• 한국식품영양과학회지
• /
• 제37권2호
• /
• pp.256-260
• /
• 2008

홍삼은 건강을 유지하기 위한 약재로 오래전부터 우리나라에서 많이 애용되고 있는 한방소재로서 근래에 와서 홍삼의 유효 성분군이 사포닌으로 밝혀지면서 약리 효능적인 측면에서는 연구가 급진전되었으나, 홍삼의 유용 사포닌 성분을 안정성 높게 회수하기 위한 추출방법 및 홍삼을 추출하는데 있어 이화학적인 특성에 영향을 주는 조건에 대해서는 현재까지 연구된 바가 많지 않아 홍삼 추출조건에 대한 체계적인 연구가 필요한 실정이다. 이에 본 연구에서는 홍삼 추출기를 이용하여 추출조건에 따른 사포닌 성분 및 이화학적 변화에 대해 조사하여 비교분석하였다. 홍삼추출액의 총 사포닌 함량에 있어서는 추출온도와 시간이 증가함에 따라 총 사포닌 함량이 감소하는 경향을 나타내었으며, $75^{\circ}C$, 24시간 추출조건에서 0.774 mg/g으로 가장 높은 함량을 나타내었다. 개별 ginsenoside 함량에서도 대부분 추출온도와 시간이 증가될수록 함량이 감소하였지만, $Rg_3$의 경우에는 일정범위내에서의 추출조건에서는 함량이 오히려 증가하는 경향을 나타내었다. 이는 홍삼 추출 시 가열 과정에서 일부 ginsenoside가 $Rg_3$로 구조 전환되면서 그 함량이 증가한 것으로 추정된다. 또한 추출조건별 홍삼추출액의 이화학적 변화에 있어서는 사포닌의 경우와 반대로 추출온도와 시간이 증가될수록 $^{\circ}Brix$와 색차는 증가되는 반면, pH는 감소하는 등 전반적으로 품질 측면에서는 안정화되는 경향을 나타내었으며, 품질적인 특성만을 고려한 적정 추출조건은 $85^{\circ}C$ 내외에서 48시간 추출하는 것이 효율적이라 판단된다. 따라서 이러한 결과를 바탕으로 홍삼 추출액의 품질특성과 사포닌의 안정적인 추출을 위한 적정 추출조건은 ginsenosides의 손실이 최소화되는 $80^{\circ}C$ 내외에서 물리적 성질이 안정화되기 시작하는 48시간 이내로 추출하는 것이 적합한 것으로 사료된다. 이와 같은 결과는 홍삼 추출방법에 있어서 최적의 추출조건에 대한 정보를 주는 것이며, 더 나아가 고농도 사포닌성분이 함유된 기능성 홍삼제품 개발에 기초정보를 제공하는 결과라 사료된다.

• 대한본초학회지
• /
• 제28권6호
• /
• pp.145-153
• /
• 2013

Objectives : Neuroinflammation is characterized by microglial activation and the expression of major inflammatory mediators. The present study investigated the inhibitory effect of ginsenoside Rg1 ($GRg_1$), a principle active ingredient in Panax ginseng, on pro-inflammatory cytokines and microglial activation induced by systemic lipopolysaccharide (LPS) treatment in the mouse brain tissue. Methods : Varying doses of $GRg_1$ was orally administered (10, 20, and 30 mg/kg) 1 h before the LPS injection (3 mg/kg, intraperitoneally). The mRNA expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines in the brain tissue was measured using the quantitative real-time PCR method at 4 h after the LPS injection, Microglial activation was evaluated using western blotting and immunohistochemistry against ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (Iba1) in the brain tissue. Cyclooxigenase-2 (COX-2) expressions also observed using western blotting and immunohistochemistry at 4 h after the LPS injection, In addition, double-immunofluorescent labeling of tumor necrosis factor-${\alpha}$ (TNF-${\alpha}$) and COX-2 with microglia and neurons was processed in the brain tissue. Results : $GRg_1$ (30 mg/kg) significantly attenuated the upregulation of TNF-${\alpha}$, interleukin (IL)-$1{\beta}$ and IL-6 mRNA in the brain tissue at 4 h after LPS injection. Morphological activation and Iba1 protein expression of microglia induced by systemic LPS injection were reduced by the $GRg_1$ (30 mg/kg) treatment. Upregulation of COX-2 protein expression in the brain tissue was also attenuated by the $GRg_1$ (30 mg/kg) treatment. Conclusion : The results suggest that $GRg_1$ is effective in the early stage of neuroinflammation which causes neurodegenerative diseases.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제41권2호
• /
• pp.180-187
• /
• 2017

