• Korean Journal of Human Ecology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.63-74
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• 1995

Urben wage workers' education expenditure among different social classes from 1979 to 1993 has been compared. Eduction expenditure has increased much more than that of income resulting from income increase and government policy. Education expenditure gaps among social classes have showed to be an increasing trend although the ratio of education expense to the income has increased among low class families. Average income elasticity was 1.1 and this result showed that education expense was luxury good. Income elasticity of education expense among low class families have fluctuated more than any other classes resulting from construction business cycle and housing rent increase. Average Gini coefficient was 0.38 and turned out to be highest among 9 household expenditures, however it was in the trend of improvement from 81. But from 91 Gini Coefficient went up high again. Main reason for this increase was due to high social class families' eucation expenditure increase. Government's strong policies to enhance equality level of education opportunity and to support low class families are urged.

• Proceedings of the Korea Contents Association Conference
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• 2006.05a
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• pp.75-79
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• 2006

The Purpose of the study is to analyze the change of the unbalanced national development by the construction of multifunctional administrative city and innovation cities. In this study, index of unbalanced national development is measured by unbalanced distribution of population on national land. Gini's coefficient is used to measure the unbalanced distribution of population. As a result, the construction of multifunctional administrative city and innovation cities will relieve the unbalanced national development. but the effect will be insignificant. For the relief of unbalanced national development, various policy and strategy will have to develop.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.713-724
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• 2013

In terms of waste load allocation, inequality of waste load discharge must be considered as well as economic aspects such as minimization of waste load abatement. The inequality of waste load discharge between areas was calculated with Gini coefficient and was included as one of the objective functions of the multi-objective waste load allocation. In the past, multi-objective functions were usually weighted and then transformed into a single objective optimization problem. Recently, however, due to the difficulties of applying weighting factors, multi-objective genetic algorithms (GA) that require only one execution for optimization is being developed. This study analyzes multi-objective waste load allocation using NSGA-II-aJG that applies Pareto-dominance theory and it's adaptation of jumping gene. A sensitivity analysis was conducted for the parameters that have significant influence on the solution of multi-objective GA such as population size, crossover probability, mutation probability, length of chromosome, jumping gene probability. Among the five aforementioned parameters, mutation probability turned out to be the most sensitive parameter towards the objective function of minimization of waste load abatement. Spacing and maximum spread are indexes that show the distribution and range of optimum solution, and these two values were the optimum or near optimal values for the selected parameter values to minimize waste load abatement.

• Journal of Navigation and Port Research
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.121-127
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• 2004

The shipping industry can be explained by a growing process of concentration and centralization of tonnage. A few largest shipping company control a great deal of shipping tonnage in the total tonnage through the process of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping over time. It confirms that a decreasing number of operators take an increasing quantity of tonnage in the total tonnage. Thus, the extremely dualistic structure (extremely unequal distribution of tonnage) are shown not only in the shipping industry in a given country but also in liner shipping in the world In this paper, the two countries, that is, Korea and Egypt, are compared considering the absolute size of tonnage and shipping policy in tenn., of concentration and centralization of tonnage in shipping. In order to measure the degree of concentration of tonnage in shipping, the quantitative measurements; the Lorenz curve and Gini coefficient are introduced. But it should be supplemented with the qualitative measures of tonnage in a given country.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.635-641
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• 2021

This article analyzes the factors affecting income inequality in Vietnam, with data from 63 provinces and cities collected from the Vietnam Household Living Standards Survey of the General Statistics Office of Vietnam from 2010 to 2018. The article will firstly build a research model to identify factors affecting income inequality. Then, it uses the Generalized Method of Moments (GMM) method to evaluate the effect of factors on income inequality in Vietnam. The empirical estimate result shows that, in the period from 2010 to 2018, the factors such as the proportion of the working employees, income per capita, and inflation have positive effects on the Gini coefficient. That is, when these factors increase, there will be negative effects on improving income inequality in Vietnam. Conversely, when the factors such as the proportion of the literate adults, the proportion of the urban population, and population density increase they will have a positive impact on improving income inequality in Vietnam during this period. The estimated coefficients satisfied the sign expectation except the proportion of the literate adults. It means that, in Vietnam, the increase and more equilibrium in educational attainment balance the distribution of income and bring an improvement in income inequality.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.8 no.2
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• pp.281-288
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• 2021

The purpose of the study is to determine the poverty and distributional effects of the implementation of Tax Reform for Acceleration and Inclusion Law. The Computable General Equilibrium-Top Down Behavioral Microsimulation was used to obtain the effects of the tax reform on macroeconomic and microeconomic levels. Moreover, the Poverty Gap Index, Squared Poverty Gap Index, Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke Measures of Poverty, and Sen-Shorrocks-Thon Index were used to measure the poverty effect of the tax reform. Meanwhile, the Gini Coefficient and SST Gini Coefficient Index were used to measure the distributional effect of the tax reform. The results show that the implementation of the tax reform has resulted in a significant increase in household income and disposable income. Region IV has the highest estimated increase in household income. Meanwhile, Region IV remained to have the lowest household income. Further, the findings of this study suggest that the tax reform resulted in a significant decrease in the magnitude of poor and the number of poor in the Philippines. However, the result of the study also suggests that the effect of tax reform manifests no differences in terms of the poverty gap measured through the Foster, Greer, and Thorbecke poverty index due.

