• 한국건축시공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국건축시공학회 2022년도 봄 학술논문 발표대회
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• pp.156-157
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• 2022

The purpose of this study is to propose a 40MPa mortar mixed design model that applies the neural network theory to minimize wasted effort in trial and error. A mixed design model was applied to each of the 60 data using fly ash, blast furnace slag fine powder and thickened rice husk powder. And in the neural network model, the optimized connection weight was obtained by repeatedly applying it to the MATLAB. The completed mixed design model was demonstrated by analyzing and comparing the predicted values of the mixed design model with those measured in the actual compressive strength test. As a result of the mixed design verification experiment, the error rates of the double mixed non-cement mortar using blast furnace slag fine powder and rice husk powder at a height of 40MPa were 3.24% and 3.4%. Mixed with fly ash and rice husk powder had an error rate of 3.94% and 5.8%. The error rate of the triple mixed non-cement mortar of the rice husk powder, fly ash, and blast furnace slag fine powder was 2.5% and 5.1%.

• 한국입자에어로졸학회지
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• 제12권2호
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• pp.43-50
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• 2016

The influence of basalt fibres on the compressive strength of the geopolymer type binders has been studied. For the experiments 2 types of the basalt fibres were used, namely chopped and spooled fibres. Both types of basalt fibres were 7-10 micron thick in diameter and cut into pieces of 6 mm length. The fibres were mixed with 1% weight to the fly ash powder, followed by the addition of the activator solution (8M NaOH). The pastes obtained were cured at $70^{\circ}C$ for 20 h revealing compact bodies. Compressive strength was measured after 7 days and microstructure observation performed with SEM. The cube bodies ($2{\times}2{\times}2cm$) reveal compressive strength of 47.25(4.03) MPa, while it decreased to 34.0(9.05) MPa in spooled basalt fibres and to 17.33(5.86) MPa in the chopped basalt fibres containing binder, i.e 76% and 36% of the strength without fibres, respectively. The much weaker compressive strength of the chopped fibres containing binder is related to the absence of significant adhesion between the geopolymer binder and the basalt fibres, forming voids instead. Alkali leaching effect of basalt fibres could probably explain the drop in the compressive strength with spooled and chopped fibres, respectively.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제26권4호
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• pp.449-456
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• 2014

지오폴리머 반응은 매우 복잡하며, 플라이애쉬 화학조성, 입도분포, 자극제 농도와 종류, 양생온도, 양생시간 등이 지오폴리머 물성에 많은 영향을 미치고 있는 것으로 알려져 있다. 이 연구에서는 양생조건이 플라이애쉬 기반 지오폴리머 강도에 미치는 영향을 실험하기 위하여, 양생온도, 고온양생 전 전치시간, 고온에서의 양생시간 등을 변화시켜 양생조건 변화에 따른 지오폴리머 페이스트의 압축강도, SEM, 공극특성 등에 대하여 분석하였다. 실험 결과 양생온도가 높을수록 지오폴리머의 강도는 증가하였으며, 전양생시간이 길어질수록 지오폴리머 강도는 증가되었으나, 고온양생에서의 양생시간이 길어지면 압축강도가 저하현상이 관찰되었다. 고온에서의 양생시간이 길어지면 공극구조의 변화에 따라 강도 저하 현상이 관찰되었다. 따라서 양생온도와 양생시간은 지오폴리머 강도 및 미세구조에 큰 영향을 미치고 있는 것을 확인할 수 있었다.

• 한국건설순환자원학회논문집
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• 제9권4호
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• pp.460-468
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• 2021

이산화탄소 및 온실가스의 배출, 과도한 에너지 소비 및 천연자원의 고갈을 막기 위해 콘크리트의 대체재를 찾는 것은 건설업의 해결과제이다. 이러한 문제를 해결하기 위해, 콘크리트보다 환경친화적인 지오폴리머가 주목을 받고 있으며, 실제 시공을 목적으로 강도 및 내구성에 대한 연구가 진행되고 있다. 일반적으로, 지오폴리머의 강도 및 내구성은 알칼리 용액의 종류 및 농도, 전구물질, 양생 온도 및 시간 등 여러 요인에 따라 달라지며, 이는 지오폴리머의 강도와 내구성에 영향을 미치는 화학조성 및 미세구조에 큰 영향을 미친다. 기존의 연구에서 최적의 알칼리 용액의 종류 및 농도, 전구물질, 양생 온도 및 시간을 통하여 지오폴리머의 압축강도 및 내구성이 향상되는 것을 확인하였으며, 본 연구에서는 과거의 연구 결과를 검토하고 이러한 요인이 지오폴리머의 압축강도 및 내구성에 미치는 영향을 체계적으로 종합하였다.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.319-332
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• 2021

