• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권9호
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• pp.1328-1333
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• 2009

To evaluate different housing systems, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). The results showed that stalled sows had a longer interval between puberty and second estrus (p<0.001). The sows kept in the ESF system gained more body weight (p<0.01) and backfat (p<0.05) prior to service, and more backfat during gestation (p<0.05), but also had greater backfat losses in the subsequent lactation (p<0.01). Sows changing from loose housing to confinement at farrowing had longer gestation length (p<0.001). Total litter size did not differ significantly between gestation treatments, but the number of stillborn piglets was significantly higher in the SC treatment (p<0.01). After weaning, SC sows had the longest interval for rebreeding (p<0.001). Some EG sows came into heat before weaning, giving this treatment the shortest interval. These results indicate that gestation confinement in sow stalls had several detrimental effects on sow performance relative to group housing.

• 한국축산시설환경학회지
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• 제19권2호
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• pp.141-148
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• 2013

This study was conducted to evaluate the effect of different housing systems on the performances of sows and their piglets during gestation. A total of 90 sows (Landrace ${\times}$ Yorkshire) were employed into 3 experimental farms to give 3 treatments, stall housing, group housing in either slatted floor or litter floor. Individual sow was used as an experimental unit. Group housed sows were fed with electronic sow feeder during gestation. Performance measures were taken on sows and piglets. Back-fat thickness and body condition score of sows were not affected by housing systems for pregnant sows. There was no difference of estrus interval of pregnant sows between housing systems. The lower number of still-birth was observed in group housing type. The number of wounded sows in slatted floor was remarkably increased compared with sows in litter floor. This study showed that the housing systems could fairly impact sow and piglet performances.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제29권1호
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• pp.142-148
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• 2016

The present study investigated the effects of back-fat thickness at d 107 of gestation and housing types during gestation on reproductive performance and behavior of sows. A total of 64 crossbred sows ($Landrace{\times}Yorkshire$) in their 3 to 4 parities were allotted to one of four treatments (n = 16) over two consecutive parities. During each parity, sows were assigned to two gestational housing types (stall or group housing) and two level of back-fat thickness (<20 or ${\geq}20$) at d 107 of gestation. Gestating sows were transferred from gestational crates to stalls or pens (group housing) 5 weeks before farrowing. All sows were moved to farrowing crates on d 109 of gestation. At weaning, back-fat thickness changes were lesser (p<0.05) in sows having back-fat thickness <20 mm than that of sows with ${\geq}20mm$ back-fat thickness at 107 d of gestation. Group housed sows had greater (p<0.05) feed intake and shorter (p<0.05) weaning-to-estrus interval than that of sows in stalls. At weaning, back-fat thickness changes were lesser (p<0.05) in group housed sows than that of sows in stalls. The number of piglets at weaning, growth rate and average daily gain were greater (p<0.05) in group housed sows than that of sows in stalls. During gestation, walking duration was more (p<0.05) in group housed sows. Group housed sows had lesser (p<0.05) farrowing duration and greater (p<0.05) eating time than that of sows in stalls. Result obtained in present study indicated that sows with ${\geq}20mm$ back-fat thickness at 107 days had better reproductive performance. Additionally, group housing of sows during last five week of gestation improved the performance and behavior and reproductive efficiency of sows.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제22권11호
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• pp.1574-1580
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• 2009

To evaluate the effect of different housing systems on sow behavior, 80 gilts were randomly allocated at puberty to four treatments: i) sow stall in gestation followed by farrowing crate (SC), ii) group housing with individual feeding in gestation followed by farrowing crate (GC), iii) ESF (Electronic Sow Feeding) system in gestation followed by farrowing crate (EC), and iv) ESF system followed by group farrowing pen (EG). Behavioral observations were carried out on a total of 16 animals per treatment at the following stages: first day of allocation to housing treatment, day of service, 80 days after service, 109 days after service on entry to farrowing accommodation, 24 h before farrowing, day of farrowing, 14, 27 and 28 days after farrowing, at weaning. On each occasion, individual animals were observed for a 24 period with one minute time sampling. There were significant differences (p<0.001) between stages of the reproductive cycle for all the behavior patterns in all treatments. On the first day in experimental housing treatments, sows spent more time rooting and dog-sitting. Activity and investigatory behavior decreased as pregnancy progressed. An activity peak was apparent just before farrowing, followed by a high level of inactivity on the day of farrowing. Time spent active, eating and drinking increased as lactation progressed, and greatest activity and locomotion was seen immediately following weaning. There were significant differences between housing treatments (p<0.01) for standing, moving, eating, drinking, dog-sitting and lying. During pregnancy SC sows spent more time standing, rooting, drinking and dog sitting, while EC sows spent less time rooting and drinking and more time lying. During lactation, GC sows spent more time standing, moving and eating, less time dog sitting and lateral lying. Nursing frequency was reduced in GC sows (p<0.001). The maternal and piglet behaviors were influenced strongly by environment during lactation. However, it was also shown that previous housing history can influence the maternal behavior in the pre-farrowing stage and during early lactation.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제32권5호
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• pp.742-747
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• 2019

