• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.20-28
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• 2011

Crude polysaccharide (CP) was fractionated from the submerged culture (containing both mycelia and culture broth, SC) with Phellinus linteus (PL) in mushroom complete medium (MCM) supplemented with ginseng extract ($65^{\circ}$Bx, GE) to enhance the immune activity. PL-GE-15-CP from SC cultivated in MCM supplemented with GE-15% (v/v, a ratio of MCM volume to GE) showed significantly higher macrophage stimulation (1.45 fold of the saline control at $100{\mu}g$/mL) than PL-GE-5 and 10-CP with GE-5 and 10%, or PL-CP from SC without GE. The potent intestinal immune system modulating activity through Peyer's patch was also obtained by PL-GE-15-CP (1.46 fold). When PL-GE-15-CP further fractionated on DEAE-Sepharose CL-6B (Cl- form), PL-GE-15-CP-II was the significantly higher than others from PL-GE-15-CP or PL-CP on macrophage stimulation, interleukin (IL)-12 production and intestinal immune system modulation (1.54, 3.96 and 1.56 fold, respectively). PL-GE-15-CP-II also had higher anti-metastatic activity against colon 26-M3.1 carcinoma cell (57.3% inhibition of tumor control, $200{\mu}g$/mouse) rather than PL-CP-II. This active fraction (PL-GE-15-CP-II) mainly contained neutral sugar (82.45%) and uronic acid (12.99%), and component sugar analysis showed that PL-GE-15-CP-II consisted mainly of uronic acid, Ara, Man, Gal and Glc (molar ratio of 0.52:0.97:0.63:1.00:0.54). Furthermore, the activity of GE culture was higher compared with culture without GE, indicating that GE helped to enhance the immune activity of P. linteus; also, it is assumed that the polysaccharide plays an important role in immune enhancement.

• Food Science and Preservation
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• v.24 no.3
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• pp.431-439
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• 2017

This study was conducted to examine the antioxidant activities and physiological activities of mixture extracts (Liriope platyphylla, Schizandra chinensis and Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) with different extraction mixing ratios (MEC, 2:1:1; ME1, 1:2:1; ME2, 1:1:2; ME3, 1.34:1.33:1.33). The yield of extracts ranged from 25.33 to 33.87%. The total polyphenol and total flavonoid contents of ME1 extracts were 1.01 g/100 g, 0.07 g/100 g, respectively. The total sugar contents of MEC extract was 22.83 g/100 g, respectively. The DPPH and ABTS radical scavenging activities of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 26.79% and 21.08%. The superoxide radical scavenging and ferric-reducing antioxidant power of ME1 extracts at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ were 67.83% and $295.47{\mu}M$, respectively. The functionalities of extracts were investigated with L-132 and RAW264.7 cell lines. The extracts on different mixing ratios did not show the toxicity on L-132 and RAW264.7 cell line in $100-2,500{\mu}g/mL$. The ME1 extract of $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ performed better than other extracts protective effects against oxidative stess in L-132 cells (81.22%) and the ME2 extract at $1,000{\mu}g/mL$ decreased nitric oxide production by $7.48{\mu}M$ which was more potent than other extracts. There results suggest that the ME1 extracts may be a useful functional food material in the food industry.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.57-63
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• 1984

This study was designed to compare the quality characteristics of freeze and spray dried red ginseng extract powders(RGEPs) by drying methods, which have been required to maintain the stability for the quality. Chemical compositions, major ginsenoside contents and color intensities of these Products were compared by drying conditions. The moisture absorption rates and optical densities also were compared during storage under maltreatment conditions of a various relative humidities (75, 86and 92 RH) and two different temperatures (37 and $50^{\circ}C$). It was found that decreases of total major ginsenosides contents in freeze and spray dried RGEPs were 5.4 % to 6.7 % during storage for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 75 % RH. When these products packaged with inner seal of Al-foil laminate paper (Al-foil; 9 ${\mu}m$) were stored for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 75 % RH. the moisture absorption rates of freeze and spray dried RGEPs were ranged 42 % to 82 %, 8 % to 16 %, respectively. In storage for 6 months at $37^{\circ}C$, 86 % RH, spray dried RGEP was higher in brown pigment($400{\sim}490nm$) than freeze dried RGEP while freeze dried was higher in pyrazine (278 nm), HMF and furfural (285 nm) than spray dried RGEP. It was found that RGEPs showed a strong anti-oxidative activity by electron donating ability to DPPPH, but there was no significant difference between freeze and spray dried RGEPs.