• Journal of the Korean Association of Geographic Information Studies
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.126-138
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• 2012

The purpose of this study is to evaluate the imbalance of green space using various spatial analysis methods and to establish the management zone for green space with service supply in the aspect of its use in Daegu. The total green space of Daegu is 48,936.1ha which is the second among 7 metropolitan cities of Korea. According to the imbalance analysis of green space, the Gini's coefficient based on the area was not high, on the other hand, the Gini's coefficient based on the population was high by above 0.6. According to an evaluation of service supply of green space in Dalseo-gu, the area within about 100m around large green space was supplied with green spaces of above $25m^2$/pop. On the other hand, the area such as Sangin, Jukjeon, and Yongsan was not almost supplied with green space. Finally, 'Rich zone', 'Fair zone', 'Poor zone', and Broken zone' could be established based on the service supply for the management direction of green space. The findings from this study can be used as the basic data for selecting the construction priority of new green spaces.

• Health Policy and Management
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.92-99
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• 2014

Background: Korea's primary care clinics are seeking increase in consultation fees by expanding supply within the frame of the health insurance system, but inequality of physician income between regions and individuals is exacerbating. The purpose of this study lies in analyzing the distribution of patients of primary care clinics, their specialized field, and the degree of inequality between medical fee income according to region. Data was acquired from the Health Insurance Review and Assessment Service on charged bills made by clinic-size medical institutions from 2008 to 2011. Methods: By comparing the outpatient number per clinic according to the clinic's specialized field, results showed that ophthalmology, otolaryngology, dermatology, orthopedics, and internal medicine showed high numbers whereas plastic surgery, neuropsychiatry, cardiothoracic surgery had fewer outpatients. The number of outpatients for clinic according to region showed Chuncheonnam-do, Jeju-do, Gangwon-do, Chungcheongbuk-do, Ulsan to have higher numbers of outpatients. For those four years, clinics in the Seoul area had a rather lower number. Results: As a result of comparing the decile hierarchy distribution ratio between specialized fields according to primary care clinics income from National Health Insurance, the inequality degree showed that obstetrics and gynecology and general medicine were each 0.130, 0.280 for the decile distribution ratio, which was the highest degree of inequality within the specialized field. Their Gini coefficient were also relatively high at 0.691, 0.528 respectively. On the other hand, the decile distribution ratio for otolaryngology and orthopedics were 0.510, 0.468, respectively, while their Gini coefficient each at 0.318, 0.314 makes their inequality degree relatively lower than other fields. Conclusion: This study is limited in that the data used was the health insurance charges submitted by clinics, which does not provide total information of the doctors' income. However, because most clinics are largely dependant on their income to come from health insurance reimbursements. Therefore, the results of this study can be used effectively. In the future, research that includes data on non-covered service income should be conducted to closely examine policy plans with a new medical fee policy which can resolve the medical fee income inequality issue between clinics as well as revitalize primary medical care.

• Journal of the Korean Regional Science Association
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• v.33 no.4
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• pp.3-17
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• 2017

This study ranks by developing an urban competitiveness index of major global cities, including seven cities in Korea using data from the Global Cities Forecast (2013) provided by Oxford Economics. The City competitiveness index is selected from 18 indicators including scale index, ratio index, growth rate index while Gini coefficient is used for distribution index. In order to analyze the relationship between the competitiveness index and the distribution index, we use the LOGIT panel regression model. As a result, the increase in income inequality (Gini coefficient) has a negative effect on the economic growth rate in 5-year time lag shown statistically significant. We have compiled global rankings of 770 city competitiveness based upon 19 indicators by combining the global competitiveness index and the distribution index. The trend of rank shows that 7 Metropolitan Korean Cities are expected to decline substantially over the period. In particular, Seoul ranked $59^{th}$ in 2010 and $74^{th}$ in 2015. Its ranking is expected to be decline to $185^{th}$ in 2030. The declining competitiveness of Korean cities is expected to lead to a weakening of Korea's national competitiveness in the long run. Accordingly, it is imperative to identify problems and seek strategic plans to secure global urban competitiveness.

• Journal of Korean society of Dental Hygiene
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• v.18 no.6
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• pp.921-932
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• 2018

Objectives: The aim of this study was to investigate the number of existing permanent teeth and the denture usage status in elderly adults aged 65 years and above living in metropolitan cities and to confirm the degree of oral health inequality caused by the differences in oral conditions in each metropolitan city using the Lorenz curve and the Gini coefficient. Methods: The raw data for the analysis were obtained from the dataset of the sixth Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey conducted between 2013 and 2015. The subjects included 1,764 people who underwent oral examination and answered questions. The complex samples general linear model was used to analyze the number of existing permanent teeth adjusted for age and monthly household income. The proportion of edentulousness and the denture status was analyzed using complex samples crosstabs. Results: The number of existing permanent teeth in the elderly adults aged 65 years and above was lowest in Ulsan (15.41) and highest in Gwangju (20.44). The proportion of edentulousness was highest in Busan (14.5%) and lowest in Daejeon (4.0%). With regard to the proportion of denture users, Busan had the highest tendency for denture usage (50.4%) and Gwangju had the lowest tendency (34.9) (p=0.172). The Gini's coefficient for the number of existing teeth was lowest in Busan (0.332). Oral health inequality was most severe in metropolitan cities. Conclusions: We found that oral health inequality exists among elderly adults living in the metropolitan cities of Korea using the Lorenz curve and Gini's coefficient.