• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권3호
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• pp.401-407
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• 2013

Two experiments were conducted to determine an optimum Lys:calorie ratio (g of total dietary Lys/Mcal of DE) for growing barrows and gilts in cool and hot seasons in a commercial environment. In Exp. 1, 96 barrows and 96 gilts were randomly allocated in 1 of 4 dietary treatments (2.7, 3.0, 3.3, 3.6 g of Lys/Mcal of DE). Each treatment had 12 replicate pens with 4 pigs per pen. The experiment lasted for 34 d in the cool season (March 12th to April 15th). Diets were based on corn-wheat-soybean meal. Lys:calorie ratio were attained by adjusting the amount of corn and soybean and supplementation of crystalline Lys. Total Lys intake and available Lys intake were increased (p<.05) as dietary Lys:calorie ratio increased. The BUN concentration on d 34 for barrows, and BUN change for barrows and gilts linearly increased (p<0.05) in response to increasing dietary Lys:calorie ratio. For gilts, back fat was decreased and then increased (Quadratically, p<0.05) as increasing dietary lys:calorie ratio. Exp. 2 had a similar design as Exp. 1 with the exception that Exp. 2 was conducted in hot season (June 30th to September 11th) for 42 d. Diet of Exp. 2 was the same as Exp. 1. Total Lys intake and available Lys intake increased (p<0.05) as dietary Lys:calorie increased. On d 42, the BUN concentration increased (p<0.05) in response to the increasing dietary Lys:calorie ratio. In conclusion, dietary Lys:calorie ratio of 2.7 g of Lys/Mcal of DE could satisfy the requirement of 25 to 50 kg growing pigs. Increasing dietary Lys:calorie ratio could increase BUN concentration in growing pigs.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제26권9호
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• pp.1255-1261
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• 2013

Somatic cell nuclear transfer (SCNT) is a useful tool for animal cloning, but the efficiency of producing viable offspring by SCNT is very low. To improve this efficiency in the production of cloned pigs, it is critical to understand the interactions between uterine function and cloned embryos during implantation. Lysophosphatidic acid (LPA) is a lipid mediator that plays an important role in the establishment of pregnancy in pigs; however, LPA production in the uterine endometrium of pigs carrying SCNT-cloned conceptuses has not been determined. Therefore, we investigated expression of ENPP2, an LPA-generating enzyme, in the uterine endometrium of gilts with conceptuses derived from SCNT during the implantation period. Uterine endometrial tissue and uterine flushing were obtained from gilts carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses and from gilts carrying conceptuses resulting from natural mating on d 12 of pregnancy. Our results demonstrated no difference in the level of ENPP2 mRNA expression in the uterine endometrium between gilts carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses and gilts carrying naturally-conceived conceptuses, but secretion of ENPP2 protein into the uterine lumen did decrease significantly in pigs with SCNT-derived conceptuses. These results indicate that expression and secretion of ENPP2, which are critical for appropriate LPA production and successful pregnancy, are dysregulated in the uterine endometrium of pigs carrying SCNT-derived conceptuses.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제61권5호
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• pp.285-293
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• 2019

The objective of this study was to verify the best mating age of gilts at the first parity. Gilts (n = 86) were divided into nine groups in a factorial arrangement with three Ages (AG1, ${\leq}220d$; AG2, 220 to 240 d; AG3, $240{\leq}d$), and three weights (WT1 ${\leq}140kg$; WT2, 140 to 149 kg; WT3, $150{\leq}kg$). A higher body weight gain in AG2 sows during gestation. Sows in AG2 group showed a higher body weight gain at first parity and backfat gain in the parity 2 and 3 during gestation. A greater insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1) was observed in AG1 sows compared with AG3 sows at weaning in the second parity. Sows in WT1 group showed a significant positive effect on the plasma IGF-1 at breeding and weaning time in parity 2. Sows in AG3 group showed a higher plasma leptin at breeding, farrowing, and weaning in the parity 1, and at farrowing in parity 2. Sows in WT3 group showed a higher plasma leptin at breeding, farrowing, and weaning in the parities 1 and 2. Considering the insignificant longevity results, the most efficient time for gilts insemination can be at 220 d when their body weight is 140 kg or lower.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제18권3호
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• pp.249-255
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• 2003