• The Korean Journal of Pesticide Science
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• v.16 no.2
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• pp.178-186
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• 2012

This study was investigated for the purpose of the isolation and identification of antagonistic bacteria with antifungal activity against plant pathogens. This bacteria denominated Bacillus subtilis KYS-10 and the optimum growth condition were 4% sucrose, 1% yeast extract, 0.2% $K_2HPO_4$, pH 7, 150 rpm, $30^{\circ}C$, 8 day. The antifungal activities against nine plant pathogens determined inhibition zone size by diffusion methods. The results, G. zeae (scab) 70 mm and P. grisea KACC 40439 (blast), P. capsici KACC 40177 (phytophthora blight) and C. destructans KACC 41077 (root rot of ginseng) 40~43 mm, and C. gloeosporioides KACC 43520 (ripe rot), C. gloesporioides KACC 40003 (anthracnose), S. shiraiana KACC 41065 (stem rot) and S. shiraiana (mulberry sclerotial disease) 35~39 mm and F. Oxysporum KACC 44452 (bulb rot of ginseng) 28 mm. From these experiment results, author suggest that Bacillus subtilis KYS-10 would be developed as a biological control agent thorough the field experimet in the near future.

• Korean journal of applied entomology
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• v.50 no.4
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• pp.315-324
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• 2011

The nematicidal and egg haching inhibitory effects of extracts from 30 herbal plants (total 32 samples) against Meloidogyne hapla J2 juveniles and eggs was tested using the dipping method. At 1,000 ppm, extracts of Daphne genkwa flower buds, Eugenia caryophyllata flowers, Quisqualis indica fruits, and Zingiber officinale rhizomes produced > 80% mortality in J2 juveniles. At 125 ppm, extracts of D. genkwa and Q. indica produced 91 and 99% mortality, respectively. The toxicity of 5 selected plant extracts to M. hapla differed depending on the solvent used (i.e. hexane, methanol, hot water, or cold water). Hot water extracts of Z. officinale and Q. indica produced nematicidal efficacies of 99 and 99%, compared to 36 and 98%, respectively, with cold water extraction. Q. indica extract was highly active against M. hapla regardless of extraction method. The inhibitory effects of Areca catechu, D. genkwa, Desmodium caudatum, Pharbitis nil, Q. indica, and Z. officinale extracts on egg hatching of M. hapla was evaluated. At 1,000 ppm, D. genkwa, P. nil, and Q. indica extracts significantly reduced hatching at 7, 14 and 21 days after treatment. Numbers of juveniles in soil treated with the methanol extract D. genkwa (1,000 ppm) were significantly lower than in untreated soil in trials in pots and in a ginseng (Phanax ginseng) field. These results indicate that Q. indica extracts could be used as an environmental friendly control agent of M. hapla.

• Journal of the Society of Cosmetic Scientists of Korea
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• v.50 no.2
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• pp.119-129
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• 2024

The cutaneous lymphatic system in humans plays a crucial role in draining interstitial fluid and activating the immune system. Environmental factors, such as ultraviolet light and natural aging, often affect structural changes of such lymphatic vessels, causing skin dysfunction. However, some limitations still exist because of no alternatives to animal testing. To better understand the skin lymphatic system, a biomimetic microfluidic platform, skin-lymph-on-a-chip, was fabricated to develop a novel in vitro skin lymphatic model of humans and to investigate the molecular and physiological changes involved in lymphangiogenesis, the formation of lymphatic vessels. Briefly, the platform involved co-culturing differentiated primary normal human epidermal keratinocytes (NHEKs) and dermal lymphatic endothelial cells (HDLECs) in vitro. Based on our system, Lymphanax^TM, which is a condensed Panax ginseng root extract obtained through thermal conversion for 21 days, was applied to evaluate the lymphangiogenic effect, and the changes in molecular factors were analyzed using a deep-learning-based algorithm. Lymphanax^TM promoted healthy lymphangiogenesis in skin-lymphon-a-chip and indirectly affected HDELCs as its components rarely penetrated differentiated NHEKs in the chip. Overall, this study provides a new perspective on Lymphanax^TM and its effects using an innovative in vitro system.

• Korean Journal of Medicinal Crop Science
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• v.12 no.1
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• pp.10-16
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• 2004

This study was carried out to investigate the difference of growth characteristics and the content of root chemical components in four years old ginseng by paddy and upland cultivation at farmers' field in Korea. Proportions of silt, clay, liquid phase and porosity were higher in paddy soil than upland soil. The range of liquid phase was $17.5{\sim}19.5%$ in paddy and $7.0{\sim}12.8%$ in upland during growth period. EC and the other contents of OM, $NO_3^-,\;K_2O$, and Mg in paddy soil were higher than those of upland soil, while the contents of $P_2O_5$ and Ca were less than those of upland soil. The levels of chemical components of tested soil exceeded recommended range in EC, $NO_3^-$ and Ca of paddy soil, and in $P_2O_5$ and Ca of upland soil. Stem length, fresh root weight and total dry weight per plant in paddy were greater than those of upland. Root weight in paddy-ginseng showed a great increase on September, while it was not increased in upland because of early defoliation. Net assimilation rate and crop growth rate by paddy and upland cultivation showed distinct differences on May and September, and those of paddy-ginseng were higher than those of upland-ginseng. Yield and ratio of red-colored root showed no significant difference by paddy and upland cultivation, while significant differences were observed in diameter and length of primary root, contents of crude saponin and 50% ethanol extracts of primary root, and water content of root. Hardness of primary root showed no significant difference by paddy and upland cultivation until August, but it showed distinct difference on September, at which the hardness in upland cultivation was drastically decreased.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.42 no.9
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• pp.1351-1356
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• 2013

