• International Area Studies Review
• /
• v.14 no.1
• /
• pp.121-138
• /
• 2010

This paper investigates the effectiveness of the Bretton Woods II hypothesis, by analysing the relationship between the exchange rates and the U.S. current account against 9 Asian countries for the period of 1999-2008. According to the estimation results, It is found that the Asian currencies' real depreciation significantly have worsened the U.S. current account against the Asian countries. Also, the U.S. current account was significantly affected by GDP and investment of the U.S. and the Asian countries. Thus, It is hard to say that the main driver of the global imbalance is the exchange rates devaluation policies of Asian countries as the Bretton Woods II hypothesis argues. The global imbalance is more likely to be complementally affected by savings glut in the Asian region and the deficiency of net saving in the U.S. Therefore, the global imbalance is expected to adjust when economic conditions besides exchange rates change.

• The Transactions of the Korean Institute of Electrical Engineers C
• /
• v.55 no.2
• /
• pp.72-75
• /
• 2006

A CMOS compatible Super Junction LDMOS (SJ-LDMOS) structure, which reduces substrate-assisted depletion effects, is reported. The proposed structure uses a N-buffer layer between the pillars and P-substrate to achieve global charge balance between the pillars, the N-buffer layer and the P-substrate. The new structure features high breakdown voltage, low on-resistance, and reduced sensitivity to doping imbalance in the pillars.

• Proceedings of the Korean Association of Geographic Inforamtion Studies Conference
• /
• 2010.09a
• /
• pp.291-291
• /
• 2010

Emerging global economic growth and increasing demand for energy supply and demand imbalance and the excessive use of fossil fuels existing the rapidly increasing greenhouse gas emissions and resource depletion of global energy crisis is deepening. Accordingly, improvement of living conditions around and through the natural ecological preservation and the need for a comfortable life for the meeting the importance of energy management and consumption are emerging. Many in the field of architecture for energy-saving measures and conducts research and analysis from the early stages to verify the energy performance of BIM (Building Information Model) technology development and commercialization through the building's energy performance to an objective technology forecasts Analysis of the existing building energy performance in waste management also possible that "BIM-based green building process, the possibility of" suggested. In this study, BIM through the analysis of information using the structures for the management of waste, energy and physical data collected by Mapping it can effectively plan resources for recycling were analyzed.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.60 no.2
• /
• pp.125-129
• /
• 2017

Lumbar degenerative kyphosis (LDK) is a subgroup of the flat-back syndrome and is most commonly caused by unique life styles, such as a prolonged crouched posture during agricultural work and performing activities of daily living on the floor. Unfortunately, LDK has been used as a byword for degenerative sagittal imbalance, and this sometimes causes confusion. The aim of this review was to evaluate the exact territory of LDK, and to introduce another appropriate term for degenerative sagittal deformity. Unlike what its name suggests, LDK does not only include sagittal balance disorder of the lumbar spine and kyphosis, but also sagittal balance disorder of the whole spine and little lordosis of the lumbar spine. Moreover, this disease is closely related to the occupation of female farmers and an outdated Asian life style. These reasons necessitate a change in the nomenclature of this disorder to prevent misunderstanding. We suggest the name "primary degenerative sagittal imbalance" (PDSI), which encompasses degenerative sagittal misalignments of unknown origin in the whole spine in older-age patients, and is associated with back muscle wasting. LDK may be regarded as a subgroup of PDSI related to an occupation in agriculture. Conservative treatments such as exercise and physiotherapy are recommended as first-line treatments for patients with PDSI, and surgical treatment is considered only if conservative treatments failed. The measurement of spinopelvic parameters for sagittal balance is important prior to deformity corrective surgery. LDK can be considered a subtype of PDSI that is more likely to occur in female farmers, and hence the use of LDK as a global term for all degenerative sagittal imbalance disorders is better avoided. To avoid confusion, we recommend PDSI as a newer, more accurate diagnostic term instead of LDK.

