• 한국대기환경학회지
• /
• 제24권5호
• /
• pp.604-612
• /
• 2008

The ozone concentration is one of the important environmental issue for measurement of the atmospheric condition of the country. This study focuses on applying the Autoregressive Error (ARE) model for analyzing the ozone data at middle part of the Gyeonggi-Do, Anyang monitoring site in Korea. In the ARE model, eight meteorological variables and four pollution variables are used as the explanatory variables. The eight meteorological variables are daily maximum temperature, wind speed, amount of cloud, global radiation, relative humidity, rainfall, dew point temperature, and water vapor pressure. The four air pollution variables are sulfur dioxide $(SO_2)$, nitrogen dioxide $(NO_2)$, carbon monoxide (CO), and particulate matter 10 (PM10). The result shows that ARE models both overall and monthly data are suited for describing the oBone concentration. In the ARE model for overall ozone data, ozone concentration can be explained about 71% to by the PM10, global radiation and wind speed. Also the four types of ARE models for high level of ozone data (over 80 ppb) have been analyzed. In the best ARE model for high level of ozone data, ozone can be explained about 96% by the PM10, daliy maximum temperature, and cloud amount.

• 한국연소학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국연소학회 2006년도 제32회 KOSCO SYMPOSIUM 논문집
• /
• pp.19-25
• /
• 2006

Energy efficient and low pollution combustion systems the use gaseous fuels have been in great demand in recent year. Radiant burner in many different forms are emerging as very desirable combustion systems for same reason. Porous radiant burners are used in drying, preheating and curing, and in other type of materials processing and manufacturing processes. However, little knowledge is available about the operating characteristics and the structure of flames in porous ceramic fiber radiant burners. The objective of the present work is to investigate the global performance characteristics of the ceramic fiber burner. A detailed study which includes the spectral intensity, gas temperature, radiation efficiency and global pollutant emissions. Another objective is to study the flame structure of the ceramic fiber burner by measuring the local gas temperature. The results indicate that ceramic fiber burner do offer a 19-44% gain in radiant efficiency. The ceramic fiber burner exhibit significant spectral intensity peaks in the band at $2.0-2.5{\mu}m$. The local temperature distribution inside the mat and near the mat surface as a function of the equivalence ratio can be reasonably interpreted by the relation of the heat balance in the mat and movement of the reaction zone. Nox emission from ceramic fiber burner is less than 25ppm throughout the operating range.

• Journal of electromagnetic engineering and science
• /
• 제14권4호
• /
• pp.360-366
• /
• 2014

A single-feed composite cavity-backed four-arm curl antenna is presented for use in global positioning systems (GPS). Its primary radiating element is fed by a vacant-quarter printed ring, which helps the antenna directly match to a $50-{\Omega}$ coaxial line and produce a good circular polarization (CP). The cavity-backed reflector is employed to improve the CP radiation characteristics in terms of 3-dB axial ratio (AR) beamwidth and minimum AR value. The optimized design with an overall size of $90{\times}90{\times}25mm^3$ ($0.4725{\lambda}_o{\times}0.4725{\lambda}_o{\times}0.13{\lambda}_o$ at 1,575 MHz) results in a ${\mid}S_{11}{\mid}<-10dB$ bandwidth of 8.66% (1,514-1,651 MHz) and a 3-dB AR bandwidth of 2.23% (1,555-1,590 MHz). The antenna radiates a widebeam right-hand circular polarization and operates with a measured radiation efficiency greater than 90% within its impedance matching bandwidth.

