• Mycobiology
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• 제37권1호
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• pp.21-27
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• 2009

In the present study, the anti-cancer effects of ginseng fermented with Phellinus linteus (GFPL) extract were examined through in vitro and in vivo assays. GFPL was produced by co-cultivating ginseng and Phellinus linteus together. Ginsenoside Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2 are important mediators of anti-angiogenesis and their levels in GFPL were enriched 24, 19 and 16 times, respectively, more than that of ginseng itself through the fermentation. GFPL exhibited distinct anti-cancer effects, including growth inhibition of the human lung carcinoma cell line A549, and promotion of immune activation by stimulating nitric oxide (NO) production in Raw 264.7 cells. Further evidence supporting anti-cancer effects of GFPL was its significant prolongment of the survival of B16F10 cancer cell-implanted mice. These results suggest that the GFPL may be a candidate for cancer prevention and treatment through immune activation and anti-angiogenic effects by enriching Rg3, Rh1 and Rh2.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제36권1호
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• pp.102-106
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• 2012

This study compared the contents of ginsenosides depending on steaming conditions of red ginsengs to provide basic information for developing functional foods using red ginsengs. The red ginseng steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$ ranked atop the amounts of prosapogenins ever detected in red ginsengs (ginsenoside $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_4$, $Rk_1$, $Rk_3$, $F_1$, $F_4$, 1.15%) among red ginsengs steamed more than twice. When steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$, 2.7 times as much prosapogenins such as ginsenosides $Rg_2$, $Rg_3$, $Rg_5$, $Rg_6$, $Rh_1$, $Rh_4$, $Rk_1$, $Rk_3$, $F_1$, and $F_4$ as those steamed just once at $98^{\circ}C$ was collected. In addition, the red ginsengs steamed eight times at $98^{\circ}C$ contained more amounting ginsenoside $Rg_3$ (0.28%) than that in the red ginseng steamed several times at random. Accordingly, it is recommendable that red ginsengs steamed 8 times, which proved to be the optimal steaming condition, be used rather than those steamed 9 times (black ginsengs), in order to develop red ginseng products of high prosapogenin concentration and high functions.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제30권2호
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• pp.70-77
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• 2006

Ginseng has an anti-cancer effect in several cancer models. As a mechanism study of ginsenoside-induced growth inhibition in cancer cells, we measured change of membrane potential in prostate cancer and glioma cells by ginsenosides, active constituents of ginseng. Membrane potential was estimated by measuring fluorescence change of DiBAC-Ioaded cells. Among 11 ginsenosides tested, ginsenosides $Rb_2$, $Rg_3$, and $Rh_2$ increased significantly and robustly the membrane potential in a concentration-dependent manner in prostate cancer and glioma cells. Ginsenosides Rc, Ro, and $Rb_1$ slightly increased membrane potential. The ginsenoside-induced membrane potential increase was not affected by treatment with pertussis toxin or U73122. The ginsenoside-induced membrane potential increase was not diminished in $Na^+$-free or $HCO_3^-$-free media. Furthermore, the ginsenoside-induced increase of membrane potential was not changed by EIPA (5-(N-ethyl-N-isopropyl)-amiloride), SITS (4-acetoamido-4'-isothiocyanostilbene-2,2'-disulfonic acid), and omeprazole. In summary, ginsenosides $Rb_2$, $Rg_3$, and $Rh_2$ increased membrane potential in prostate cancer and glioma cells in a GPCR-independent and $Na^+$ independent manner.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제38권1호
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• pp.47-51
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• 2014

The transformation of ginsenoside Rb1 into a specific minor ginsenoside using Aspergillus niger KCCM 11239, as well as the identification of the transformed products and the pathway via thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography were evaluated to develop a new biologically active material. The conversion of ginsenoside Rb1 generated Rd, Rg3, Rh2, and compound K although the reaction rates were low due to the low concentration. In enzymatic conversion, all of the ginsenoside Rb1 was converted to ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3 after 24 h of incubation. The crude enzyme (b-glucosidase) from A. niger KCCM 11239 hydrolyzed the ${\beta}$-($1{\rightarrow}6$)-glucosidic linkage at the C-20 of ginsenoside Rb1 to generate ginsenoside Rd and ginsenoside Rg3. Our experimental demonstration showing that A. niger KCCM 11239 produces the ginsenoside-hydrolyzing b-glucosidase reflects the feasibility of developing a specific bioconversion process to obtain active minor ginsenosides.

• Preventive Nutrition and Food Science
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• 제21권4호
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• pp.389-392
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• 2016

The present study was conducted to investigate the ginsenoside profiles of the main root, root hair, and leaf of ginseng in order to demonstrate their possible application in medicine. The total ginsenoside content of the leaf was up to 12 times than that in the main root, and the content of protopanaxadiol groups was higher than that of protopanaxatriol groups in all the samples. The leaf was shown to contain high amounts of ginsenosides Rb3 and Rh1, whereas the main root contained large amounts of ginsenosides Rb1 and Rc. Moreover, Rb2, Rb3, and Rg1 were only detected in the root hair, leaf, and main root, respectively. The ginsenoside Re content of Panax ginseng leaf and root hair was 2.6~4 times higher than that of the main root. Therefore, the results indicate that the ginsenoside content of Panax ginseng is higher in the leaf and root hair, and lower in the main root.