종빈돈의 번식효율 증진을 위해 후보종빈돈의 성성숙일령, 첫교배일령 및 등지방 두께 등이 번식능력에 영향을 미치는 요인을 조사$.$분석하여 우수한 후보종빈돈의 조기선발에 활용코자 수행한 결과는 다음과 같다. 1. 출생계절별 첫발정일령 및 첫수정일령은 봄에 출생한 후보종빈돈은 194.14일 및 222.05일, 여름에 출생한 후보종빈돈은 163.25일 및 193.00일, 가을에 출생한 후보종빈돈은 160.25일 및 199.20일, 겨울에 출생한 후보종빈돈은 159.72일 및 190.11일로 봄에 출생한 후보종빈돈의 첫발정일령이 겨울, 가을, 여름에 출생한 후보종빈돈보다 유의적으로 늦게 나타났다(P< 0.01). 2. 등지방두께가 13∼16mm인 후보종빈돈의 첫발정일은 180.32일, 17∼20mm인 후보종빈돈은 171.24일, 21∼23mm인 후보종빈돈은 162.20일로 등지방두께가 얇을수록 첫발정일령이 지연되었으나 유의적인 차이는 인정되지 않았다. 3. 등지방두께가 13∼16mm인 후보종빈돈의 첫수정일령은 211.12일, 17∼20mm인 후보종빈돈은 202.43일, 21∼23mm인 후보종빈돈은 195.43일로 등지방 두께가 얇을수록 첫수정일령이 지연되었으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 4. 첫발정일령이 160일령 이하일 때에 산자수는 9.64두였으며, 161∼180일렬인 경우 10.14두, 181∼200일령인 경우 9.56두, 201일령이상인 경우 9.13두로 첫발정일령이 161∼180일이었을 때가 산자수가 가장 많았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 5. 첫수정일령이 180일령 이하일 때에 산자수는 9.13두였으며, 181∼200일령인 경우 9.75두, 201∼220일령인 경우 10.13두, 221일령 이상인 경우 9.45두로 첫수정일령이 201∼220일령이었을때가 산자수가 가장 많았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다. 6. 첫수정시 등지방두께가 13∼16mm일 때에 산자수는 9.33두였으며, 17∼20mm인 경우 9.81두, 21∼20mm인 경우 10.17두로 첫수정시 등 지방두께가 21∼23mm이었을 때가 산자수가 가장 많았으나 유의적인 차이는 없었다.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제14권1호
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• pp.66-72
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• 1990

This experiment was conducted to compare the fatty acid composition in the backfat and the levels of testosterone and androstenone in the serum of boars, barrows and gilts. The results obrained are summarized as follows : 1. The contents of palmitic acid and stearic acid in the backfat of barrows increased as their body weight increased and the levels of them were higher in barrows than in boars. However, the contents of oleic acid and linoleic acid were lower in barrows than in boars. 2. The levels of testosterone in boars at 70, 90 and 110 kg of body weight were 3.25, 5.66 and 4.5ng/ml respectively, while those of barrows or gilts were 0.01-0.43ng/ml. 3. The level of androstenone in boars at 110kg of body weight was higher(1.04ng/ml) than that at 70kg of body wight(0.44ng/ml), but there was little difference in the levels of it by body weight or age in barrows and gilts.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제48권1호
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• pp.69-76
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• 2006

