• Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.211-217
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• 1982

Ginsenosides in epidermis·cortex(EC) and xylem-pith(XP) of main body of Panax ginseng(var. atropurpureacaulo) root were investigated in relation to dark purple area on stem. Pattern of ginsenosides, ratio of protopanaxatriol(PT) to diol(PD) and total ginsenoside content were significantly different between EC ana XP, and not related with stem color. The increasing trend of total ginsenosides with decreasing in purple area on stem needs to be tested with greater sample size. The order of ginsenoside content was $Rb_1>Rg_1>Re>Rc>Rg_2>Rb_2>Rf>Rd$ for EC, $Rg_1>Rb_1>Rg_2>Re>Rb_2>Rc>Rf>Rd$ for XP. PT/PD was 1.08 for EC,1.95 for XP. Since total ginsenoside content was 3 times higher in EC than in XP and weight of two parts was almost same, the content of ginsenosides of main body mostly depends on those of EC.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.53 no.spc
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• pp.103-107
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• 2008

This study was carried out to investigate the effect of light quality on root yield and ginsenoside contents of 4-year-old ginseng by using the fourfold polyethylene shading net with different colors, blue and red color, compared to blue-black (3:1) mixed shading net as control. Control and blue shading net occurred higher root yield, especially, in tap root growth than red one, whereas transmitted quantum in red shading net was higher than those in blue one or control. However, red shading net caused the highest content of total ginsenoside, especially, Rg1 content, as compared to blue and control. We assumed that the increased content of ginsenoside is not caused by light quality such as red, but is due to the increase of relative ratio of ginsenoside in whole root tissue arising from the reduced root growth.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.5
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• pp.342-347
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents according to tissue ratio in ginseng root by age and diameter. The epidermis-cortex and xylem-pith extent, fresh weight, dry weight of ginseng increased with the root age increase. They increased higher in xylem-pith than in epidermis-cortex. The ratio of epidermis-cortex decreased and xylem-pith increased as the main root diameter increased. In case of same diameter, the xylem-pith ratio increased by the increase of root age. The epidermis-cortex ratio was 4 > 5 > 6 years, respectively. The total 10 ginsenosides of epidermis- cortex increased with the root age increase. However, the total ginsenoside of xylem-pith decreased and it was 2~5 times lower than epidermis-cortex. The most of ginsenoside contents existed in epidermis-cortex. The diameter decrease in main root is related to the increase of epidermis-cortex ratio. It leads to increase of ginsenoside contents. In order to select high level of ginsenoside cultivar, it suggested that it should be selected main root having narrow diameter and lower epidermis- cortex ratio.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.70-73
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• 2010

This study was carried out to clarify the difference of growth characteristics and ginsenoside content in 5-year-old ginseng root grown by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation. Root weight per plant of direct seeding cultivation was lower than that of transplanting cultivation. Fresh and dry matter partitioning ratio of direct seeding cultivation was high in main root and low in lateral because direct seeding cultivation root elongated the length of main root, while it suppressed the growth of lateral root. Total amount of ginsenoside contents by direct seeding and transplanting cultivation were 362.8 and 320.3 mg in main root, 188.6 and 548.8 mg in lateral root, 170.7 and 273.8 mg in fine root. Its contents of whole root per plant were 722.1 and 1142.9 mg by direct seeding and transplanting, respectively.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.18 no.2
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• pp.118-125
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• 2010

This study was carried out to determine changes in general chemical composition, free sugars, physicochemical properties of extract, and ginsenoside contents depending upon processing methods. Ginseng roots harvested from the same field were employed for the processing into white ginseng (WG), taegeuk ginseng (TG), red ginseng A (RGA, steamed one time), and red ginseng B (RGB, steamed three times). The fat content decreased by increasing duration of treatment and number of steaming treatment. On the other hand, there was no significant variation in contents of ash and carbohydrate depending on processing methods. Contents of sucrose and maltose was higher in Taegeuk and red ginseng than those of white ginseng. Steamed ginseng root (taegeuk and red ginseng root) showed higher amount of water extractable solid than the unsteamed white ginseng, but the variation of crude saponin content was not distinctive depending on processing methods. The contents of total ginsenosides increased by the order of white, taegeuk, red A, and red B root. In summary, chemical composition and total ginsenoside content were different according to part of root and processing methods, thus implies the importance of quality control as well as pharmacological activity of ginseng root.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.43 no.2
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• pp.152-156
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• 2012

