• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.38 no.4
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• pp.289-292
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• 2014

Ginseng leaf/stem extract produced by subcritical water extraction at high temperature ($190^{\circ}C$) posses higher cytotoxic activity against human cancer cell lines than ethanol extract. Subcritical water extraction can be a great candidate for extraction of functional substance from ginseng leaves/stems.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.49 no.2
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• pp.94-99
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• 2004

This study was conducted to determine the effect of salinity on the growth and development of Korean ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A.Meyer) and to evaluate the inorganic ion content in Korean ginseng with different general complete fertilizer (GCF) and NaCI concentrations at two growth stages. The stem height of Korean ginseng treated with different GCF and NaCI concentrations decreased at the higher EC (2.0 dS m$^{-1}$ ), but there were no significant difference in the stem diameter, the leaf length, and the leaf width among different treatments. The root growth increased with the supply of GCF. Especially, the root growth was facilitated two times at 3.0 dS $\textrm{m}^{-1}$ as compared to control. But the root growth more sharply decreased with NaCI treatment than GCF. The $\textrm{K}^{+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content in leaves and roots increased with GCF at the early growth stage. At the late growth stage, the $\textrm{K}^{+}$ content in leaves decreased but the $\textrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content increased. The $\textrm{Ca}^{2+}$ and $\textrm{Mg}^{2+}$ content in roots increased but the $\textrm{K}^{+}$ content decreased. The $\textrm{Na}^{+}$ content in Korean ginseng increased sharply with NaCl treatment. The $\textrm{NO}_3^{-}$ content in leaves and $\textrm{NH}_4^{+}$ content in leaves and roots increased as GCF concentration increased. The $\textrm{NO}_3^{-}$ content in leaves, stems, and roots at the late growth stage decreased as NaCl concentration increased. The $\textrm{NH}_4^{+}$ content in leaves and roots decreased significantly at the early growth stage, but it decreased significantly in leaves and stems at the late growth stage. The root activity of Korean ginseng increased with GCF, but decreased as the EC increased with NaCl. The water potential of leaves with GCF showed no significant difference compare to control, but the water potential of leaves treated with NaCl decreased as EC increased.

• Korean Journal of Pharmacognosy
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• v.44 no.1
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• pp.10-15
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• 2013

This study was carried to establish a simple isolation and purification method of ginsenoside $F_1$ from leaves of Panax ginseng and was to evaluate the inhibitory effect of purified ginsenoside $F_1$ on the activities of elastase and tyrosinase. The content of ginsenoside $F_1$ was 90-fold higher in leaves than in root of ginseng. Ginsenoside $F_1$ was isolated from EtOAc fraction between EtOAc and alkalized water of 80% EtOH extract after remove of hydrophobic components. The 50% inhibitory concentration ($IC_{50}$) of ginsenoside $F_1$ on elastase activity and tyrosinase activity was 1.07 mM and 1.81 mM, respectively. Especially, inhibitory effect of ginsenoside $F_1$ on tyrosinase activity was higher than that of arbutin ($IC_{50}$; 2.20 mM). These results indicate that ginsenoside $F_1$ have a potential for industrial cosmetic materials.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.37 no.2
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• pp.248-253
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• 2013

Leaves from Panax ginseng Meyer (Korean origin and Chinese origin of Korean ginseng) and P. quinquefolius (American ginseng) were harvested in Haenam province, Korea, and were analyzed to investigate patterns in major metabolites using HPLC-based metabolic profiling. Partial least squares discriminant analysis (PLS-DA) was used to analyze the the HPLC chromatogram data. There was a clear separation between Panax species and/or origins from different countries in the PLS-DA score plots. The ginsenoside compounds of Rg1, Re, Rg2, Rb2, Rb3, and Rd in Korean leaves were higher than in Chinese and American ginseng leaves, and the Rb1 level in P. quinquefolius leaves was higher than in P. ginseng (Korean origin or Chinese origin). HPLC chromatogram data coupled with multivariate statistical analysis can be used to profile the metabolite content and undertake quality control of Panax products.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.42 no.2
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• pp.175-182
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• 2018

Background: The impact of fungicide azoxystrobin, applied as foliar spray, on the physiological and biochemical indices and ginsenoside contents of ginseng was studied in ginseng (Panax ginseng Mey. cv. "Ermaya") under natural environmental conditions. Different concentrations of 25% azoxystrobin SC (150 g a.i./ha and 225 g a.i./ha) on ginseng plants were sprayed three times, and the changes in physiological and biochemical indices and ginsenoside contents of ginseng leaves were tested. Methods: Physiological and biochemical indices were measured using a spectrophotometer (Shimadzu UV-2450). Every index was determined three times per replication. Extracts of ginsenosides were analyzed by HPLC (Shimadzu LC20-AB) utilizing a GL-Wondasil $C_{18}$ column. Results: Chlorophyll and soluble protein contents were significantly (p = 0.05) increased compared with the control by the application of azoxystrobin. Additionally, activities of superoxide dismutase, catalase, ascorbate peroxidase, peroxidase, and ginsenoside contents in azoxystrobin-treated plants were improved, and malondialdehyde content and $O_2^-$ contents were reduced effectively. Azoxystrobin treatments to ginseng plants at all growth stages suggested that the azoxystrobin-induced delay of senescence was due to an enhanced antioxidant enzyme activity protecting the plants from harmful active oxygen species. When the dose of azoxystrobin was 225 g a.i./ha, the effect was more significant. Conclusion: This work suggested that azoxystrobin played a role in delaying senescence by changing physiological and biochemical indices and improving ginsenoside contents in ginseng leaves.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.35 no.4
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• pp.449-456
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• 2011

