• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2001년도 Proceedings of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea
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• pp.180.1-180.1
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• 2001

• 동아시아식생활학회지
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• 제23권4호
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• pp.437-443
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• 2013

Rice wine (makgeolli) containing various amounts of mountain ginsengs (MG) are being prepared with nuruk and yeasts, and the physicochemical characteristics and contents of ginsenosides in MG-makgeolli were analyzed. Average particle size of MG powder is $29.1{\mu}m$. MG slice (20 g) or powder (0~20 g) and rice (3,000 g) were used for 12 days fermentation of makgeolli, makgeolli containing slice of MG (SW-makgeolli), makgeolli containing 2 g (PW1-makgeolli), 10 g (PW2- makgeolli), 20 g (PW3-makgeolli) of powder of MG, respectively. Soluble solids and pH levels show no differences between five kinds of makgeolli groups, whilst the presence of high amounts of MG (PW3-makgeolli) caused decreases in ethanol and acidity. Major free amino acids in MG-makgeolli are glutamic acid and arginine. Total contents of 14 ginsenosides are approximately 2.5 g/100 g of dried MG powder and major ginsenoside were ginsenosides Re, Rb1, Rb2, Rg1, Rc and Rf. During the propagation of makgeolli containing MG, the ginsenosides Rb1, Rb2, Rb3, and Rc decreased, whilst ginsenosides Rg3 and compound K increased highly. It indicates that ginsenosides in MG are metabolized to different forms of ginsenosides by brewing microorganisms.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.406-413
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• 2015

Background : This study was carried out to investigate the changes to fatty acid, mineral, and ginsenosides contents in ginseng seed when they were stratified for different length of time and to determine whether variety had any effects on the changes. The aim was to improve the ginseng seed stratification process. Methods and Results : The ginseng varieties used were Geumpoong, Chunpoong, Yunpoong, and K-1. Stratifying periods treated on ginseng seed were 0, 20, 40, 60, 80, and 100 days. The main fatty acids of ginseng seed were oleic acid (C18 : 1, n9c) with a content of 78.40 - 79.20% followed by linoleic acid (C18 : 2, n6c). The main mineral in the seeds was potassium (K), at 1208.2 -1337.6 mg/100 g. The main ginsenosides in ginseng seed were ginsenoside Re and Rb1. Increasing the length of the stratification periods led to increases in oleic acid content (60 - 80 days), however after this the content declined. In contrast, linoleic acid content fell as the stratification period increased. K, P, Mg, Ca and Na content rose as the stratification period increased. The ginsenoside Re content of Chunpoong and K-1 cultivar seeds also rose as the stratification period increased which meant that total ginsenoside content increased. However, ginsenoside Re content rose in Geumpoong and Yunpoong seeds, but total ginsenoside content decreased as the stratification period increased. Conclusions : Some beneficial compound in ginseng seed rose as the stratification period increased. Therefore, ginseng seed stratification could improve the food value of ginseng.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.192-196
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• 1991

As a part of studios on the Quality control of index components in crude drug preparations, extraction yields of ginseng saponins from crude drug extracts were identified by TLC and quantified by HPLC. So-Shi-Ho-Tang(小柴胡湯), Sa-Kun-Ja-Tang(四君子湯), Yook-Kun-Ja-Tang(六君子湯) and In-sam-Tang(人蔘湯) were extracted with water, 30%-ethanol, 50%-ethanol, 80%-ethanol and absolute ethanol to analyze ginseng saponins in the crude drug extracts prepared with various concentrations of ethanol. Ginseng saponins were extracted considerably more from the extracts with higher concentrations of ethanol than those with water or lower concentrations of ethanol. Extraction yields of ginseng-side-Rb$_1$, -Rb$_2$ and -R$_c$ from four crude drug preparations were the lowest as 4.9~45.9%, 5.0~40.1, and 6.3~43.7% in water extract and the highest as 29.5~62.6%, 26.7~61.4% and 31.4~62.0% in absolute ethanol extract, compared with those of 80%-methanol extracts.

