• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제5권4호
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• pp.429-440
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• 1996

A global carbon cycle model (GCCM), that incorporates interaction among the terrestrial biosphere, ocean, and atmosphere, was developed to study the carbon cycling aid global carbon budget, especially due to anthropogenic $CO_2$ emission. The model that is based on C, 13C and 14C mass balance, was calibrated with the observed $CO_2$ concentration, $\delta$13C and $\Delta$14C in the atmosphere, Δ14C in the soil, and $\Delta$14C in the ocean. Also, GCCM was constrained by the literature values of oceanic carbon uptake and CO, emissions from deforestation. Inputs (forcing functions in the model) were the C, 13C and 14C as $CO_2$ emissions from fossil fuel use, and 14C injection into the stratosphere by bomb-tests. The simulated annual carbon budget of 1980s due to anthropoRenic $CO_2$ shows that the global sources were 5.43 Gt-C/yr from fossil fuel use and 0.91 Gt-C/yr from deforestation, and the sinks were 3.29 Gt-C/yr in the atmosphere, 0.90 Gt-C/yr in the terrestrial biosphere and 2.15 Gt-C/yr in the ocean. The terrestrial biosphere is currently at zero net exchange with the atmosphere, but carbon is lost cia organic carbon runoff to the ocean. The model could be utilized for a variety of studies in $CO_2$ policy and management, climate modeling, $CO_2$ impacts, and crop models.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제27권12호
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• pp.1169-1178
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• 2018

Two man-made carbon emissions, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions, have been perturbing naturally occurring global carbon cycle. These emitted carbons will eventually be deposited into the atmosphere, the terrestrial biosphere, the soil, and the ocean. In this study, Simple Global Carbon Model (SGCM) was used to simulate global carbon cycle and to estimate global carbon budget. For the model input, fossil fuel emissions and land use emissions were taken from the literature. Unlike fossil fuel use, land use emissions were highly uncertain. Therefore land use emission inputs were adjusted within an uncertainty range suggested in the literature. Simulated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations were well fitted to observations with a standard error of 0.06 ppm. Moreover, simulated carbon budgets in the ocean and terrestrial biosphere were shown to be reasonable compared to the literature values, which have considerable uncertainties. Simulation results show that with increasing fossil fuel emissions, the ratios of carbon partitioning to the atmosphere and the terrestrial biosphere have increased from 42% and 24% in the year 1958 to 50% and 30% in the year 2016 respectively, while that to the ocean has decreased from 34% in the year 1958 to 20% in the year 2016. This finding indicates that if the current emission trend continues, the atmospheric carbon partitioning ratio might be continuously increasing and thereby the atmospheric $CO_2$ concentrations might be increasing much faster. Among the total emissions of 399 gigatons of carbon (GtC) from fossil fuel use and land use during the simulation period (between 1960 and 2016), 189 GtC were reallocated to the atmosphere (47%), 107 GtC to the terrestrial biosphere (27%), and 103GtC to the ocean (26%). The net terrestrial biospheric carbon accumulation (terrestrial biospheric allocations minus land use emissions) showed positive 46 GtC. In other words, the terrestrial biosphere has been accumulating carbon, although land use emission has been depleting carbon in the terrestrial biosphere.

• East Asian Economic Review
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.277-299
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• 2014

Climate negotiations have been going on for the last two decades and the awareness for impacts of climate change has improved substantially. However, the trends of global $CO_2$ emissions did not reveal any encouraging signs, with developing countries emitting even more $CO_2$ and industrialized nations showing no signs of reducing emissions to below their 1990 levels. In order to meet the ambitious targets set by the Stern report for the next two decades, it is important to find new and path-breaking approaches to climate change. This paper attempts to analyze the use of carbon/development space historically, at present and in the future with a focus on equity. Trends analysis focuses on the last two decades (Post Rio) and the carbon budget based analysis considers a period of 1850-2050. Industrialized countries are found to have significantly overshot their budgeted allocation for the last 160 years. Both the developing and industrialized countries are overshooting the present budget estimates based on world per capita budget for the next forty years and proportional to the population of each country. It is important for the industrialized countries to bring down their emissions to meet their carbon budgets while the developing countries use their development space as a guideline for their development path. Furthermore, this paper presents aggressive and regressive scenarios for the industrialized countries to compensate for the climate debt they have created.