To enhance the utilization of Allium hookeri (AH) as a food, characteristics of AH roots and leaves cultivated under open field and greenhouse conditions were investigated. The moisture content of the roots and leaves were 81.05 to 84.18% and 88.85 to 90.12%, respectively. The moisture content of AH cultivated in the open field was 2 to 3% lower than the moisture content of AH cultivated in the greenhouse for both roots and leaves. The content of nitrogen-free extract, carbohydrates, was 13.49 to 16.20% in the roots and 7.08 to 7.79% in the leaves. The main mineral generated from both open field and greenhouse cultivation was potassium, at 503.98 to 512.08 mg% in leaves. The free sugar content of roots cultivated in the open field was four times higher than the content in the leaves, and roots cultivated in the greenhouse contained three times lower free sugar than the leaves. In particular, the fructose content of roots cultivated in the open field was about 12 times higher than roots cultivated in the greenhouse. The crude saponin and total polyphenol content was higher in leaves than roots, and was higher in the open field than the greenhouse. The $IC_{50}$ for DPPH radical scavenging activity was highest, 2.74 mg/mL, in 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse. Water and 70% MeOH extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the greenhouse showed no cytotoxicity to RAW 264.7 cells. Water extracts of AH leaves cultivated in the open field markedly inhibited the production of the inflammatory mediator nitric oxide. These results suggest that AH may be used as the material of health functional food.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.36 no.11
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• pp.1482-1485
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• 2007

In this study, extraction yield of ginseng and contents of phenolic compounds were increased through enzyme and heat treatment, and antioxidant activities of each treatment group were investigated. In the case of enzyme treatment groups, the extraction yields showed remarkable difference: pectinase (76.0%)> cellulase (44.7%)> ${\alpha}-amylase$ (43.1%)> protease (34.3%). Heat treatment groups did not show much difference in extraction yields $(51.1{\sim}53.1%)$ except for $90^{\circ}C-treated$ group (48.7%). Pectinase-treated group (2.21%) and $90^{\circ}C$ heat treatment group (2.34%) showed the highest total phenol contents. DPPH radical scavenging activities of the solvent-treated, enzyme-treated and heat-treated extracts were $12.3{\sim}33.2%$, $29.7{\sim}40.3%$ and $57.8{\sim}75.2%$, respectively, at 100 mg/mL concentration. The pectinase-treated extract exhibited the greatest ABTS radical scavenging activity (60%), followed by $150^{\circ}C$, $ 120^{\circ}C$, and $90^{\circ}C-treated$ groups.

• Nutrition Research and Practice
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.365-372
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• 2017

BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES: Owing to health concerns related to the consumption of traditional snacks high in sugars and fats, much effort has been made to develop functional snacks with low calorie content. In this study, a new recipe for Korean rice cookie, dasik, was developed and its antioxidative, lipid-lowering, and anti-inflammatory effects and related mechanisms were elucidated. The effects were compared with those of traditional rice cake dasik (RCD), the lipid-lowering effect of which is greater than that of traditional western-style cookies. MATERIALS/METHODS: Ginseng-added brown rice dasik (GBRD) was prepared with brown rice flour, fructooligosaccharide, red ginseng extract, and propolis. Mice were grouped (n = 7 per group) into those fed a normal AIN-76 diet, a high-fat diet (HFD), and HFD supplemented with RCD or GBRD. Dasik in the HFD accounted for 7% of the total calories. The lipid, reactive oxygen species, and peroxynitrite levels, and degree of lipid peroxidation in the plasma or liver were determined. The expression levels of proteins involved in lipid metabolism and inflammation, and those of antioxidant enzymes were determined by western blot analysis. RESULTS: The plasma and hepatic total cholesterol concentrations in the GBRD group were significantly decreased via downregulation of sterol regulatory element-binding protein-2 and 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl-CoA reductase (P < 0.05). The hepatic peroxynitrite level was significantly lower, whereas glutathione was higher, in the GBRD group than in the RCD group. Among the antioxidant enzymes, catalase (CAT) and glutathione peroxidase (GPx) were significantly upregulated in the GBRD group (P < 0.05). In addition, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF-${\kappa}B$) expression in the GBRD group was significantly lower than that in the RCD group. CONCLUSIONS: GBRD decreases the plasma and hepatic cholesterol levels by downregulating cholesterol synthesis. This new dasik recipe also improves the antioxidative and anti-inflammatory status in HFD-fed mice via CAT and GPx upregulation and NF-${\kappa}B$ downregulation. These effects were significantly higher than those of RCD.