The performance of gene expression programming (GEP) in predicting the compressive strength of bacteria-incorporated geopolymer concrete (GPC) was examined in this study. Ground-granulated blast-furnace slag (GGBS), new bacterial strains, fly ash (FA), silica fume (SF), metakaolin (MK), and manufactured sand were used as ingredients in the concrete mixture. For the geopolymer preparation, an 8 M sodium hydroxide (NaOH) solution was used, and the ambient curing temperature (28℃) was maintained for all mixtures. The ratio of sodium silicate (Na2SiO3) to NaOH was 2.33, and the ratio of alkaline liquid to binder was 0.35. Based on experimental data collected from the literature, an evolutionary-based algorithm (GEP) was proposed to develop new predictive models for estimating the compressive strength of GPC containing bacteria. Data were classified into training and testing sets to obtain a closed-form solution using GEP. Independent variables for the model were the constituent materials of GPC, such as FA, MK, SF, and Bacillus bacteria. A total of six GEP formulations were developed for predicting the compressive strength of bacteria-incorporated GPC obtained at 1, 3, 7, 28, 56, and 90 days of curing. 80% and 20% of the data were used for training and testing the models, respectively. R2 values in the range of 0.9747 and 0.9950 (including train and test dataset) were obtained for the concrete samples, which showed that GEP can be used to predict the compressive strength of GPC containing bacteria with minimal error. Moreover, the GEP models were in good agreement with the experimental datasets and were robust and reliable. The models developed could serve as a tool for concrete constructors using geopolymers within the framework of this research.

• Advances in concrete construction
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• 제13권1호
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• pp.71-81
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• 2022

Aluminosilicate materials as precursors are heterogenous in nature, consisting of inert and partially reactive portion, and have varying proportions depending upon source materials. It is essential to assess the reactivity of precursor prior to synthesize geopolymers. Moreover, reactivity may act as decisive factor for setting molar concentration of NaOH, curing temperature and setting proportion of different precursors. In this experimental work, the reactivities of two precursors, low calcium (fly ash (FA)) and high calcium (ground granulated blast furnace slag (GGBS)), were assessed through the dissolution of aluminosilicate at (i) three molar concentrations (8, 12, and 16 M) of NaOH solution, (ii) 6 to 24 h dissolution time, and (iii) 20-100℃. Based on paratermeters influencing the reactivity, different proportions of ternary binders (two precursors and ordinary cement) were activated by the combined NaOH and Na2SiO3 solutions with two alkaline activators to precursor ratios, to synthesize the geopolymer. Reactivity results revealed that GGBS was 20-30% more reactive than FA at 20℃, at all three molar concentrations, but its reactivity decreased by 32-46% with increasing temperature due to the high calcium content. Setting time of geopolymer paste was reduced by adding GGBS due to its fast reactivity. Both GGBS and cement promoted the formation of all types of gels (i.e., C-S-H, C-A-S-H, and N-A-S-H). As a result, it was found that a specified mixing proportion could be used to improve the compressive strength over 30 MPa at both the ambient and hot curing conditions.

• 한국재료학회지
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.175-183
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• 2024

Geopolymer, also known as alkali aluminum silicate, is used as a substitute for Portland cement, and it is also used as a binder because of its good adhesive properties and heat resistance. Since Davidovits developed Geopolymer matrix composites (GMCs) based on the binder properties of geopolymer, they have been utilized as flame exhaust ducts and aircraft fire protection materials. Geopolymer structures are formed through hydrolysis and dehydration reactions, and their physical properties can be influenced by reaction conditions such as concentration, reaction time, and temperature. The aim of this study is to examine the effects of silica size and aging time on the mechanical properties of composites. Commercial water glass and kaolin were used to synthesize geopolymers, and two types of silica powder were added to increase the silicon content. Using carbon fiber mats, a fiber-reinforced composite material was fabricated using the hand lay-up method. Spectroscopy was used to confirm polymerization, aging effects, and heat treatment, and composite materials were used to measure flexural strength. As a result, it was confirmed that the longer time aging and use of nano-sized silica particles were helpful in improving the mechanical properties of the geopolymer matrix composite.