Plant leaf cuticle is related to the prevention of moisture loss, transpiration, and diffusion of light reflection. The purpose of this study was to examine the morphological characteristics of ginseng leaves in ginseng plants resistant and susceptible to hightemperature injury (HTI) to be related with the leaf-burning. For the HTI resistant lines Yunpoong, high-temperature injury resistance (HTIR) 1, HTIR 2, and HTIR 3, and the HTI-susceptible line Chunpoong, the cuticle densities were 53.0%, 46.2%, 44.9%, 48.0%, and 17.0%; the adaxial leaf cuticle layers were 141.3, 119.7, 119.7, 159.4, and 85.0 nm in thickness; the abaxial leaf cuticle layers were 153.6, 165.8, 157.9, 199.6, and 119.4 nm in thickness; and the stomtal lengths were 21.7, 32.4, 29.4, 30.9, and $21.8{\mu}m$, respectively. All of these aspects suggest that HTI resistant lines have higher cuticle density, thickicker adaxial and abaxial leaf cuticle layers, and longer of stomta length than the HTI-susceptible line, protecting leaves from moisture loss and excessive transpiration under high temperatures to be resistant against the leaf-burning.

• The Plant Pathology Journal
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.264-268
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• 2000

A fluorescent material was accumulated in inoculated leaves showing necrotic local lesions of tobacco plants with N gene, Nicotiana tabacum cvs. Xanthi-nc NN, Samsun NN, Burley 21 and KF 114, and N. glutinosa, and Datura stramonium at the early growth stages by the inoculation of Tobacco mosaic virus (TMV). It was identified as a coumarin phytoalexin, scopoletin. Although the material was most prominently produced in TMV-inoculated tobacco leaves with local necrotic lesions, its accumulation was also noted in uninoculated leaves of TMV-inoculated plants. Its accumulation was somewhat greater in high resistance-induced leaves than low resistance-induced and intact leaves. Scopoletin treatment induced the expression of a pathogenesis-related protein, PR-1, prominently at the concentration of 500 or 1000 ${\mu}$g/ml. This suggests that scopoletin is a phytoalexin abundantly accumulating in N gene-containing resistant plants in response to TMV infection, and may be related to hypersensitive responses (HR) and systemic acquired resistance (SAR) in the resistant tobacco plants.

• Journal of Plant Biology
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.285-292
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• 1994

Ultrastructural changes in Panax ginseng C. A. Meyer mesophyll chloroplasts and variation of thylakoid membrane protein in responce to the light intensity were studied in leaves of two-y-old plants exposed to two different light intensities under field coditions. The leaves were allowed to function for three months after emergence under two contrasting light conditions. The ginseng chloroplasts of 5% light were filled with highly stacked grana of condensely arrayed thylakoids, so that the stroma space was hardly observed. In contrast, chloroplasts from leaves at 100% sunlight had fewer thylakoid membranes and smaller grana stacks. The number of osmiophilic globules increased. Total Chl content and Chl b content were lower at 100% sunlight than 5% sunlight. The thylakoid membrane proteins in the leaves grown at 100% sunlight showed lower CPIa, LHCII and CP29 than those with 5% sunlight. This effect was most obvious for LHCII. Polypeptides showed major bands at 90, 64, 29-30, 22 and 14 kD, and minor bands at 59, 58, 54, 52, 49, 46, 44, 35, 23, 21 and 18-19 kD. All these bands were lower in intensity in the leaves exposed to 100% sunlight. Moreover, the bands at 58-59, 46-47 and 23 kD disappeared.

• Journal of Soil and Groundwater Environment
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• v.22 no.5
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• pp.128-134
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• 2017

This work presents the adsorption capability of green tea and ginseng leaves to adsorb heavy metals such as Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) in aqueous solution. FT-IR analysis indicates the presence of oxygen containing functional groups (carboxyl groups) in two kinds of leaves. High pH condition was favorable to the adsorption of heavy metal ions due to the enhanced electrostatic attraction and the precipitation reaction of metal ions. The adsorption of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) reached equilibrium within 10 min, achieving high removal efficiencies of 80.3-97.5%. The adsorption kinetics data of heavy metal ions were fitted well with the pseudo-second-order kinetic model. The maximum adsorption amounts of Cd(II), Cu(II), and Pb(II) ions were 8, 3.5, and 15 mg/g, respectively, in the initial concentration range from 0.15 to 0.75 mM. Based on the fitting data obtained from isotherm models, heavy metal adsorption by green tea and ginseng leaves could occur via multi-layer sorption.

• Korean journal of food and cookery science
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.333-339
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• 2014

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the quality properties of muffin added with different concentration (0, 1, 3, and 5%) of ginseng leaves powder, which is discarded in the process of ginseng. Density of muffin was the highest at 1.45 g/mL in control, and pH (7.41) was at the highest level as well. There was no tendency at the bottom and upper dimensions according to addition of ginseng leaf powder. The height and baking loss rate of the muffins increased with increase in the powder concentration, but there were no significant differences. The weight of muffins did not show constant tendency, according to addition ratio of ginseng leaves powder. The degree of lightness and yellowness of muffin decreased as the concentration of the powder increased, whereas no significant difference in the redness was found with increased powder concentration. The factors of hardness and chewiness were higher at the control group and cohesiveness was the highest at 0.65 in 3% group, but springiness and gumminess did notshow significant differences. DPPH free radical scavenging activity of muffins was significantly increased with increasing ginseng leaves powder (p<0.05). For the sensory evaluation in 1% group, the intensity of color, smell, taste, softness, and moistness was the lowest, whereas the overall acceptability score of color, smell, taste, chewiness, and moistness was the highest. Thesensory properties of muffin linearly decreased as the concentration of ginseng leaves powder increased. Taken together, the results of this study suggest that ginseng leaf powder is a good ingredient for increasing the consumer acceptability and functionality of cookies.