Objective: A concentration of airborne bacteria generated from swine houses is recognized to be relatively higher than other work places and it is essential to optimally manage it to prevent farmers' respiratory diseases. This study was conducted to assess the distribution characteristics of airborne bacteria in swine houses located at South Korea. Methods: A total 27 pig buildings of the enclosed type operated with mechanical ventilation system by a side wall fan and deep-pit manure system with slats were surveyed. Air samples were collected at 1.0 m above the middle floor in pig housing room. A six-stage viable particulate cascade impactor was used to identify the distribution of the sizes of particles in diameter. Results: Seasonal mean levels of airborne bacteria in the housing rooms of gestation/farrowing pigs, nursery pigs and growing/fattening pigs were 3,428(${\pm}1,244$) colony forming unit $(cfu)/m^3$, $8,325({\pm}3,209)cfu/m$, and $13,254({\pm}6,108)cfu/m^3$ for spring; $9,824({\pm}2,157)cfu/m^3$, $18,254({\pm}5,166)cfu/m^3$, and $24,088({\pm}9,274)cfu/m^3$ for summer; $1,707({\pm}957)cfu/m^3$, $4,258({\pm}1,438)cfu/m^3$, and $8,254({\pm}2,416)cfu/m^3$ for autumn; and $2,322({\pm}1,352)cfu/m^3$, $6,124({\pm}1,527)cfu/m^3$ and $12,470({\pm}4,869)cfu/m^3$ for winter, respectively. Conclusion: Concentrations of airborne bacteria according to pig housing type were highest in growing/fattening housing room followed by nursery housing room and gestation/farrowing housing room. In terms of seasonal aspect, the pig building showed the highest levels of airborne bacteria in summer followed by spring, winter and autumn. The respirable airborne bacteria which are ranged between 0.6 and $4.7{\mu}m$ accounted for approximately 60% compared to total airborne bacteria regardless of pig housing type.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제62권6호
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• pp.875-883
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• 2020

This study was conducted to investigate the effects of group-housing facility (GHF), compared to an individual confinement stall (CON), on the reproductive performance, behavior, and stress hormones of gestating sows. A total of 50 primiparous sows (Landrace × Yorkshire) were randomly allocated into either CON (n = 25) or GHF (n = 25) during the gestation period. One week before parturition, the sows were transferred into conventional farrowing crates, and cross-fostering was conducted within 1 d of delivery. Blood was collected for analyses of stress indices at 75 d of gestation and postpartum. Reproductive performance was estimated during the period of birth to weaning. Behavior patterns were identified at 90 d of gestation. Litter size was not different between the CON and GHF treatments. Weaning to estrus interval, however, tended to be lower in the GHF than in the CON (p < 0.1). Activity, treating, belly nosing, and exploring behaviors were observed only in the GHF group, whereas rubbing was shown only with the CON. Serum cortisol concentration was lower in the GHF than in the CON at 75 d of gestation (p < 0.05). Sows housed in the GHF showed lower epinephrine and norepinephrine concentrations than those housed in the CON at postpartum (p < 0.05). The GHF sows demonstrated more natural behavior characteristics associated with stress relief than the CON sows with no adverse effects on reproductive performance. Therefore, these results suggest that GHF could be applied as an alternative housing facility to improve animal welfare on swine farms.

• 한국주거학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국주거학회 2002년도 추계학술발표대회
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• pp.255-261
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• 2002

The purpose of this study was to identify the characteristics of housing product through housebuilders' strategies. As a methodology for this study, literature survey and questionnaire survey were used. Questionnaires were delivered on mail to 232 housing-builders and return rate was 34.1％. In summary, housing product was characterized long gestation period, periodically building cycle, future uncertainty of market volatility, maximization of land development gain, utilization of public fund for continuous building activity, moral hazard by accidental bankruptcy. Therefore private housebuilding could be defined speculative industry.

• Journal of Animal Science and Technology
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• 제45권6호
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• pp.1067-1078
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• 2003