• Safety and Health at Work
• /
• v.9 no.3
• /
• pp.334-338
• /
• 2018

Background: With global changes in the current state of work and employment, the role of health-adverse psychosocial work environments has received increasing attention in developed as well as in rapidly developing countries. Thus, there is a need to apply valid measurement tools for monitoring and preventive purposes. This study aims to examine the factorial structure and psychometric properties of the Persian version of the effort-reward imbalance (ERI) questionnaire, assessing one of the internationally leading concepts of stressful work. Methods: This descriptive cross-sectional study of a random sample of 202 white collar employees in an industrial company in Iran analyzes the ERI scales by exploratory and confirmatory factor analysis. Moreover, aspects of construct and criterion validity are tested. To this end, correlations of ERI scales with subscales of organizational injustice, a complementary work stress model, and also the correlations of ERI scales with a questionnaire assessing psychosomatic symptoms are performed. Results: Internal consistency of the three ERI scales was satisfactoryy (Cronbach ${\alpha}$ effort: 0.76, reward: 0.79, overcommitment: 0.75). Fit indices of confirmatory factor analsis pointed to an adequate representation of the theoretical construct (e.g., adjusted goodness of fit index (AGFI): 0.73, goodness of fit index (GFI): 0.78). Negative correlations with subscales of organizational injustice supported the notion of construct validity of the ERI scales, and positive correlations of ERI scales with psychosomatic symptoms indicated preliminary criterion validity. Conclusion: The Persian version of the ERI questionnaire has acceptable psychometric properties and can be used as a valid instrument in research on this topic.

• Journal of Integrative Natural Science
• /
• v.17 no.1
• /
• pp.1-12
• /
• 2024

Many abnormal climate events are occurring around the world. The cause of abnormal climate is related to temperature. Factors that affect temperature include excessive emissions of carbon and greenhouse gases from a global perspective, and air circulation from a local perspective. Due to the air circulation, many abnormal climate phenomena such as abnormally high temperature and abnormally low temperature are occurring in certain areas, which can cause very serious human damage. Therefore, the problem of abnormal temperature should not be approached only as a case of climate change, but should be studied as a new category of climate crisis. In this study, we proposed a model for the classification of abnormal temperature using random forests based on various meteorological data such as longitudinal observations, yellow dust, ultraviolet radiation from 2018 to 2022 for each region in Korea. Here, the meteorological data had an imbalance problem, so the imbalance problem was solved by oversampling. As a result, we found that the variables affecting abnormal temperature are different in different regions. In particular, the central and southern regions are influenced by high pressure (Mainland China, Siberian high pressure, and North Pacific high pressure) due to their regional characteristics, so pressure-related variables had a significant impact on the classification of abnormal temperature. This suggests that a regional approach can be taken to predict abnormal temperatures from the surrounding meteorological environment. In addition, in the event of an abnormal temperature, it seems that it is possible to take preventive measures in advance according to regional characteristics.

• The Research Journal of the Costume Culture
• /
• v.15 no.4
• /
• pp.593-603
• /
• 2007

The purpose of this study is to study the Central Asian costumes($1{\sim}7C$) and develop new design items and suggest new brand launching. Korean apparel industry has been suffering from imbalance of supply and demand caused by the sagging economy and too many apparel companies. Due to the several years of recession, clothing consumption decreased and foreign brand's market share got bigger. As a result, managing a company became difficult and it is time for Korean apparel industry to enter the global market. We need a brand with new image and design that has big potential of purchasing power not only in Korea but also in China, and furthermore in global market. But even nearby Chinese market already became very competitive. One way of approaching Chinese fashion market is to find something special, for example, their historical background. Central Asian culture and costumes, a part of China, has both Eastern and Western culture. No other apparel industry had interest in the Central Asian costumes yet. Therefore, through their costume, a fresh design idea can be suggested.

