-code and GS1 DataBar.

• Asia pacific journal of information systems
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.191-204
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• 2010

Recently, the CO2 emission and energy consumption have become critical global issues to decide the future of nations. Especially, the spread of IT products and the increased use of internet and web applications result in the energy consumption and CO2 emission of IT industry though information technologies drive global economic growth. EU, the United States, Japan and other developed countries are using IT related environmental regulations such as WEEE(Waste Electrical and Electronic Equipment), RoHS(Restriction of the use of Certain Hazardous Substance), REACH(Registration, Evaluation, Authorization and Restriction of CHemicals) and EuP(Energy using Product), and have established systematic green business/IT strategies to enhance the competitiveness of IT industry. For example, the Japan government proposed the "Green IT initiative" for being compatible with economic growth and environmental protection. Not only energy saving technologies but energy saving systems have been developed for accomplishing sustainable development. Korea's CO2 emission and energy consumption continuously have grown at comparatively high rates. They are related to its industrial structure depending on high energy-consuming industries such as iron and steel Industry, automotive industry, shipbuilding industry, semiconductor industry, and so on. In particular, export proportion of IT manufacturing is quite high in Korea. For example, the global market share of the semiconductor such as DRAM was about 80% in 2008. Accordingly, Korea needs to establish a systematic strategy to respond to the global environmental regulations and to maintain competitiveness in the IT industry. However, green competitiveness of Korea ranked 11th among 15 major countries and R&D budget for green technology is not large enough to develop energy-saving technologies for infrastructure and value chain of low-carbon society though that grows at high rates. Moreover, there are no concrete action plans in Korea. This research aims to deduce the priorities of the Korean green business/IT strategies to use multi attribute weighted average method. We selected a panel of 19 experts who work at the green business related firms such as HP, IBM, Fujitsu and so on, and selected six assessment indices such as the urgency of the technology development, the technology gap between Korea and the developed countries, the effect of import substitution, the spillover effect of technology, the market growth, and the export potential of the package or stand-alone products by existing literature review. We submitted questionnaires at approximately weekly intervals to them for priorities of the green business/IT strategies. The strategies broadly classify as follows. The first strategy which consists of the green business/IT policy and standardization, process and performance management and IT industry and legislative alignment relates to government's role in the green economy. The second strategy relates to IT to support environment sustainability such as the travel and ways of working management, printer output and recycling, intelligent building, printer rationalization and collaboration and connectivity. The last strategy relates to green IT systems, services and usage such as the data center consolidation and energy management, hardware recycle decommission, server and storage virtualization, device power management, and service supplier management. All the questionnaires were assessed via a five-point Likert scale ranging from "very little" to "very large." Our findings show that the IT to support environment sustainability is prior to the other strategies. In detail, the green business /IT policy and standardization is the most important in the government's role. The strategies of intelligent building and the travel and ways of working management are prior to the others for supporting environment sustainability. Finally, the strategies for the data center consolidation and energy management and server and storage virtualization have the huge influence for green IT systems, services and usage This research results the following implications. The amount of energy consumption and CO2 emissions of IT equipment including electrical business equipment will need to be clearly indicated in order to manage the effect of green business/IT strategy. And it is necessary to develop tools that measure the performance of green business/IT by each step. Additionally, intelligent building could grow up in energy-saving, growth of low carbon and related industries together. It is necessary to expand the affect of virtualization though adjusting and controlling the relationship between the management teams.