• 한국지구과학회지
• /
• 제42권6호
• /
• pp.770-788
• /
• 2021

본 연구는 중학생들이 온실 효과와 지구 온난화를 이해하고, 이를 지구 복사 평형 관점에서 설명할 수 있는지 심층적으로 살펴보고자 하였다. 이를 위해 '대기권과 날씨' 대단원 수업을 완료한 중학교 3학년 118명의 학생을 대상으로, 복사 평형, 온실 효과, 지구 온난화에 대한 선택형 및 서답형으로 구성된 학생 이해 온라인 평가를 2021년 7월 13일부터 7월 24일까지 실시하였다. 최종적으로 97명의 학생 응답을 수집하여 분석한 결과, 과반수(61.9%)가 넘는 학생들이 복사 평형의 의미를 옳게 기술하였으나 제시된 자료와 무관하게 사전 지식이나 구체적 사례를 들어 설명하는 경우가 많았다. 대부분의 학생들(92.8%)은 대기가 있는 지구에서 온실 효과가 나타나는 것을 알고 있었지만, 온실 효과를 복사 평형이 깨진 상태로 생각하는 경향이 높았으며(32.0%), 달과 지구 모두 복사 평형이 일어난다고 응답한 학생(47.4%)은 절반에 미치지 못했다. 온실 효과의 원인으로 대기의 재복사를 찾아낸 학생은 다수(69.1%)였으나, 지구로 입사한 태양 복사량보다 방출한 지표 복사량이 더 크다고 응답한 학생은 소수(39.2%)에 불과하였다. 또한 절반 정도의 학생들(49.5%)이 온실 기체의 증가와 대기 흡수, 이로 인한 지표로의 재복사의 관계를 잘 이해하고 있었다. 그러나 온실 기체가 증가할 때, 지표 방출에 대해서는 증가(14.4%), 일정(9.3%), 감소(7.2%), 무응답(18.6%)으로 의견이 매우 다양하게 나타났다. 복사 평형, 온실 효과, 지구 온난화는 지구계의 균형과 상호작용이라는 빅 아이디어로 연결된 커다란 하나의 의미망이므로 학생들이 지구 온난화로 인한 기후 변화를 이해하고 적용하고 해석하는 개념 체계가 될 수 있다. 따라서 현재 인류에 닥친 기후 변화 위기와 관련해 학생들이 정확한 이해에 근거하여 과학적으로 사고하고 과학적 개념을 정립할 수 있도록, 정교한 프로그램 개발과 수업 경험을 제공하고 그 효과를 점검하는 후속 연구가 진행 되어야 할 것이다.

• 환경생물
• /
• 제18권1호
• /
• pp.1-20
• /
• 2000

최근 극지 해양 생태계는 화석연료 사용의 증가로 인한 지구 온난화, 오존층 파괴에 의한 자외선 증가 등과 같은 전 지구 환경변화에 영향을 받고 있다. 지구 온난화와 오존층 파괴에 의한 수온 상승, 빙하 후퇴, 해수면 상승, 해빙 분포 변화, 자외선 증가 등으로 인해 극지 해양 생물들의 성장 환경이 변화하는 등 여러 가지 증후들이 극지 해양 생태계에 나타나고 있다. 특히 빛을 에너지원으로 하고, 온도에 민감하며, 빠르게 성장하는 일차생산자들인 식물풀랑크톤들이 극지 해양의 물리적, 생지화학적 환경 변화에 가장 민감하게 영향을 받고 있다. 전체 극지 해양 생태계를 유지하기 위한 주요 탄소 공급원인 식물플랑크톤의 변화는 전체 극지 해양 생태계의 변화를 의미한다. 식물플랑크톤들은 오랜 기간 극한 환경에 적응하여 왔기 때문에 미세한 환경변화를 쉽게 감지하고 감시하기 위한 생물학적 환경 변화 지표종으로 이용될 수 있다. 전 지구 환경변화에 따른 극지 해양 생태계의 변화 양상을 이해하기 위해서는 환경 변화에 민감하게 반응하는 극지 식물플랑크톤에 대한 연구가 선행되어야 하며 표준화되고 대표적인 식물플랑크톤 지표종의 선정이 필요하다. 이 총설에서는 극지 식물풀랑크톤의 일반적인 특징, 서식환경, 극지 해양의 환경 변화, 환경 변화에 따른 식물플랑크톤의 영향, 전 지구 환경변화를 이해하기 위한 극지 식물플랑크톤의 중요성에 대한 최근 연구 동향이 정리되어 있다.