본 연구는 제한급여를 해야 하는 번식 후보돈에서 배합사료량을 줄이고 조사료인 호맥 사일리지를 급여하였을 때 후보돈의 생산성, 첫 발정시기, 종부시기 및 임신율에 미치는 영향을 알아보고자 실시하였다. 후보모돈(Landrace ×Yorkshire) 24두를 공시하였으며, 시험 개시시 평균체중은 67.63±1.17kg 이었고 사양시험은 49일간 실시하였다. 시험설계는 1) CON(basal diet), 2) S15(15% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage), 3) S30(30% feed restriction+ad libitum rye silage)로 3처리로 하였다. 일당증체량과 일당사료섭취량에서는 모든 처리구에 비해 배합사료를 무제한 급여한 CON구가 가장 높았다(P<0.05). S15구와 S30구의 호맥 사일리지의 섭취량은 통계적인 차이를 보이지 않았다(P>0.05). 사료요구율에서는 CON구가 다른 처리구와 비교하여 유의적으로 낮은 결과를 보였다(P<0.05). 호맥 사일리지를 섭취한 S15와 S30처리구의 평균 호맥 사일리지 섭취량은 시간이 경과할수록 유의적으로 증가하였다(P<0.05). 임신율에 있어서는 제한급여와 호맥 사일리지를 무제한 급여한 S15구와 S30구에서 모든 후보돈이 임신하였으나, 자유채식한 CON구에서는 상대적으로 낮은 임신율을 보였다. 첫 발정시기와 종부시기에서도 호맥 사일리지를 급여한 S15구와 S30구가 대조구와 비교하여 기간이 단축되었다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.31-38
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• 2000

This study was conducted to evaluate changes in the lysine to digestible energy (DE) ratio on performance, apparent ileal and fecal nutrient digestibilities as well as blood urea nitrogen (BUN), and to estimate optimal lysine:DE ratios for growing pigs of different sexes. A total of 150 pigs ($(Landrace{\times}Yorkshire){\times}Duroc$, 16.78 kg average body weight, 75 barrows and 75 gilts) was randomly allotted into a $2{\times}3$ (sex by diet) factorial design. Three diets were formulated to contain a crude protein level of 19%, a DE level of 3.5 Mcal/kg with three lysine:DE ratios of 3.2 (low), 3.5 (middle) and 3.8 (high) g lysine/Mcal DE per kg diet for both barrows and gilts throughout the study. With increasing dietary lysine:DE ratio, the average daily gain (ADG) of barrows decreased but there was no significant difference among treatments (p>0.05). However, ADG was significantly higher in gilts fed the diet containing the high lysine:DE ratio (p<0.05), followed by the middle and low lysine:DE ratio dietary groups. No significant effects of lysine:DE ratios on feed intake (ADFI) and feed conversion (F/G) were observed for barrows and gilts during overall period (p>0.05), while the optimal F/G was found in barrows fed diets of low and in gilts fed high lysine:DE ratio. Blood urea nitrogen had a positive relationship with growth rate. The results showed that the optimal lysine:DE ratios were 3.2 and 3.8 g lysine/Mcal DE per kg diet for barrows and gilts of 16 to 57 kg body weight, respectively.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제21권8호
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• pp.1214-1219
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• 2008

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of supplementing tuna oil to diets of growing-finishing pigs (barrows and gilts) on backfat characteristics when slaughtered at different weights. Four hundred and eighty crossbred (Large White$\times$Landrace$\times$Duroc) pigs averaging 30 kg were allotted to 12 treatment combinations (40 pigs/treatment combination) in a completely randomized design with a $2{\times}2{\times}3$ factorial arrangement of treatments. The treatments were: dietary tuna oil supplementation (0 and 2%); sex (barrows and gilts); and slaughter weight (90, 100 and 110 kg). As pigs reached their slaughter weight, they were randomly selected (8 pigs/treatment combination; 96 pigs in total) and slaughtered. Backfat colour, hardness and fatty acid profile were assessed. There were significant (p<0.05) differences in colour (L* and a* values) among treatments. Backfat of the control group was harder than on the tuna oil (p<0.001) and that of barrows was harder than of gilts (p<0.05). In addition, the thiobarbituric acid reactive substances (TBARS) values of fat from the tuna oil group stored for 3 days were higher (p<0.001) than the control group. The TBARS values of gilts tended to be higher than those of barrows and increased with increasing slaughter weight in the tuna oil group. The cholesterol and triglyceride levels were not affected by diet and sex but the triglyceride level increased with increasing slaughter weight (p<0.01). The tuna oil group had higher polyunsaturated fatty acid (PUFA) content, ratio of PUFA: saturated fatty acid (SFA) and total n-3 fatty acids but lower monounsaturated fatty acids content and n-6:n-3 fatty acids than the control group (p<0.01). Gilts had higher PUFA and n-6 fatty acids in backfat than barrows (p<0.05). The backfat from both 90 and 100 kg slaughter-weight groups had a lower ratio of n6:n3 fatty acid than the 110 kg slaughter-weight group (p<0.05). However, this was more pronounced in the tuna oil group. The PUFA: SFA was also increased while the n-6:n-3 ratio tended to reach the recommended levels for healthy eating in human beings of <5. However, due to oxidative susceptibility, barrows should not be slaughtered at more than 100 kg for the meat to be acceptable to consumers.

