• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제26권2호
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• pp.162-170
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• 2001

The purpose of this study was to investigate the effect of cavity configurations on the marginal leakage of class 5 glass ionomer cement and composite resin restorations. Four types of cavities such as saucer shape. notch shape. combined shape(notch shape occlusally and saucer shape gingivally). and U shape were prepared on the buccal and lingual surfaces of 80 extracted premolars(40 cavities for each shape). Occlusal cavity margins were placed at enamel and cervical margins were placed at dentin. 10 cavities of each shape were restored with Ketac Fil as a conventional glass ionomer cement. Fuji II LC improved as a resin modified glass ionomer cement, Z 100 as a hybrid composite resin. and Tetric Flow as a flowable composite resin (40 cavities for each material). After thermocycling, teeth were immersed in 5% basic fuchsin solution for 6 hours and sectioned longitudinally in a buccolingual direction through the center of the restoration. The dye penetrations at the tooth restoration interface were examined by stereomicroscope. The Result were as follows 1. In saucer shape, notch shape and combined shape, composite resin restorations showed lesser leakage than glass ionomer restorations(p<0.05) and in U shape. Tetric Flow showed the least marginal leakage and others were decreased as Z 100. Fuji II LC improved, Ketac Fil in that order. There were statistically significant difference between Tetric Flow and Fuji II LC improved. Ketac Fil and between Z 100 and Ketac Fil(p<0.05). 2. In Ketac Fil restoration group, saucer shape showed the highest marginal leakage and U shape showed the least marginal leakage and others were decreased as notch shape, combined shape in that order. There were statistically significant difference between saucer shape and combined shape, U shape and between notch shape and U shape(p<0.05). 3. In Fuji II LC improved restoration group, U shape showed the least marginal leakage. There were statistically significant difference between U shape and other three shapes(p<0.05). 4. The cavity configuration had no significant effect on marginal leakage of composite resin restorations(p>0.05).

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제33권2호
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• pp.281-289
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• 2006

현재 소아치과 영역에서 소아의 치아 우식증을 예방하기 위해 다양한 불소 도포법이 시행되고 있다. 이들은 법랑질 내 불소함량을 증가시키고 보다 안정된 결정 구조를 형성하게 하여 치아 우식증을 예방한다는데 근거하고 있다. 하지만 최근에 불소도포제재가 심미 수복재료의 표면에 부작용을 일으킬 수 있다는 문제가 제기되고 있다. 이에 본 연구는 수종의 심미 수복재료의 표면에 APF gel이 미칠 수 있는 영향을 주사 전자 현미경을 통해 관찰하고 표면 조도를 측정한 후 비교 분석하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. glass ionomer cement와 compomer를 이용한 실험에서 APF gel 4분 침적군과 pH 순환군은 인공타액 침적군에 비해 표면 조도가 증가하였다(p<0.01). 2. composite resin인 Charisma와 Z250을 이용한 실험에서는 모든 군간의 표면 조도의 차이는 없었다(p>0.05). 3. 주사 전자 현미경으로 관찰한 결과 glass ionomer cement, compomer, composite resin의 순으로 filler의 소실이 많았으며 군별로는 pH 순환군, APF gel 4분 침적군 인공타액 침적군의 순으로 filler의 소실이 많았다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.344-352
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• 2010

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 glass ionomer cement (GIC)와 혼합한 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)의 경화 시간, 압축 강도, 용해도, pH를 평가하고 이것을 MTA, GIC, IRM, SuperEBA와 비교하는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 경화 시간과 압축 강도는 ISO 9917, 그리고 용해도는 ISO 6876 기준에 따라 측정하였다. pH는 고체시편 전용 전극이 연결된 pH meter를 이용하여 측정하였다. 결과: GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 경화시간은 MTA보다 유의하게 짧았으며 압축 강도는 7일간 모든 시점에서 다른 재료보다 유의하게 낮았다. GIC와 혼합한 MTA 중에서 1 : 1과 2 : 1 시편의 용해도는 다른 실험군보다 유의하게 높았다. 또한 GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 pH는 혼합직후 2-4의 범위에서 1일 후 5-7 사이로 증가하였다. 결론: GIC와 혼합한 MTA의 경화시간은 MTA에 비해 개선되었으나 압축강도 및 pH와 같은 다른 성질들은 MTA에 비해 오히려 열등한 것으로 밝혀졌다. 임상적 사용이 가능하려면, MTA의 기존 장점을 저해하지 않으면서 단점을 개선하기 위한 적절한 혼합비를 찾아내고 생체친화성을 평가하는 추가적인 연구가 필수적이다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제35권5호
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• pp.359-367
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• 2010