• 약학회지
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• 제23권3_4호
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• pp.181-186
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• 1979

A high performance liquid chromatograpic procedure is described for determining ginseng saponins such as ginsenoside-Rb1, -Rb2, -Rc, -Rd, -Re, -Rf, -Rg1, and-Rg2. Ginseng saponins extracted with 90% methanol and water-saturated butanol were compared with pure standard ginsenosides. The resolution of the saponins was satisfactory and detection limit for each saponin was about 5.mu.g. Separation of the saponins was accomplished using a .mu. Bondapak carbohydrate analysis column, mobile phase of acetonitrile-water-butanol (80:20:15) and differential refractive index (RI) detector. The reproducibility and the recovery were also studied. This method was applied for determining the saponin contents of several parts of leaf, fresh ginseng, white ginseng, and red ginseng.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• 제65권4호
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• pp.253-259
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• 2022

본 연구의 목적은 서로 다른 지역에서 재배된 4년근 산양삼의 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 간의 상관관계를 조사하는 것이다. 유효 인산을 제외한 대부분의 토양 특성은 다른 재배지에서 보다 평창에서 유의적으로 높았다. 뿌리 길이와 세근수를 제외한 생육특성은 다른 재배지보다 평창 재배지에서 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 8종의 진세노사이드 함량의 경우, 무주 재배지의 F2-AS 함량은 다른 재배지보다 높았으며, 영주 재배지의 F1 함량은 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 영월 재배지에서는 Rb1과 Re-p의 함량이 유의적으로 높았고, 평창 재배지에서 Ro의 함량은 다른 재배지보다 유의적으로 높게 나타났다. 뿌리 길이와 토양 pH는 각각 토양특성 및 산양삼의 생육특성과 유의적인 상관관계를 보이지 않았다. 대부분의 생육특성은 전기전도도 및 유기물 함량, 전질소 함량, 치환성양이온(K⁺, Ca²⁺, Mg²⁺), 양이온치환용량과 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보였다. Rb1과 Re-p는 세근수를 제외한 대부분의 산양삼 생육특성과 유의적인 부의 상관관계를 보였다. Ro는 줄기 길이, 줄기당 소엽수, 소엽 길이, 소엽 넓이, 뿌리 두께와 유의적인 정의 상관관계를 보였다. 본 연구의 이러한 결과는 4년근 산양삼의 생육특성과 진세노사이드 함량 간의 상관관계를 조사함으로써 품질 기준을 수립하기 위해 유용한 정보를 제공하는 데 도움이 될 수 있을 것이다.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권2호
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• pp.198-204
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• 2012

An light-emitting diode (LED)-based light source was used as a monochromatic light source to determine the responses of raw ginseng roots (Panax ginseng Meyer) to specific emission spectra with respect to the production of ginsenosides. The ginsenoside content in the ginseng roots changed in response to the LED light treatments at $25^{\circ}C$ relative to the levels in the control roots that were treated in the dark or at $4^{\circ}C$ for 7 d. Ginseng roots were exposed to LEDs with four different peak emission wavelengths, 380, 450, 470, and 660 nm, in closed compartments. Compared with the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots, roots that were treated with 450 and 470 nm light showed a significantly increased production of ginsenosides (p<0.05), with increases of 64.9% and 74.1%, respectively. The contents of the ginsenosides $Rb_2$, Rc, and $Rg_1$ were significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples. The ratio of protopanaxadiol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Rc, and Rd) to protopanaxatriol ginsenosides ($Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, Re, and Rf) was significantly higher (p<0.05) in the 450 and 470 nm-treated root samples than in the control $4^{\circ}C$-treated roots. This is the first report that demonstrates the increase and conversion of ginsenosides in raw ginseng roots in response to exposure to LED light.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제31권1호
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• pp.1-13
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• 2007