• Journal of Radiation Protection and Research
• /
• 제41권3호
• /
• pp.268-273
• /
• 2016

Background: This study was a long-term evaluation of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ activity concentrations in seawater samples from the East Sea, Korea, in order to establish current activity levels. Results and long-term monitoring trends will be useful in the future monitoring of environmental radioactivity. Materials and Methods: Surface seawater samples were collected quarterly from Guryongpo and Jangho in the East Coast between 1998 and 2010 and the quarterly deep seawater samples were collected from three sites in the sea adjacent to Ulleung-do between 2012 and 2015. The activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ were measured using a gamma-spectrometer. The activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ and $^{90}Y$ in a radioactive equilibrium state were measured using a gas flow proportional counter. Results and Discussion: We found the annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the surface seawater was $1.66-2.89mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $1.68-2.43mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the surface seawater was $0.83-1.98mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Guryongpo and $0.82-1.57mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in Jangho. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ in the deep seawater sites were $1.51-1.73mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $1.19-1.60mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ and $0.87-1.15mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$ in TH, JD, and HP. The annual average activity concentrations of $^{90}Sr$ in the same deep seawater sites were $1.00-1.94mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, $0.82-1.26mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$, and $0.79-1.32mBq{\cdot}kg^{-1}$. The effective half-life was calculated by analyzing change over time in the activity concentration in the surface seawater. The effective half-life of $^{137}Cs$ was $15.3{\pm}0.1years$ in Guryongpo and $102{\pm}3years$ in Jangho. The effective half-life of $^{90}Sr$ was $28.3{\pm}4.3years$ in Guryongpo and $16.6{\pm}0.1years$ in Jangho. The ratio of the average activity concentration ($^{137}Cs/^{90}Sr$) was 1.72 in the surface seawater, which is similar to the reported ratio of the global radioactive fallout. The ratio in the deep seawater was 1.24, which is somewhat low compared to the global ratio (1.6, 1.8). Conclusion: Activity concentrations of $^{137}Cs$ and $^{90}Sr$ in the seawaters of the East Sea were similar to the previously reported activity levels in the East Sea and northwestern Pacific as a result of global radioactive fallout following atmospheric nuclear weapon tests.

• 한국태양에너지학회 논문집
• /
• 제29권6호
• /
• pp.102-109
• /
• 2009

The research on meteorological data in Korea has been carried out but without much consistency and has been limited to some areas only. Of relatively more importance has been the area in the utilization of the solar energy, however, the measurement of the global solar horizontal irradiation has been quite limited. In the current study, the actually measured value of the global solar horizontal irradiation from the meteorological data and the theoretically calculated value of the global solar horizontal irradiation from the cloud amount will be analyzed comparatively. The method of analysis will employ the standard meteorological data drafted by the Korean Solar Energy Society, the standard meteorological data from the presently used simulation program and the corresponding results have been compared with the calculated value of the global solar horizontal irradiation from the cloud amount. The results of comparing the values obtained from MBE(Mean Bias Error), RMSE(Root Mean Squares for Error), t-Statistic methods and those from each of the standard meteorological data show that the actually measured value of the meteorological data which have been converted into standard meteorological data with the help of the ISO TRY method give the monthly average value of the global solar horizontal irradiation. These values compared with the monthly average value from the IWEC from the Department of Energy of the USA show that the value of the global solar horizontal irradiation in the USA is quite similar. In the case of the values obtained from calculation from the cloud amount, the weather data provided by TRNSYS, except only slight difference, which means that the actually measured values of the global solar horizontal irradiation are significant. This goes to show that in the case of Korea, the value of the global solar horizontal irradiation provided by the Korea Meteorological Administration is will be deemed correct.