연구목적: 본 연구의 목적은 glass ionomer cement (GIC)와 혼합된 mineral trioxide aggregate (MTA)의 생체친화성을 평가하고 이것을 MTA, GIC, IRM, SuperEBA와 비교해보는 것이다. 연구 재료 및 방법: 재료의 세포독성을 평가하기 위해 MG-63세포를 이용해 주사전자 현미경 관찰과 XTT assay를 실시하였다. 결과: 주사전자 현미경 관찰에서는 GIC와 혼합한 MTA, MTA, GIC의 표면에서 세포질 돌기를 가진 많은 세포들이 밀집되고 융합된 형태로 관찰되었다. 반면 IRM과 SuperEBA에서는 세포들의 수가 적고 둥근 양상을 보여주었다. XTT assay에서는 GIC와 혼합한 MTA에서의 세포 활성도는 모든 시점에서 MTA 또는 GIC와 유사하였다. 반면 IRM과 SuperEBA에서는 모든 시점에서 세포활성도가 다른 그룹에 비해 유의하게 더 낮았다. 결론: 본 연구에서 GIC와 혼합된 MTA는 MTA, GIC와 유사한 세포 반응을 나타냈다. 이것은 GIC와 혼합된 MTA가 MTA, GIC와 마찬가지로 좋은 생체친화성을 가진 재료라는 것을 시사한다.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.183-196
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• 1998

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of bleaching technique on the shear bond strength of esthetic restorative materials to bovine enamel. The bleaching agent was used 35% $H_2O_2$(Hi-Lite, Shofu, U.S.A.). Experimental groups were divided into two divisions as group A and B. Experimental A groups for the effect of number of bleaching were as follows ; Group Al : no bleaching Group A2 : bleaching 1 time ( for 5 minutes ) Group A3 : bleaching 3 times ( each for 5 minutes ) Group A4 : bleaching 6 times ( each for 5 minutes ) Group A5 : bleaching 9 times ( each for 5 minutes ) Experimental B groups for the effect of storage period in artificial saliva were as follows ; Group B1 : not stored in artificial saliva after bleaching Group B2 : stored in artificial saliva for 1 day after bleaching Group B3 : stored in artificial saliva for 1 week after bleaching Group B4 : stored in artificial saliva for 2 weeks after bleaching Group B5 : stored in artificial saliva for 4 weeks after bleaching Composite resin and glass ionomer cement were bonded to all specimens, and the shear bond strength between enamel and r~storative material were measured in Instron Universal Testing Machine(Instron, 4467, U.S.A,), Additionally, the bleached enamel specimens were examed after etching with 37.4% $H_3PO_4$ for 1 min under SEM(S-2300, Hitachi Co., Japan) to observe the effect of bleaching procedure on enamel surface morphology. The result were as follows ; 1. In SEM findings, bleached bovine enamel was found to be superficially rough. 2. In bleached bovine enamel, the effect of acid etching was reduced with the increase of number of bleaching. 3. The mean shear bond strength of composite resin and glass ionomer cement to bleached enamel surface tended to be lower than those to non-bleached enamel surface. 4. With the increase of number of bleaching, the shear bond strength of composite resin and glass ionomer cement to bleached enamel were progressively decreased. 5. Increasing the, storage period in artificial saliva after bleaching, the shear bond strength of composite resin and glass ionomer cement to bleached enamel were progressively increased. 6. The mean shear bond strength of glass ionomer cement to bleached bovine enamel tended to be clearly lower than that of composite resin.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제18권2호
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• pp.261-276
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• 1993

The purpose of this study was to evaluate for the cytotoxicity of glass-ionomer cement liners(GC liningcement, Ketac-bond, Vitrebond and Fuji lining LC) on the fibroblasts cultured from human pulp. The fibroblasts were cultured in DMEM-10% FBS medium. The measurement of pH, succinate dehydrogenase (SDH) activity test and $^{51}Chromium$ release test were performed. Viable cell count and $^{14}C$-leucine incorporation rate were evaluated following culture time of 2, 4 and 6 days. The results of this study were as follows : 1. The pH in all cements was to be neutralized as time elapsed, and Fuji lining LC was the lowest pH value among them. 2. SDH activity was more inhibited in GC lining cement and Vitrebond than Ketac-bond and Fuji lining LC with the setting process, and GC lining cement and Ketac-bond were reduced after 5 minute's setting and then elevated as time elapsed. 3. In SDH activity test following exposure time, the activity in Vitrebond, GC lining cement and Fuji lining LC was inhibited with increased exposure time, but it was fairly constant in Ketac-bond. 4. Overall the liquid component was more inhibited than the powder component of glass-ionomer cement in SDH activity test. 5. In $^{51}Cr$-release test, Fuji lining LC was the most released of all the cements tested and followed by : Vitrebond, Ketac-bond, GC lining cement. 6. In viable cell count, the number of cells increased as the culture day proceeded in Ketac-bond, but they decreased in GC lining cement. Fuji lining LC was only observed after 2 days culture and there was not observed the whole culture days in Vitrebond. 7. In $^{14}C$-leucine incorporation rate test, protein synthesis was decreased with the number of culture days in GC lining cement, Vitrebond and Fuji lining LC, but it was followed that of control in Ketacbond.