Background: The incidence of halitosis has a prevalence of 22-50% throughout the world and is generally caused by anaerobic oral microorganisms, such as Fusobacterium nucleatum, Clostridium perfringens, and Porphyromonas gingivalis. Previous investigations on the structure-activity relationships of ginsenosides have led to contrasting results. Particularly, the antibacterial activity of less polar ginsenosides against halitosis-related bacteria has not been reported. Methods: Crude saponins extracted from the Panax quinquefolius leaf-stem (AGS) were treated at $130^{\circ}C$ for 3 h to obtain heat-transformed saponins (HTS). Five ginsenoside-enriched fractions (HTS-1, HTS-2, HTS-3, HTS-4, and HTS-5) and less polar ginsenosides were separated by HP-20 resin absorption and HPLC, and the antimicrobial activity and mechanism were investigated. Results: HPLC with diode-array detection analysis revealed that heat treatment induced an extensive conversion of polar ginsenosides (-Rg1/Re, -Rc, -Rb2, and -Rd) to less polar compounds (-Rg2, -Rg3, -Rg6, -F4, -Rg5, and -Rk1). The antimicrobial assays showed that HTS, HTS-3, and HTS-4 were effective at inhibiting the growth of F. nucleatum, C. perfringens, and P. gingivalis. Ginsenosides-Rg5 showed the best antimicrobial activity against the three bacteria, with the lowest values of minimum inhibitory concentration and minimum bactericidal concentration. One major reason for this result is that less polar ginsenosides can more easily damage membrane integrity. Conclusion: The results indicated that the less polar ginsenoside-enriched fraction from heat transformation can be used as an antibacterial agent to control halitosis.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제43권4호
• /
• pp.580-588
• /
• 2019

Background: Ginsenoside Rg1 has been shown to clear senescence-associated beta-galactosidase (SA-${\beta}$-gal) in cultured cells. It remains unknown whether Rg1 can influence SA-${\beta}$-gal in exercising human skeletal muscle. Methods: To examine SA-${\beta}$-gal change, 12 young men (age $21{\pm}0.2years$) were enrolled in a randomized double-blind placebo controlled crossover study, under two occasions: placebo (PLA) and Rg1 (5 mg) supplementations 1 h prior to a high-intensity cycling (70% $VO_{2max}$). Muscle samples were collected by multiple biopsies before and after cycling exercise (0 h and 3 h). To avoid potential effect of muscle biopsy on performance assessment, cycling time to exhaustion test (80% $VO_{2max}$) was conducted on another 12 participants (age $23{\pm}0.5years$) with the same experimental design. Results: No changes of SA-${\beta}$-gal were observed after cycling in the PLA trial. On the contrary, nine of the 12 participants showed complete elimination of SA-${\beta}$-gal in exercised muscle after cycling in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.05). Increases in apoptotic DNA fragmentation (PLA: +87% vs. Rg1: +133%, p < 0.05) and $CD68^+$ (PLA:+78% vs. Rg1:+121%, p = 0.17) occurred immediately after cycling in both trials. During the 3-h recovery, reverses in apoptotic nuclei content (PLA:+5% vs. Rg1 -32%, p < 0.01) and increases in inducible nitrate oxide synthase and interleukin 6 mRNA levels of exercised muscle were observed only in the Rg1 trial (p < 0.01). Conclusion: Rg1 supplementation effectively eliminates senescent cells in exercising human skeletal muscle and improves high-intensity endurance performance.

• 한국자원식물학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 한국자원식물학회 2010년도 정기총회 및 춘계학술발표회
• /
• pp.16-16
• /
• 2010

Ginseng(Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) is reported to have many pharmaceutical activities. The minor ginsenosides(Rd, Rg3, Rh2 and compound K) display pharmaceutical properties superior to those of the major ginsenosides. These minor ginsenosides, which contribute a very small percentage, are produced by hydrolysis of the sugar moieties of the major ginsenosides. The pH of red ginseng extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis decreased rapidly during 3 days of fermentation, with no further significant change thereafter. After 20 days of fermentation, a relatively small difference remained in the acidity of extracts fermented with S. cerevisiae (0.54%) and S. carlsbergensis (0.58%). Reducing sugar in the S. cerevisiae and S. carlsbergensis extracts decreased from 25.86 to 4.54 mg/ml and 4.32 mg/ml glucose equivalents, respectively; and ethanol contents increased from 1.5% at day 0 to 16.0 and 15.0%, respectively, at 20 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re, Rf, and Rg1 decreased during the fermentation with S. cerevisiae, but Rd and Rg3 increased by 12 days. Ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rc, Re and Rg1 decreased gradually in the extract with S. carlsbergensis, but Rd and Rg3 were increased at 6 days and 9 days.