• 한국농림기상학회지
• /
• 제11권1호
• /
• pp.13-18
• /
• 2009

기상대에서 측정한 '일적산수평면일사량'을 토대로 임의 경사면 상의 '일적산경사면일사량'을 비교적 정확하고 간편하게 알아낼 수 있는 지형보정계수를 고안하였다. 주어진 시간대의 수평면 청천일사량에 대한 경사면 청천일사량의 비율을 '매시일사보정계수'라 정의하고, 청천일사량을 기준으로 수평면의 시간대별 상대 일사강도와 수평면에 대한 경사면의 일사수광비율의 곱으로 표현하였다. 매시일사보정계수를 하루 단위로 적산한 것이 해당 날짜의 지형보정계수이다. 제주도 내 기생화산 '높은오름'의 등고도면 8 방위에서 사면일사수광량을 1년간 관측하는 한편, 이들 지점의 일사량을 지형보정계수에 의해 추정하여 서로 비교하였다. 지형보정계수에 의한 일사추정값의 편차평방근오차는 연평균 $1.61MJ\;m^{-2}$ 이었으나, 4월부터 10월 사이 영농기간에는 절반 이하로 줄어들었다. 경사향에 무관하게 10월에 가장 오차가 작은 반면, 11월에는 경사향에 따른 오차의 변동폭이 가장 컸다. RMSE 값의 연중변동폭은 남향과 북향사면에서 가장 컸고, 남서-남동-북서사면 순으로 줄어들었다. 어떤 경사면이든 365일 동안의 지형보정계수를 한번만 계산해 두면 인근 기상대에서 관측한 임의 날짜의 전천일사량에 이 계수를 적용함으로써 그 날의 적산일사량을 실용적인 오차범위 내에서 추정할 수 있어 복잡지형의 일사수광량 분포를 용이하게 파악할 수 있다.

• 대기
• /
• 제29권1호
• /
• pp.61-74
• /
• 2019

To investigate the observational environment, sky line and skyview factor (SVF) are calculated using a digital elevation model (DEM; 10 m spatial resolution) and 3 dimensional (3D) sky image at radiation site, Gangneung-Wonju National University (GWNU). Solar radiation is calculated using GWNU solar radiation model with and without the sky line and the SVF retrieved from the 3D sky image and DEM. When compared with the maximum sky line elevation from Skyview, the result from 3D camera is higher by $3^{\circ}$ and that from DEM is lower by $7^{\circ}$. The SVF calculated from 3D camera, DEM and Skyview is 0.991, 0.998, and 0.993, respectively. When the solar path is analyzed using astronomical solar map with time, the sky line by 3D camera shield the direct solar radiation up to $14^{\circ}$ with solar altitude at winter solstice. The solar radiation is calculated with minutely, and monthly and annual accumulated using the GWNU model. During the summer and winter solstice, the GWNU radiation site is shielded from direct solar radiation by the west mountain 40 and 60 minutes before sunset, respectively. The monthly difference between plane and real surface is up to $29.18M\;m^{-2}$ with 3D camera in November, while that with DEM is $4.87M\;m^{-2}$ in January. The difference in the annual accumulated solar radiation is $208.50M\;m^{-2}$ (2.65%) and $47.96M\;m^{-2}$ (0.63%) with direct solar radiation and $30.93M\;m^{-2}$ (0.58%) and $3.84M\;m^{-2}$ (0.07%) with global solar radiation, respectively.

• 한국안전학회지
• /
• 제28권2호
• /
• pp.42-48
• /
• 2013

The $CO_2$ suppression characteristics and flame structure of nitrogen-diluted methane counterflow non-premixed flame were studied experimentally and numerically. To mimic a situation where combustion product gases are entrained into a compartment fire, fuel stream was diluted with $N_2$. A gas-phase suppression agent, $CO_2$, was diluted in the air-stream to investigate the suppression characteristics by the agent. For numerical simulation, an one-dimensional OPPDIF code was used for comparison with experimental results. An optically-thin radiation model(OTM) was adopted to consider radiation effects on the suppression characteristics. It was confirmed experimentally and numerically that suppression limit decreased with increasing nitrogen mole fraction in the fuel stream. A turning point was found only when a radiation heat loss was considered and the extinguishing concentration for turning point was differently predicted compared to the experiment result. Critical extinguishing concentration when neglecting radiation heat loss was also differently predicted compared with the experimental result.