• Archives of Pharmacal Research
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• v.29 no.12
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• pp.1109-1113
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• 2006

A new furofuran lignan, 4-hydroxykobusin (3), together with known lignans, kobusin (1), and 7,7'-dihydroxybursherenin (2), were isolated from the whole plant of Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc (Geraniaceae). The structures were determined based on the spectral data and a comparison with the published data. This is the first report of the presence of furofuran lignan in Geranium species.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.16-20
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• 2008

Three flavonoids (1 - 3) and three phenolic compounds (4 - 6) were isolated from the whole plant of Geranium thunbergii Sieb. et Zucc (Geraniaceae). Their structures were determined by chemical and spectral analysis. These compounds were examined for the inhibitory activity of IL-6 production in $TNF-{\alpha}$ stimulated MG-63 cell. Among the isolated compounds, gallic acid (4) and gallic acid methyl ester (6) showed potent inhibitory activity.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.45 no.3
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• pp.272-277
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• 2015

Two newly recorded alien plants Geranium dissectum L. (Geraniaceae) and Dianthus armeria L. (Caryophyllaceae) have been found in Seogwipo-si, Jeju-do and in Hapcheon-gun, Gyeongsangnam-do, of South Korea, respectively. Geranium dissectum can be easily distinguished from other related Korean taxa by fruit with glandular hairs and distinctly reticulated seeds. Dianthus armeria can also be distinguished from other related Korean taxa by its cyme and pubescent calyx. We provide descriptions of the morphological characters, illustrations, photographs and a key to allied taxa.

• Journal of Food Hygiene and Safety
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.1-5
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• 1988

Pollens and their preparations that are being sold as a health food in Korea were examined for. morphology and identity. The Iimall packages of sixteen items of the pollen foods were selected and investigated by staining and microscopy. It was shown that all fifteen items except one contained intact pollens which retain their sporoderms. On the basis of their morphological characteristics, they were identified as the pollens of the plants which belong to ten families: Betulaceae, Compositae, Cornaceae, Cgperaceae, Fagaceae, Geraniaceae, Graminae, LeguminoBae, Liliaceae and Pinaceae. Since the sporoderms which can act as a potent allergen to certain persons were not removed, these pollen. foods can not be safe as a food and. may cause systemic allergy. The only preparation that did not show its sporoderm is less likely to cause allergy than the others.

• Animal cells and systems
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• v.9 no.3
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• pp.123-125
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• 2005

A new variety, Geranium koraiense var. hallasanense B.-J. Woo & S.-J. Park, is described here from Jeju Island, Korea. The new variety is distributed only in Jeju Island, and readily distinguished from the other varieties of G. koraiense by its shape of radical leaf division, rounded or undulate petal apex, glabrous petal veins, densely pubescent stems, and stylar portion pubescent with trichomes in basal 1/4 portion. A key to the varieties of G. koraiense is provided.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.10
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• pp.1011-1021
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• 2002

Fruit-discharge type of forty species of Asian Geranium were examined and their evolutionary trends and taxonomic system were discussed. Two main types of seed discharge in Geranium are made the basis of its divison into subgenera: Geranium subgenus Geranium, with a ballistic expulsion of the seed from mericarp, Geranium subgenus Robertium, with forcible discharge of the mericarp with the seed in it, separately from the awn. Variants of the seed ejecting type permit the division of Geranium subgenus Geranium into three sections. Section Ceranium, these has bristles at the base of the mericarp for prevent the seed from dropping from the divergent mericarp. Section Dissect, these has prongs at the base of the mericarp far prevent the seed from dropping from the divergent mericarp. Section Tuberosa, these has no bristles and prongs at the base of the mericarp, instead, retained of seed in pre-explosive interval by twist. Geranium subgenus Robertium was divided into two sections, Section Ruberta, with deeply wrinkled on the surface of mericarp at the time of discharge. Section Batrachioides, and section Trilopha, without wrinkle on the surface of mericarp at the time of discharge. According to the seed discharge, subgenus Geranium is thought to be more advanced than subgenus Robertium.