산차가 다른 임신모돈의 임신기간 동안 스톨수용과 군사수용이 임신, 분만 및 비유기간 중 모돈의 행동패턴과 이상반복행동 및 분만성적에 미치는 영향을 조사하기 위하여 총 18두의 듀록(Duroc)종 모돈을 산차별로 1산차, 2${\sim}$3산차 및 4${\sim}$5산차 각각 3두씩 배치하여 임신초기 4주간은 스톨에 수용 후 각각 스톨과 군사돈방에 수용하였고, 분만예정일 7일전에 분만돈방으로 옮겼으며 21일간 포유로 수행하여 얻은 성적은 다음과 같다. 임신기간 동안의 모돈 행동패턴과 이상반복행동은 임신 60일과 90일 경과 시점에 24시간 동안, 분만당일 모돈 행동은 분만 2시간 전부터 후산이 배출되는 시점까지 약 6시간 동안, 비유기간 동안의 모돈 행동은 분만 10일 후, 2시간 반 동안 조사하였다. 또한 임신기간 동안 군사수용과 스톨수용 모돈의 분만성적을 비교하였다. 임신기간 동안 군사수용과 스톨수용 모돈의 행동은 옆으로 누워(ventral lying)있는 시간 비율이 양쪽 모두 가장 높았고, 산차에 따라서는 초산 모돈(71.3%)이 가장 높았다. 걷는(walking) 동작은 스톨수용 보다 군사수용이 월등히 높게 나타났고(8.68% 대 16.38%, SE=1.74; P<0.01), 산차 간에는 초산 모돈이 가장 낮았다. 마시는 (drinking) 동작으로 보낸 시간 비율은 군사수용 보다 스톨수용(0.27% 대 1.99%, SE=0.28)이 월등히 높게 나타났다(P<0.01). 임신기간 동안 나타내는 이상반복행동 발현수는 헛 씹기(vacuum chewing)가 스톨수용 임신 60일 경과시 가장 높았고, 산차와 임신일 간의 상호작용에서는 4${\sim}$5산차 임신돈의 임신 60일 경과가 높았다(P<0.05). 코로 바닥 문지르기(floor snout rubbing)는 수용형태${\times}$산차의 상호작용이 나타났으며, 군사 1산차가 가장 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 바닥 핥기(floor licking)는 임신 90일이 높았고(P<0.01), 수용형태$\times$임신일의 상호작용에서는 군사 90일이 높게 나타났다. 머리 흔들기(head waving)은 임신 60일이 높게 나타났으며, 쇠 핥기(bar licking)는 임신 90일이 높게 나타났다(P<0.05). 총 이상행동의 발현수는 스톨수용과 군사수용 간에 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 분만돈의 행동패턴은 앉아 있는 자세와 먹는 자세로 보낸 시간 비율만 유의적인 차이를 나타내었고, 앉아 있는 자세에서는 스톨수용 1산차(3.7%)와 군사수용 2${\sim}$3산차(2.7%)가 다른 산차 보다 높게 나타났다. 먹는 자세로 보낸 시간 비율은 군사 2${\sim}$3산차 만이 낮게 나타났다. 비유모돈의 행동패턴은 임신기간 동안 군사수용 1산차 모돈의 옆으로 누워 있는(ventral lying) 시간 비율이 높았고, 마시는(drinking) 동작은 임신기간 동안 스톨 수용 모돈이 높았으며, 특히 초산 모돈이 다른 산차의 모돈에 비하여 많은 시간을 물먹는데 소비하는 것으로 나타났다. 이상의 결과를 종합해 보면, 임신기간 동안 수용형태에 따른 임신돈의 임신기간 동안의 행동패턴과 이상반복행동 발현수의 차이는 나타나지 않았으나, 비유모돈의 행동패턴과 이상반복행동 발현에 대한 결과는 군사수용 모돈이 보다 좋은 복지 상태에 있다는 것을 나타내고 있다. 또한 분만성적이 임신기간 동안 스톨수용과 군사수용 간에 차이를 나타내지 않았다. 따라서 모돈의 보다 많은 정상행동을 보장하고 복지상태를 개선하기 위해서는 임신돈의 군사수용은 스톨수용을 대체할 사양체계로서 그 가능성은 충분하며, 실제 적용을 위한 보다 진전된 연구가 필요한 것으로 사료된다.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• 제25권1호
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• pp.22-27
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• 2012

The experiment involved observations of 2,514 Holstein-Friesian cows to determine the effects of environmental factors (cow's age, calving season, weight and sex of calves, housing system) and genetic factors on gestation length in dairy cattle and the correlation between gestation length and other reproductive traits (calving ease, stillbirth rates and placental expulsion). Genetic parameters were estimated based on the sires of calved cows (indirect effect) and the sires of live-born calves (direct effect). The following factors were found to contribute to prolonged gestation: increasing cow's age, male fetuses and growing fetus weight. Optimal gestation length was determined in the range of 275-277 days based on calving ease and stillbirth rates. The heritability of gestation length was estimated at 0.201-0.210 by the direct effect and 0.055-0.073 by the indirect effect. The resulting genetic correlations suggest that the efforts to optimize (prolong) gestation length could exert an adverse influence on the breeding value of bulls by increasing perinatal mortality and calving difficulty. The standard errors of the investigated parameters were relatively high, suggesting that any attempts to modify gestation length for the purpose of improving calving ease and reducing stillbirth rates should be introduced with great caution.

• 한국주거학회논문집
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• 제14권2호
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• pp.89-100
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• 2003

This study is identified the characteristics of housing product through housebuilders' strategies. As a methodology for this study, literature survey and questionnaire survey were used. Questionnaires have been done on mail to 232 housebuilders and return rate was 34.1%. In summary, housing product can be characterized long gestation period, periodically building cycle, future uncertainty of market volatility, maximization of land development gain, utilization of public fund for continuous building activity, moral hazard by accidentally bankrupcy. Therefore private housebuilding could be defined speculative industry.