We found that the main bacterial metabolite M1 is an active component of orally administered protopanxadiol-type ginsenosides, and that the anti-metastatic effect by oral administration of ginsenosides may be primarily mediated through the inhibition of tumor invasion, migration and growth of tumor cells by their metabolite M1. Pharmacokinetic study after oral administration of ginsenoside Rb1 revealed that M1 was detected in serum for 24 h by HPLC analysis but Rb1 was not detected. M1, with anti-metastatic property, inhibited the proliferation of murine and human tumor cells in a time- and concentration-dependent manner in vitro, and also induced apoptotic cell death (the ladder fragmentation of the extracted DNA). The induction of apoptosis by M1 involved the up-regulation of the cyclin-dependent kinase(CDK) inhibitor $p27^{Kip1}$ as well as the down-regulation of a proto-oncogene product c-Myc and cyclin D1 in a time-dependent manner. Thus, M1 might cause the cell-cycle arrest (G1 phase arrest) in honor cells through the up/down-regulation of these cell-growth related molecules, and consequently induce apoptosis. The nucleosomal distribution of fluorescence-labeled M1 suggests that the modification of these molecules is induced by transcriptional regulation. Tumor-induced angiogenesis (neovascularization) is one of the most important events concerning tumor growth and metastasis. Neovascularization toward and into tumor is a crucial step for the delivery of nutrition and oxygen to tumors, and also functions as the metastatic pathway to distant organs. M1 inhibited the tube-like formation of hepatic sinusoidal endothelial (HSE) cells induced by the conditioned medium of colon 26-L5 cells in a concentration-dependent manner. However, M1 at the concentrations used in this study did not affect the growth of HSE cells in vitro.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제39권4호
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• pp.384-391
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• 2015

It has been reported that Korean Red Ginseng has been manufactured for 1,123 y as described in the GoRyeoDoGyeong record. The Korean Red Ginseng manufactured by the traditional preparation method has its own chemical component characteristics. The ginsenoside content of the red ginseng is shown as Rg1: 3.3 mg/g, Re: 2.0 mg/g, Rb1: 5.8 mg/g, Rc:1.7 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.4 mg/g, respectively. It is known that Korean ginseng generally consists of the main root and the lateral or fine roots at a ratio of about 75:25. Therefore, the red ginseng extract is prepared by using this same ratio of the main root and lateral or fine roots and processed by the historical traditional medicine prescription. The red ginseng extract is prepared through a water extraction ($90^{\circ}C$ for 14-16 h) and concentration process (until its final concentration is 70-73 Brix at $50-60^{\circ}C$). The ginsenoside contents of the red ginseng extract are shown as Rg1: 1.3 mg/g, Re: 1.3 mg/g, Rb1: 6.4 mg/g, Rc:2.5 mg/g, Rb2: 2.3 mg/g, and Rd: 0.9 mg/g, respectively. Arginine-fructose-glucose (AFG) is a specific amino-sugar that can be produced by chemical reaction of the process when the fresh ginseng is converted to red ginseng. The content of AFG is 1.0-1.5% in red ginseng. Acidic polysaccharide, which has been known as an immune activator, is at levels of 4.5-7.5% in red ginseng. Therefore, we recommended that the chemical profiles of Korean Red Ginseng made through the defined traditional method should be well preserved and it has had its own chemical characteristics since its traditional development.

• 대한약학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한약학회 2003년도 Proceedings of the Convention of the Pharmaceutical Society of Korea Vol.1
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• pp.203.2-204
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• 2003

As medicinal knowledge developed. population system has been migrating into the aged society. These aged society evokes the social problem of senile diseases. One of these. Alzheimer's Disease (AD) has been an issue. and its causative. ${\beta}$-amyloid(A${\beta}$) has also been a key target in drug development. In AD, microglial cell affects neuron cells in any way of positive and negative. (omitted)