This study compared the contents of ginseng prosapogenin depending on the extracting conditions of Ginseng Radix palva(Panax ginseng) to provide basic information for developing Ginseng Radix palva-based functional foods. Our findings show that the content of crude saponin peaked at 18 hours of extraction and when extracted twice at $100^{\circ}C$ (GRP-18). However, the content of total saponin reached its height at 6 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$ (GRP-6) and when extracted twice. On the other hand, the content of ginsenoside $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ from Red and Black ginseng reached their heights at 18 hours of extraction, followed by 72 hours and 15 hours of extraction at $100^{\circ}C$. And at $100^{\circ}C$ the main prosapogenin of the content of Black ginseng ginsenoside $Rg_5$ and $Rk_1$ reached their heights at 18 hours of extraction, followed by 72 hours and 15 hours of extraction.

• Korean Journal of Plant Resources
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• v.19 no.1
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• pp.139-143
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• 2006

To increase the contents of functional ginsenosides by conversion, especially ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ and $Rh_2$, the extracts of red ginseng were treated with high temperature and citric acid or apricot extract. When the extracts were subject to $120^{\circ}C$ for 2 hours, the content of ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ was increased 2 times than in control. When the extracts were subject to $120^{\circ}C$ and acidic conditions adjusted with citric acid, the ginsenoside-$Rg_3$, was detected 2.8 times, but other ginsenoside were decreased heavily to 65%. When the extract were treated with for 12 hours at $80^{\circ}C$, the content of ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ was increased to 3.3 times, Also, when the red ginseng extracts were treated with apricot extract, the ginsenoside-$Rg_3$ was detected to 4 times than in control, but other ginsenoside were decreased lightly to 35%, not same as at the $120^{\circ}C$ treatment.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.37 no.4 s.147
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• pp.217-220
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• 2006

This study compared the contents of ginsenoside according to the extract conditions of red ginseng to provide basic information for developing functional food using red ginseng. According to the result, the content of crude saponin was highest in 72 hours of extraction at $82^{\circ}C$ (RG-823). The content of prosapogenin (ginsenoside $Rh_1,\;Rh_2,\;Rg_2,\;Rg_3$) was highest in 48 hours of extraction, and followed by 72 and 24 hours at $82^{\circ}C$. And at $93^{\circ}C$ the prosapogenin contents were highest in the order of 48 hours, and next in 24 and 72 hours. In addition, ginsenoside $Rb_1,\;Rb_2$ Rc and Re were not detected in 72 hours of extraction at $93^{\circ}C$ (RG-933) presumedly due to hydrolysis, but ginsenoside Rd, Rf and $Rg_1$ were detected as long as 72 hours of extraction. These results show that protopanaxatriol group is relatively more resistant to heat than protopanaxadiol group.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.276-281
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• 2013

This study was conducted to compare the contents of ginsenoside according the water extract conditions of red ginseng. In method A, red ginseng extract was prepared at $75^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction, and method B, the preparation was done at $85^{\circ}C$ for 18 hours by 1 time extraction. In method C, the primary extract prepared at $75^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours was blended with the secondary extract prepared by re-extracting the red ginseng residue obtained after the primary extraction, at $85^{\circ}C$ for 9 hours. Method D was the same procedure as method C but the extraction temperature for the primary extraction was $85^{\circ}C$ and that for the secondary extraction was $95^{\circ}C$. The contents of total and $Rb_1$, $Rg_1$ and $Rg_3$ ginsenoside were highest in Method C. The content of prosapogenin (ginsenoside $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rb_1$ and $Rb_2$) was highest in Method B. There was no consistent tendency in Brix, pH, Hue value and absorbance among extraction methods.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.20 no.3
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• pp.175-179
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• 1989

From crude drug preparation(Soshiho-Tang) ginseng sapogenins were identified by TLC and $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined quantitatively by HPLC. Panaxadiol, pandaxatriol, acid-hydrolysates of ginseng saponin, were identified by TLC with benzene/acetone(4 : 1, v/v). Rf values of which were measured as 0.26 and 0.14, respectively. The content of $ginsenoside-Rb_1$ was determined by HPLC on $Lichrosorb-NH_2$ column with $CH_3CN/H_2O/n-BuOH$(80 : 20 : 10, v/v). Its recovery rate in the extract granules, was as relatively low as $19.8{\pm}1.4%$ compared to the content in raw red ginseng.