• 대기
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.53-66
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• 2009

The purpose of this study is to describe the roles of carbon dioxide in the climate change, and carbon dioxide reduction policies in some countries. In addition, ways to cope with climate change in Korea are also discussed. Currently, global temperatures are rising due to the carbon dioxide produced by human beings. Global temperatures will rise approximately $6^{\circ}C$ until 2100 if we emit carbon dioxide at a present rate. Temperature rise will affect the terrestrial and oceanic resources, and ultimately influence the socio-economic structures including political stability. Most of the carbon dioxide comes from fossil fuels. Therefore, it is urgent to reduce the use of energy, which comes from fossil fuels. Solving the climate change due to the increases in carbon dioxide is a global problem. Korea should participate in the international community and cooperate with each other in order to reduce the carbon dioxide concentration. No policy was announced for the reduction of carbon dioxide so far. Korea should make a policy for the reduction of carbon dioxide in a specific year compared to that of certain standard year such as 1990 or 2005. Making policy should be based on the scientific result of the amount of carbon dioxide emitted and absorbed. Germanwatch announced the Climate Change Performance Index (CCPI) in order to evaluate an effort to reduce the carbon dioxide for 56 countries which emits 90 % of global carbon dioxide. Ranking for Korea is 51 among 56 countries. This clearly indicates that the appropriate carbon dioxide reduction has not been exercised yet in Korea. Researchers have a moral responsibility to provide updated new ideas and knowledges regarding climate change. Politicians should have a sharp insight to judge the ideas provided by researchers. People need an ethics to reduce the carbon dioxide in every day's life. Scientific research should not be influenced by stress caused by external budget and negative impact of capitalism. Science should be based on the pure curiosity.

• 대기
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.85-97
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• 2015

This study is to investigate future changes in carbon cycle using the HadGEM2-Carbon Cycle simulations driven by $CO_2$ emissions. For experiment, global carbon budget is integrated from the two (8.5/2.6) representative concentration pathways (RCPs) for the period of 1860~2100 by Hadley Centre Global Environmental Model, version 2, Carbon Cycle (Had-GEM2-CC). From 1985 to 2005, total cumulative $CO_2$ amount of anthropogenic emission prescribed as 156 GtC. The amount matches to the observed estimates (CDIAC) over the same period (136 GtC). As $CO_2$ emissions into the atmosphere increase, the similar increasing tendency is found in the simulated atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration and temperature. Atmospheric $CO_2$ concentration in the simulation is projected to be 430 ppm for RCP 2.6 at the end of the twenty-first century and as high as 931 ppm for RCP 8.5. Simulated global mean temperature is expected to rise by $1.6^{\circ}C$ and $3.5^{\circ}C$ for RCP 2.6 and 8.5, respectively. Land and ocean carbon uptakes also increase in proportion to the $CO_2$ emissions of RCPs. The fractions of the amount of $CO_2$ stored in atmosphere, land, and ocean are different in RCP 8.5 and 2.6. Further study is needed for reducing the simulation uncertainty based on multiple model simulations.

• 한국환경과학회지
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• 제11권8호
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• pp.773-781
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• 2002

The natural carbon cycle has been perturbed since the mid-19th century by anthropogenic CO$_2$emissions from fossil fuel combustion and deforestation due to population growth and industrialization. The current study simulated the global carbon cycle for the past 42 years using an eight-box carbon cycle model. The results showed that since the terrestrial biospheric carbon sink was roughly offset by the deforestation source, the fossil fuel emission source was partitioned between the atmospheric and oceanic sinks. However, the partitioning ratio between the atmosphere and the ocean exhibited a change, that is, the carbon accumulation rate was faster in the atmosphere than in the ocean, due to a decrease in the so-called ocean buffering capacity. It was found that the ocean buffering capacity to take up excess CO$_2$decreased by 50% in terms of the buffer factor over the past 42 years. Accordingly, these results indicate that if the current CO$_2$emission trend continues, the future rate of increase in the atmospheric CO$_2$concentration will accelerate.

• 한국수자원학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국수자원학회 2023년도 학술발표회
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• pp.413-413
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• 2023

Wetlands are a critical component of the global carbon cycle and are essential in mitigating climate change. Accurately quantifying wetland carbon emissions is crucial for understanding and predicting the impact of wetlands on the global carbon budget. The uncertainty quantifying carbon in wetlands may comes from the ecosystem's hydrological, biochemical, and microbiological variability. The Community Land Model is a sophisticated and flexible land surface model that offers several configuration options such as energy and water fluxes, vegetation dynamics, and biogeochemical cycling, necessitating careful consideration for the alternative configurations before model implementation to develop a practical model framework. We conducted a systematic literature review, analyzing the alternatives, focusing on the carbon stock pools configurations and the parameters with significant sensitivity for carbon quantification in wetlands. In addition, we evaluated the feasibility and availability of in situ observation data necessary for validating the different alternatives. This analysis identified the most suitable option for our study site, the Binbong Wetland, in Korea.