• 한국식품영양과학회지
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• 제41권8호
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• pp.1151-1157
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• 2012

인삼의 소비촉진과 국민의 건강 증진을 목적으로 인삼을 수삼과 홍삼액의 형태로 첨가하여 인삼 밥을 취반한 후 기호도, 물성 및 사포닌과 유리아미노산의 함량을 분석하였다. 전반적으로 기호도가 가장 좋은 인삼 밥은 마쇄기로 거칠게 간 형태(GRG)의 수삼을 원료 쌀의 10%를 첨가하여 취반한 인삼 밥이었고, 조직감과 밥맛에 대한 기호도는 홍삼액(RGE)을 50% 첨가하였을 때이었다. 인삼 밥의 물성은 쌀알 크기의 1~2배 정도로 잘게 다진 형태의(MRG)의 수삼을 첨가할 경우 10% 이상 첨가 시부터는 hardness와 adhesiveness가 감소하였으며, 홍삼액 형태(RGE)로 밥물 대신 첨가하여 취반하였을 경우는 첨가량이 많아질수록 hardness는 증가하였으며 adhesiveness는 감소하였다. 믹서로 갈은 슬러지 형태의 수삼(GRG)과 잘게 다진 형태(MRG)의 수삼을 첨가하여 인삼 밥을 취반할 경우 취반과정 중 사포닌구조의 변화가 일어나 수삼에서 검출되어진 Re를 포함한 8종의 진세노사이드성분의 함량이 감소되고 홍삼특유의 사포닌인 Rg3, Rh2 및 Rh1 등의 사포닌이 생성되었다. 총 유리아미노산 함량은 수삼 및 홍삼액 모두 첨가량이 증가할수록 인삼밥의 총 유리아미노산 함량이 증가되었다.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제22권1호
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• pp.23-31
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• 2014

This study was carried out to investigate change of ginsenoside contents in red and fresh ginseng according to root part and age by hydrolysis. Neutral total ginsenoside contents by hydrolysis in 6-year main root and lateral root were significantly increased than those by non-hydrolysis, as 41.6 and 32.8%, respectively. However, there was no significant difference in red ginseng. In fresh ginseng, ginsenoside contents of the protopanaxatriol group such as Re, Rf, $Rg_1$, $Rg_2$, and $Rh_1$ were not significantly different, but $Rb_1$, $Rb_2$, $Rb_3$, Rc, and Rd showed significant difference. The increase rate of neutral total ginsenoside content by hydrolysis was higher in epidermis-cortex than stele. Also, the neutral total ginsenoside content was fine root > rhizome > lateral root > main root, respectively. While there was no tendency towards the increase of ginsenoside by hydrolysis with the increase of root age in fine root and rhizome, there was significant decrease in main root and lateral root.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• 제40권4호
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• pp.400-408
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• 2016

Background: Ginsenoside Rh2 (GRh2) is the main bioactive component in American ginseng, a commonly used herb, and its antitumor activity had been studied in previous studies. PDZ-binding kinase/T-LAK cell-originated protein kinase (PBK/TOPK), a serine/threonine protein kinase, is highly expressed in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Methods: We examined the effect of GRh2 on HCT116 cells ex vivo. Next, we performed in vitro binding assay and in vitro kinase assay to search for the target of GRh2. Furthermore, we elucidated the underlying molecular mechanisms for the antitumor effect of GRh2 ex vivo and in vivo. Results: The results of our in vitro studies indicated that GRh2 can directly bind with PBK/TOPK and GRh2 also can directly inhibit PBK/TOPK activity. Ex vivo studies showed that GRh2 significantly induced cell death in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. Further mechanistic study demonstrated that these compounds inhibited the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and (H3) in HCT116 colorectal cancer cells. In vivo studies showed GRh2 inhibited the growth of xenograft tumors of HCT116 cells and inhibited the phosphorylation levels of the extracellular regulated protein kinases 1/2 and histone H3. Conclusion: The results indicate that GRh2 exerts promising antitumor effect that is specific to human HCT116 colorectal cancer cells through inhibiting the activity of PBK/TOPK.

• 한국약용작물학회지
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• 제15권3호
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• pp.215-219
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• 2007

HPLC에 의한 미량 Ginsenoside의 분석법을 확립하고자 연구를 수행하였던 바, 그 결과를 요약하면 다음과 같다. 인삼 ginsenosid의 분석은 많이 시도되어 왔으나 주요 사포닌 및 미량 사포닌의 분석법이 정립되지 않고 있는 실정인바, 본 연구에서는 이동상 용매의 기울기 용리를 다양하게 변화를 주어 Rb$_1$, Rb$_2$, Rb$_3$, Rc, Rd, Re, Rf Rg$_1$, Rg$_2$, Rg$_3$, Rh$_1$, Rh$_2$의 총 12종의 사포닌을 양호하게 분리하는데 성공하였다. 이동상의 흐름 속도는 1.00ml/min이고 column온도는 35$^{\circ}$C, UV detector의 파장은 203nm로 모두 일정하게 한 결과였으며, 최적의 분석조건은 H$_2$O와 CH$_3$CN의 용매 조성이 82/18, 70/30, 55/45, 50/50으로 각각의 ginsenosides의 안정적인 Area 값을 얻을 수 있었고 재현성을 시도해본 결과, 반복간 편차가 적어 재현성이 매우 양호한 것으로 나타났다.

• 생약학회지
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• 제46권2호
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• pp.154-159
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• 2015

This study was to evaluate the effect of isopropyl alcohol fraction of ultrasonication processed ginseng flower buds(GFB-IF) on the collagen synthesis activity and inhibition of MMP-1 suppression in UV-irradiated human dermal fibroblasts. The higher contents of ginsenoside Rg2(8.234%), Rh1(5.749%), F4(3.881%) in isopropyl alcohol fraction of ginseng flower buds obtained by ultrasonication process at 600W(100℃) for 16 hours. GFB-IF had collagen synthesis effect. GFB-IF induced a significant dose-dependent decrease in the expression for MMP-1 protein. These results suggest that GFB-IF is a potential candidate for the prevention and treatment of wrinkle improving.