• 한국식품과학회지
• /
• 제47권6호
• /
• pp.757-764
• /
• 2015

홍삼의 신규 추출 방법으로 아임계수 추출(subcritical water extraction, SWE)을 적용하여 홍삼 추출물의 이화화적 특성 및 진세노사이드 추출 특성을 조사함으로써 최적 아임계수 추출 조건을 결정하고 기존 추출 방법과 비교함으로써 산업적 이용 효율을 평가하였다. 아임계수 추출에 의한 홍삼 추출물의 당도, 고형분 함량, 색차 및 탁도는 추출 온도가 높아지고 추출 시간이 길어질수록 증가하였고 pH는 낮아졌으며, 조 사포닌은 $120^{\circ}C$, 20분에서 최대였다. TLC 및 HPLC 분석 결과, 총 및 극성 진세노사이드 농도는 $120^{\circ}C$, 20분에서 최대였고 홍삼 특유의 저극성 진세노사이드 Rg3, Rh1 등은 $150^{\circ}C$, 15분에서 최대 농도였다. 또한 최적 아임계수 추출과 열수, 에탄올 및 메탄올을 용매로 환류 냉각 추출하여 비교한 결과, 저극성 진세노사이드의 추출 이행률은 $150^{\circ}C$, 15분의 아임계수 추출에서 가장 높았고 특히 Rg3는 3.5-5배, Rh1은 2-2.5배의 높은 농도로 나타났다. 홍삼의 특이 사포닌으로 극미량 존재하는 Rg3 및 Rh1은 강력한 항암 효과 등이 보고되면서 최근 화학적, 물리적, 생물학적 방법에 의한 전환연구가 활발히 진행되고 있으나 낮은 선택성과 생산성의 저하, 부 반응으로 인한 환경 공해 및 대량 생산의 한계 등으로 산업적 적용에 제약이 존재하여 왔다. 본 연구에서는 아임계 상태에서의 물의 특성 변화를 이용한 아임계수 추출을 적용하여 홍삼으로부터 특히 저극성 진세노사이드의 선택적 추출 및 전환에 효과적인 대체 기술로서 가능성을 확인하였다.

• 한국산학기술학회논문지
• /
• 제16권11호
• /
• pp.7794-7800
• /
• 2015

진생베리에 포함이 되어 있는 진세노사이드들은 인체에 유용한 다양한 생리기능물질을 포함한 것으로 알려졌다. 특히 진생베리는 진세노사이드 Re가 다량으로 함유된 것으로 알려 졌으나 추출공정은 비교적 연구가 이루어지지 않았기 때문에 본 연구에서는 진생베리로부터 복합 용매인 주정과 정제수를 이용하여 최적 공정 조건 확립을 수행하였다. 진생베리 추출물 제조를 위해서 건조 진생베리 분말 10 g를 부직포에 담아 250 mL 추출용 둥근 플라스크에 넣고 150 mL 용매를 넣어 내용물이 완전히 잠기게 한 후에 플라스크를 냉각 순환 수조에 연결을 하여 환류 추출하였다. 추출 과정은 주정과 정제수의 혼합비율, 복합용매의 추출 온도, 추출 시간 및 추출 회수에 따라 수행하였다. 추출 후 진세노사이드 Re, Rg1, Rd 및 조 진세노사이드의 함량 및 수율을 비교하였다. 최적 추출조건으로 주정 및 정제수 의 비율은 70% 대 30%, 추출온도는 $80^{\circ}C$, 추출 시간은 4시간, 추출 횟수는 2회로 결정되었다. 최적 추출 공정 조건에서 총 진세노사이드 함량은 건조 진생베리 g 당 약 88.6 mg이었다. 주요 진세노사이드의 분포는 Rb1이 5.3%, Rc가 5.2%, Rd가 14.3%, Re가 51.5%, Rf가 8.1%, Rg1이 15.7%이었다. 전체 추출 진세노사이드 중에 protopanaxatriol 계통의 진세노사이드가 약 80%를 차지하였다.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
• /
• 제21권10호
• /
• pp.1057-1063
• /
• 2011