• 한국가축번식학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.147-152
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• 1995

본 연구는 돼지의 발정 동기화를 시키는데 있어 Altrenogest와 PG600간의 효과를 비교하기 위해 축산기술연구소에서 1994년부터 1995년 사이에 실시하였다. 먼저 시험돈은 자연 발정주기를 매일 2회씩 관찰하였고(Control), 한 group은 발정주기의 15일경에 PG600을 피하 주사했으며(PG600), 나머지 한 group은 발정주기와 관계없이 9일 동안 20mg의 Altrenogest를 사료에 첨가 급여하였다(Altrenogest). 그후 대조구를 제외한 두 그룹은 각각 PMSG 1500 IU를 PG600 처리후 16일째에, Altrenogest 처리구는 Altrenogest 처리후 24시간에 각각 근육주사하였으며, 약3일후 hCG 750 IU를 각 처리별로 근육주사하였다. 이 결과 대조구에서는 85%, Altrenogest는 90.1%, PG600구에서는 100%의 발정 발현율이 나타남으로써 전체 발현율로써는 처리간에 별차이가 없었으나, hCG주입후 9일내에 발정 발현정도는 대조구(25/53)에 비하여, PG600구 (47/47)가 높았다. 또한 황체수 및 회수난자수에서는 각각 대조구 12.9$\pm$1.8, 12.7$\pm$3.9, Altrenogest구 25.5$\pm$0.7, 15.0$\pm$4.2, PG600구 25.4$\pm$13.1, 19.0$\pm$12.8로 호르몬 처리간에는 별차이가 없다. 그러나 대조구에 비해서는 호르몬 처리구에서 유의적으로 (P<0.05) 높았으며, 정상 난자율에서는 호르몬 처리구보다 대조구에서 약간 높은 경향을 보였다. 따라서 본 연구에서 호르몬 처리에 의한 발정동기화가 효율적으로 가능하다는 것이 입증되었으며 이러한 발정동기화기술은 노동력 및 비용절감측면에서 효과가 있는 것으로 사료된다.

• 한국수정란이식학회지
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• 제23권3호
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• pp.217-222
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• 2008

In previous studies, we reported that sow which was transferred OPS-freezing embryos not able to deliver a piglet (Kim et al, 2004). This study was conducted to investigate a possibility of gilt as recipients which produce piglets after transfer of OPS-freezing embryos. All transferred embryos were prepared by in vitro production (IVP) system. In vitro culture (IVC) medium used glucose-free NCSU23 supplemented with 5mM sodium pyruvate, 0.5 mM sodium lactate and 4 mg/ml bovine serum albumin for 2 days at $39^{\circ}C$. From day 3 of IVC, 10% fetal bovine serum albumin was added to the culture medium. In preparing of freezing embryos, embryos were treated with 7.5 $\mu g/ml$ cytochalasin-B for 30 min and centrifuged at $13,000{\times}g$ for 13 min. And then, embryos were exposed sequentially to an ethylene glycol (EG) solution, aspirated into open pulled straw (OPS), and plunged or thawed into the liquid nitrogen. In embryo transfer (ET), we used two kinds of type (surgical method vs. non-surgical method). In surgical method of embryo transfer, $55\sim65$ embryo were transferred in both uterine horn of two recipient gilts by plastic straw. Non-surgical method which is like artificial insemination was performed on three gilts. Each 140 frozen embryos were transferred to two gilts and 40 fresh embryos to one gilt. Pregnancy establishment was shown one recipient at 45 days after ET. However, the one recipient was also aborted at 58 days after ET. These results suggest that gilts can be considered as a candidate of recipients for OPS-freezing embryo transfer.