• Computers and Concrete
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• 제34권3호
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• pp.279-296
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• 2024

In this study, ensemble machine learning (ML) models are employed to estimate the hardened properties of Self-Compacting Geopolymer Concrete (SCGC). The input variables affecting model development include the content of the SCGC such as the binder material, the age of the specimen, and the ratio of alkaline solution. On the other hand, the output parameters examined includes compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength. The ensemble machine learning models are trained and validated using a database comprising 396 records compiled from 132 unique mix trials performed in the laboratory. Diverse machine learning techniques, notably K-nearest neighbours (KNN), Random Forest, and Extreme Gradient Boosting (XGBoost), have been employed to construct the models coupled with Bayesian optimisation (BO) for the purpose of hyperparameter tuning. Furthermore, the application of nested cross-validation has been employed in order to mitigate the risk of overfitting. The findings of this study reveal that the BO-XGBoost hybrid model confirms better predictive accuracy in comparison to other models. The R² values for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength are 0.9974, 0.9978, and 0.9937, respectively. Additionally, the BO-XGBoost hybrid model exhibits the lowest RMSE values of 0.8712, 0.0773, and 0.0799 for compressive strength, flexural strength, and split tensile strength, respectively. Furthermore, a SHAP dependency analysis was conducted to ascertain the significance of each parameter. It is observed from this study that GGBS, Flyash, and the age of specimens exhibit a substantial level of influence when predicting the strengths of geopolymers.

• 콘크리트학회논문집
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• 제27권4호
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• pp.443-450
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• 2015

본 연구에서는 플라이애시 기반 지오폴리머에 황산나트륨을 첨가제로 사용하여 이에 대한 물리적 및 미세구조 특성을 분석하였다. 플라이애시 중량에 대해 0, 2, 4 및 6%를 황산나트륨으로 치환하였으며, 수산화나트륨과 액상규산나트륨(물유리)을 알칼리 활성화제로 사용하여 시편을 제작하였다. 재령 28일에 대한 압축강도, XRD, SEM 및 MIP 시험을 실시하였다. 황산나트륨 2wt% 및 4wt% 첨가는 플라이애시 기반 지오폴리머의 강도를 증진시켰지만, 6wt% 첨가는 강도 향상에 거의 영향을 주지 않는 것으로 나타났다. 강도 증진에 대한 황산나트륨의 적정 치환율이 있는 것으로 나타났으며, 압축강도에 대한 황산나트륨의 최적의 치환율은 4wt%인 것으로 판단된다. 황산나트륨 치환율이 증가함에 따라, 강도 증진 효과가 다름에도 불구하고 시편 내에 비결정질(amorphous phase) 뿐만 아니라 결정질(crystalline phase)에서 뚜렷한 차이가 없는 것으로 나타났다. 황산나트륨으로 치환하였을 경우, 플라이애시 기반 지오폴리머 내의 공극의 분포를 변화시킴에 따라 강도증진에 효과가 있는 것으로 판단된다. 황산나트륨 첨가는 시편 내의 생성된 반응생성물의 형상 및 Si/Al를 다르게 하여 강도에 영향을 미친 것으로 판단된다. 황산나트륨 치환에 따른 지오폴리머 내에 생성된 반응생성물의 Si/Al가 낮을수록 지오폴리머의 강도가 큰 것으로 나타났다. 황산나트륨 적정치환량은 지오폴리머의 반응생성물을 효과적으로 변화시켜 물리적 성질 향상에 기여를 하지만, 적정량 이상의 치환율 사용으로 변화된 지오폴리머 생성물은 matrix 내에서 불순물로 존재하여 강도 증진을 방해할 수 있는 가능성이 있는 것으로 판단된다.

• 한국결정성장학회지
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• 제27권6호
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• pp.295-302
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• 2017

본 연구에서는 IGCC(Integrated Gasification Combined Cycle; 석탄 가스화 복합 발전)에서 배출된 용융 슬래그(이하 용융 슬래그)를 이용한 지오폴리머의 제조 시 pre-curing 공정이 지오폴리머의 물성에 미치는 영향에 대해 연구하였다. Pre-curing이란 고온양생으로 지오폴리머를 제조하기 전에, 성형체를 상온에서 일정 시간 방치하는 공정으로서, 시편의 강도를 높이는 효과가 있다고 알려져 있다. 따라서 본 실험에서는 pre-curing 조건에 따른 지오폴리머의 압축강도 특성을 측정하였으며, SEM과 XRD로 미세구조 및 결정상 변화를 관찰하였다. W/S 비율(water/solid ratio)은 사전 실험을 통해, 성형이 가능하면서 최대 지오폴리머 강도를 확보할 수 있는 0.26으로 결정하였으며, 자극제인 알칼리 용액의 농도는 15 M로 고정하였다. 상온에서 pre-curing을 0~27일 범위 내에서 실시한 결과, pre-curing 공정을 적용한 지오폴리머의 경우, 그렇지 않은 시편에 비해 압축강도가 36~87 % 증가하는 것을 확인하였다. Pre-curing 시킨 시편에서 XRD 측정 결과, C-S-H 겔(calcium silicate hydroxide gel) 상 발현이 촉진되었고 SEM을 이용한 미세구조 관찰 결과, 부정형의 zeolite 상이 더 많이 성장된 것이 관찰되었으며 이러한 상들의 생성이 강도 증진에 영향을 미친 것으로 분석되었다.