Herein, a novel ginsenosidase, named ginsenosidase type IV, hydrolyzing 6-O-multi-glycosides of protopanaxatriol-type ginsenosides (PPT), such as Re, R1, Rf, and Rg2, was isolated from the Aspergillus sp. 39g strain, purified, and characterized. Ginsenosidase type IV was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-${\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Re and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-xyloside of R1 into ginsenoside Rg1. Subsequently, it could hydrolyze the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-glucoside of Rg1 into F1. Similarly, it was able to hydrolyze the 6-O-$_{\alpha}$-L-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-rhamnoside of Rg2 and the 6-O-${\beta}$-D-($1{\rightarrow}2$)-glucoside of Rf into Rh1, and then further hydrolyze Rh1 into its aglycone. However, ginsenosidase type IV could not hydrolyze the 3-O- or 20-O-glycosides of protopanaxadiol-type ginsenosides (PPD), such as Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, Rc, and Rd. These exhibited properties are significantly different from those of glycosidases described in Enzyme Nomenclature by the NC-IUBMB. The optimal temperature and pH for ginsenosidase type IV were $40^{\circ}C$ and 6.0, respectively. The activity of ginsenosidase type IV was slightly improved by the $Mg^{2+}$ ion, and inhibited by $Cu^{2+}$ and $Fe^{2+}$ ions. The molecular mass of the enzyme, based on SDS-PAGE, was noted as being approximately 56 kDa.

• 고려인삼학회:학술대회논문집
• /
• 고려인삼학회 1998년도 Advances in Ginseng Research - Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Ginseng -
• /
• pp.115-126
• /
• 1998

Four new dammarnae-glycosides named ginsenosides Rgs, Rh4, RsB and Rf2 have been isolated 1'rom Korean red ginseng, the root of Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer (Araliaceae) and their chemical structures have been elucidated by chemical and spectroscopic methods, including'H-'H COSY, HMQC, HMBC, NOESY, as 3-0- [$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammar-20(22) , B4-diene-3P,12P-diol (ginsenoside Rgs),6-0-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl-dammar-20(22),24-diene-3P,6P, 12P-triol (ginsenoside Rh4),3-0- [6" -0-acetyl-D-glucopyranosyl(1 ~2)--D-glucopyranosyl] 20(5)- protopanaxadiol (ginsenoside Rs3) and 6-0- [u-L-rhamno-pyranosyl(1 ~2)-$\beta$-D-glucopyranosyl] dammarane -3$\beta$, 6a, 12 $\beta$, 20(R),25-pentol(ginsenoslde Rfa). The absolute stereo structure of a double bond at C-20(22) was determined as entgegen type by applying NOESY.OESY.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
• /
• 제40권2호
• /
• pp.105-112
• /
• 2016

Background: Minor saponins or human intestinal bacterial metabolites, such as ginsenosides Rg3, F2, Rh2, and compound K, are more pharmacologically active than major saponins, such as ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, and Rc. In this work, enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1 was studied using enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of mushrooms. Methods: Mycelia of Armillaria mellea, Ganoderma lucidum, Phellinus linteus, Elfvingia applanata, and Pleurotus ostreatus were cultivated in liquid media at $25^{\circ}C$ for 2 wk. Enzyme preparations from cultured mycelia of five mushrooms were obtained by mycelia separation from cultured broth, enzyme extraction, ammonium sulfate (30-80%) precipitation, dialysis, and freeze drying, respectively. The enzyme preparations were used for enzymatic hydrolysis of ginsenoside Rb1. Results: Among the mushrooms used in this study, the enzyme preparation from cultured mycelia of A. mellea (AMMEP) was found to convert ginsenoside Rb1 into compound K with a high yield, while those from G. lucidum, P. linteus, E. applanata, and P. ostreatus produced remarkable amounts of ginsenoside Rd from ginsenoside Rb1. The enzymatic hydrolysis pathway of ginsenoside Rb1 by AMMEP was $Rb1{\rightarrow}Rd{\rightarrow}F2{\rightarrow}$ compound K. The optimum reaction conditions for compound K formation from ginsenoside Rb1 were as follows: reaction time 72-96 h, pH 4.0-4.5, and temperature $45-55^{\circ}C$. Conclusion: AMMEP can be used to produce the human intestinal bacterial metabolite, compound K, from ginsenoside Rb1 with a high yield and without food safety issues.