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제13권2호
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• pp.307-322
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• 1988

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the pulpal responses to the base materials such as zinc oxide eugenol cement, calcium hydroxide, zinc phosphate cement, polycarboxylate cement and glass ionomer cement. The 100 caries free dog teeth were devided into 2 groups by remaining dentin thickness (Group A: 0.4-0.6 mm, Group B: 0.8-1.0 mm) and each group were devided into 5 subgroups. The intervals of observation period are 3days, 1 week, 2 weeks, 4 weeks and 8 weeks respectively after experiment. The specimens were fixed with 10% formalin and decalcifed in 5% nitric acid. All specimens were stained with Hematoxylin-Eosin and examined histopathologically. The results were as follows. 1. In group A, atropy or hyperplasia in odontoblasts were seen in zinc oxide eugenol cement, calcium hydroxide and zinc phosphate cement. No changes in odontoblasts were seen in polycarboxylate cement and glass ionomer cement. 2. In group A, increase of predentin were seen in all experimental materials. 3. In group A, vascular congestion were seen in all experimental materials and inflammation were seen on 3 days in zinc oxide eugenol cement, 8 weeks in zinc phosphate cement and hemorrage were seen on 3 days in zinc phosphate cement. 4. In group B, changes of odontoblasts were not seen all experimental materials. 5. In group B, increase of predentin and vascular congestion were seen in all experimental materials but inflammation were not seen.

• 대한소아치과학회지
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• 제32권1호
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• pp.136-143
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• 2005

이차 우식은 수복 실패의 주된 원인 중 하나로 지목되고 있으며, 이로 인해 빈번히 재수복을 하게 된다. 이차 우식은 항우식 작용이 있는 불소를 함유한 수복물을 사용하여 예방될 수 있다. 구강내에서 불소를 유리하는 것으로 알려진 글라스 아이오노머 수복재는 불소를 장기간 유리할 뿐 아니라 불소의 재충전 및 재유리 능력이 있어 불소의 저장소 역할을 할 수 있다. 따라서 본 연구는 통상의 글라스 아이오노머와 고점도 글라스 아이오노머 및 복합 레진을 대상으로 불소의 유리 양상과 불소도포를 통한 재흡수 후 유리 양상을 알아봄으로써 기존의 수복재와 새로운 수복재간의 임상적 유용성을 평가할 목적으로 시행하였다. 4종의 수복재를 대상으로 불소 유리량 및 2% NaF로 재충전 후 불소 유리량을 각각 측정하여 다음과 같은 결과를 얻었다. 1. 실험 대상의 모든 글라스 아이오노머 수복재는 초기에 다량의 불소를 유리하고 이후 점차 감소하는 경향을 보였다. 2. 2% NaF 용액을 통한 재충전 후의 유리량은 Fuji IX, Ketac Fil, Ketac Molar, Z-100의 순으로 나타났다. 3. Fuji IX을 제외한 모든 실험 대상의 수복재에서 수분의 영향으로 표면 경도는 유의하게 감소하였고 불소 재충전 후 유리량은 수분 흡수와 비례하였다(P<0.05). 4. Fuji IX이 초기 유리량에 비해 재충전 후 더 많은 불소를 유리였다(P<0.05).

• Restorative Dentistry and Endodontics
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• 제21권1호
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• pp.174-186
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• 1996

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the adaptability to tooth structure of composite resin and glass ionomer cement according to filling methods. In this study. two class V cavities were prepared on the buccal and lingual surface of each tooth of forty extracted human premolars. and they were randomly assigned into 4 groups with 10 teeth. The cavities of each group were filled with the CLEARFIL FII self curing resin(Control Group), Z-100 light curing resin (Group 1). $Vitremer^{TM}$ light curing glass ionomer cement(Group 2) and Z-100 light curing resin over the $Vitremer^{TM}$ liner(Group 3). The specimens underwent temperature changed from $5^{\circ}C$ to $55^{\circ}C$ five hundred times. After thermocycling. specimens were immersed in 2% methylene blue solution and stored in 100% relative humidity at $37^{\circ}C$ for 24 hours. And then. the specimens sectioned buccolingually. Degree of dye penetration at tooth-restoration interfaces were examined by Tool maker's microscope(x 200) and Image analyzer. The results were as follows : 1. On the occlusal margin. among the experimental groups. the group 2 showed the highest dye penetration($2.40{\pm}0.68$) and the group 3 showed the lowest dye penetration($1.15{\pm}0.37$). There was significant difference among the experimental groups(p<0.001). 2. On the gingival margin, among the experimental groups, the group 1 showed the highest dye penetration($3.30{\pm}0.57$) and the group 2 showed the lowest dye penetration($1.65{\pm}0.49$). There was significant difference among the experimental groups(p>0.001). 3. About total degree of dye penetration, the group 1 showed the highest dye penetration($2.25{\pm}1.17$) and the group 3 showed the lowest dye penetration ($1.43{\pm}0.55$). There was significant difference among the experimental groups(p<0.001). 4. The sum of dye penetration at occlusal margin was less than gingival margin. There was significant difference between occlusal margin and gingival margin (p<0.001). The results showed that differences were more pronounced at the gingival margin. Composite restorations inserted over the glass-ionomer liner demonstrated significantly less leakage than single restoration that used composite resin or glass-ionomer cement.

• 대한치과의사협회지
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• 제28권10호통권257호
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• pp.833-837
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• 1990