• Journal of Korean Neurosurgical Society
• /
• v.64 no.6
• /
• pp.843-852
• /
• 2021

The purpose of this review was to synthesize the research on global spinal alignment and reciprocal changes following cervical or thoracolumbar reconstruction surgery. We carried out a search of PubMed, EMBASE, and Cochrane Library for studies through May 2020, and ultimately included 11 articles. The optimal goal of a truly balanced spine is to maintain the head over the femoral heads. When spinal imbalance occurs, the human body reacts through various compensatory mechanisms to maintain the head over the pelvis and to retain a horizontal gaze. Historically, deformity correction has focused on correcting scoliosis and preventing scoliotic curve progression. Following substantial correction of a spinal deformity, reciprocal changes take place in the flexible segments proximal and distal to the area of correction. Restoration of lumbar lordosis following surgery to correct a thoracolumbar deformity induces reciprocal changes in T1 slope, cervical lordosis, pelvic shift, and lower extremity parameters. Patients with cervical kyphosis exhibit different patterns of reciprocal changes depending on whether they have head-balanced or trunk-balanced kyphosis. These reciprocal changes should be considered to in order to prevent secondary spine disorders. We emphasize the importance of evaluating the global spinal alignment to assess postoperative changes.

• Tribology and Lubricants
• /
• v.35 no.1
• /
• pp.44-51
• /
• 2019

The paper presents the rotordynamic performance measurements and model predictions of a fuel cell electric vehicle (FCEV) air compressor supported on gas foil bearings (GFBs). The rotor has an impeller on one end and a thrust runner on the other end. The front (impeller side) and rear (thrust side) gas foil journal bearings (GFJBs) are located between the impeller and thrust runner to support the radial loads, and a pair of gas foil thrust bearings are located on both sides of the thrust runner to support the axial loads. The test GFJBs have a partial arc shim foil installed between the top foil and bump strip layers to enhance hydrodynamic pressure generation. During the rotordynamic performance tests, two sets of orthogonally installed eddy-current displacement sensors measure the rotor radial motions at the rotor impeller and thrust ends. A series of speed-up and coast-down tests to 100k rpm demonstrates the dominant synchronous (1X) rotor responses to imbalance masses without noticeable subsynchronous motions, which indicates a rotordynamically stable rotor-GFB system. Finite element analysis of the rotor determines the rotor free-free (bending) natural modes and frequencies well beyond the maximum rotating frequency. The predicted damped natural frequencies and damping ratios of the rotor-GFB system reveal rotordynamic stability over the speeds of interest. The imbalance response predictions show that the predicted critical speeds and rotor amplitudes strongly agree with the test measurements, thus validating the developed rotordynamic model.

• The Journal of Korean Physical Therapy
• /
• v.15 no.1
• /
• pp.155-170
• /
• 2003

Lumbar segmental instability is considered to represent a significant sub-group within the chronic low back pain population. This condition has a unique clinical presentation that displays its symptoms and movement dysfunction within the neutral zone of the motion segment. The loosening of the motion segment secondary to injury and associated dysfunction of the local muscle system renders it biomechanically vulnerable in the neutral zone. There in evidence of muscle dysfunction related to the control of the movement system. There is a clear link between reduced proprioceptive input, altered slow motor unit recruitment and the development of chronic pain states. Dysfunction in the global and local muscle systems in presented to support the development of a system of classification of muscle function and development of dysfunction related to musculoskeletal pain. The global muscles control range of movement and alignment, and evidence of dysfunction is presented in terms of imbalance in recruitment and length between the global stability muscles and the global mobility muscles. The local stability muscles demonstrate evidence of failure of aeequate segmental control in terms of allowing excessive uncontrolled translation or specific loss of cross-sectional area at the site of pathology Motor recruitment deficits present as altered timing and patterns of recruitment. The evidence of local and global dysfunction allows the development of an integrated model of movement dysfunction. The clinical diagnosis of this chronic low back pain condition is based on the report of pain and the observation of movement dysfunction within the neutral zone and the associated finding of excessive intervertebral motion at the symptomatic level. Four different clinical patterns are described based on the directional nature of the injury and the manifestation of the patient's symptoms and motor dysfunction. A specific stabilizing exercise intervention based on a motor learning model in proposed and evidence for the efficacy of the approach provided.