• Natural Product Sciences
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.151-155
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• 2009

Phytochemical investigation of the MeOH extract of the aerial parts of Geranium eriostemon resulted in the isolation of one triterpene, three furofuran lignans, one syringic acid and four flavonoids. Their chemical structures were characterized by spectroscopic methods to be oleanolic acid (1), (-)-kobusin (2), (-)-eudesmin (3), (+)-magnolin (4), syringic acid (5), quercetin (6), juglanin (7), juglalin (8), and hyperin (9). All compounds (1 - 9) were isolated for the first time from this plant source and the compounds 2 - 4 were reported first from the genus Geranium. Compounds 4 - 6 exhibited moderate cytotoxicity against four human cancer cell lines in vitro using a SRB bioassay.

• 한국전자현미경학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2007.05a
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• pp.75-78
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• 2007

The localization of cellulase were investigated in the capitate glandular trichomes of Pelargonium ${\times}$ fragransby a transmission electron microscopy. The secretory cells of capitate trichomes involved in biosynthesis and its secretion. Secretory material is transported to the space between the plasma membrane and cell wall, and subsequently accumulated in the secretory cavity. The splitting of secretory cell wall during the formation of secretory cavity is suggested that wall-forming enzymes, such as cellulase, may contribute to the wall separation process. Cellulase reaction product was localized in the secretory cell, the secretory cavity and in the subcuticular wall of glandular trichomes. Reaction products were present over fibrillar matrix in the secretory cavity associated with both the inner wall and the subcuticular wall.

• Korean Journal of Plant Taxonomy
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.209-214
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• 2019

Naturalization centers are hotspots where accidently introduced seeds first germinate and grow. Railways play important roles as corridors for movement, having positive effects on species dispersal and persistence, though they can also be invasion routes for undesirable plants. Geranium purpureum Vill., a new alien species in Korea, was found at the Bumil Railway Station, Busan, Gyeongsangnam-do, Korea. Most native Geranium species in Korea belong to the subgenus Geranium and section Geranium, but G. purpureum belongs to the subgenus Robertium and section Ruberta, with the "carpel-projection" method of seed dispersal. In other countries, G. purpureum is often compared with G. robertianum L., which is an ornamental plant in Korea. We assume that G. purpureum is a casual alien plant and that it is not likely to spread to other provinces, as it scarcely survives when the mean temperature in January is below $4^{\circ}C$. Moreover, it has not been found further north than Busan. We provide a key of allied taxa, information about the habitat, a description of the morphological characters, illustrations, and photographs.

• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.11 no.2
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• pp.121-130
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• 2002

Compare to investigate the taxonomic utility of infragenera system and interspecific of Asian Geranium, we examined the fruit and seed morphology from 35 taxa. The fruit shape and seed's dispersal way did so that may divide subgenus or some part section to do could reason evolutionary trends. That is, at seed dispersal, the awns of section Geranium of subgenus Geranium, ramains attached at the top of rostrum, though fairy easily broken off, because seed increases awn's elasticity by diffusive way, it is long characteristic seed\`s dispersal distance, and subgenus Robertium observed that seed dispersal distance is short because it is no awn's elasticity by way that seed dispersal is gone as awn drops with rostrum. Also, section Geranium of subgenus Geranium and subgenus Robertium act role that awn keeps temporarily breed swerving with mericarp instead of bristle because section Tuberosa of subgenus Geranium is not bristled function that keep temporarily breed because mericarp bristled on base at seed dispersal do while. Therefore, is thought that is talon that when consider formation's development and function regarding this seed dispersal function, subgenus Geraniuum evolves more than subgenus Robertium. Seed morphology can divide by 2 subgenera(Geranium, Robertium) according to pattern of seed coat. and Seed's morphology characteristic(whole shape, color, form of seed apical and base, micropyle area, hilum area, chalaza, and position of seed hilum area), can distinguish some species, but is thought that is not reasonable as for discernment characteristic form and nature by repetition of characteristic form and nature. Especially, infrasection do in fruit and seed's morphology that is handling in this research that know to argue classification system and relationship by repetition of characteristic form and nature difficult. To all reliable truth, cytological, ecological, embryology, and molecular genetics research about talon is considered that should be achieved section Geranium that do not handle yet.