• The Korean Journal of Ecology
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• 제19권1호
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• pp.9-19
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• 1996

The model PINUSCO2 hased of physiology was creted to simulate carbon dioxide budget in a population of red pine(pinus densiflora) which is one of the dominant species in Korea. Driving forces of PINUSCO2 are global radiation, maximum and minimum air temperatures. State variables fo the model are standing crops of leaf, branch, trunk and root of the red pine population. PINUSCO2 calculates net photosynthesis of canopy and respiration of each organ with 1 hour time step. PINUSCO2 estimated the annual gross productivity, respiration and net productivity of the red pine population as 43.99, 24.55, and 19.44 ton CO2·ha-1·yr-1, respectively, at the study sity(35°58′00"N, 128°25′35"E). PINUSCO2 showed that the red pine population grew mainly in spring and fall, and that in summer daily net population productivity frequently became negative.

• 대한원격탐사학회지
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• 제28권1호
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• pp.145-157
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• 2012

본 연구에서는 시공간 환경정보를 이용하여 VISIT(Vegetation Integrated Simulator for Trace gases)이라는 생태계 모형 구동하였고, 우리나라의 생태계 탄소 수지를 추정하였다. 모델 구동 결과, 모델은 시뮬레이션 기간인 총 10년 동안 연평균 총일차생산량(GPP)과 순일차생산량(NPP)을 각각 $91.89Tg\;C\;year^{-1}$, $40.16Tg\;C\;year^{-1}$로 추정하였다. 그리고 이 기간 동안 우리나라의 식생 생태계는 연평균 $3.51Tg\;C\;year^{-1}$의 탄소를 흡수하는 역할을 수행한 것으로 추정되었다. 이를 우리나라의 인위적 탄소배출량 자료와 비교한 결과, 2007년 우리나라 식생 생태계는 탄소 흡수원으로서 인위적 탄소배출량의 3.3%를 상쇄시킨 것으로 나타났다. 향후 정확한 탄소수지 추정을 위해서는 신뢰성 있는 입력자료 구축과 다양한 연구 결과와의 비교를 통해 모델 변수의 보정이 필요하다. 하지만 본 연구의 결과는 기후변화 완화를 위한 생태계 관리 전략을 수립하는데 도움을 줄 것으로 생각된다.

• 생태와환경
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• 제47권3호
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• pp.167-175
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• 2014

본 연구는 국립생태원 캠퍼스의 탄소수지를 정량화하기 위하여 수행하였다. 현장조사는 국립생태원 캠퍼스의 기존 식생 중 침엽수림과 활엽수림에서 가장 넓은 면적을 차지하고 있는 곰솔군락과 밤나무군락을 대상으로 수행하였다. 순생산량(NPP)은 상대생장법을 적용하여 측정하였고, 토양호흡량은 EGM-4를 적용하여 측정하였다. 곰솔군락과 밤나무군락의 순생산량은 각각 $4.9ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$과 $5.3ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$으로 나타났고, 종속영양생물 호흡량은 각각 $2.4ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$과 $3.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$으로 나타났다. 순생산량과 종속영양생물 호흡량을 차감 계산하여 얻은 순생태계생산량(NEP)은 곰솔군락과 밤나무군락에서 각각 $2.5ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$과 $1.8ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났다. 본 연구로부터 얻은 곰솔군락과 밤나무군락의 생태계순생산량 지수를 기존 식생에 적용하고 다른 연구로부터 얻은 여러 식생유형의 생태계순생산량 지수를 도입 식생에 대입하여 평가된 국립생태원에 성립된 전 식생의 탄소흡수능은 $147.6ton\;C\;ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$로 나타났고, 이를 이산화탄소로 환산하면 $541.2ton\;CO_2ha^{-1}yr^{-1}$이었다. 이러한 탄소흡수능은 에코리움으로 알려진 유리온실을 비롯하여 국립생태원 내 여러 시설을 운용하며 배출하는 탄소량의 62%에 해당한다. 이러한 탄소상쇄능은 대한민국 국토 전체 및 전형적인 농촌지역인 서천군의 탄소상쇄능의 약 5배에 해당한다. 현재 진행 중인 기후변화가 지구적 차원의 탄소수지 불균형에 기원했음을 고려하면, 본 연구에서 시도한 토지이용 유형을 반영한 공간차원의 탄소수지 평가는 기후변화 문제를 근본적으로 해결하기 위해 요구되는 기초정보를 제공할 수 있을 것으로 판단된다.