• Journal of Environmental Science International
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• v.15 no.12
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• pp.1125-1139
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• 2006

The cluster analysis of diurnal precipitation patterns is performed by using daily precipitation of 59 stations in South Korea from 1973 to 1996 in four seasons of each year. Four seasons are shifted forward by 15 days compared to the general ones. Number of clusters are 15 in winter, 16 in spring and autumn, and 26 in summer, respectively. One of the classes is the totally dry day in each season, indicating that precipitation is never observed at any station. This is treated separately in this study. Distribution of the days among the clusters is rather uneven with rather low area-mean precipitation occurring most frequently. These 4 (seasons)$\times$2 (wet and dry days) classes represent more than the half (59 %) of all days of the year. On the other hand, even the smallest seasonal clusters show at least $5\sim9$ members in the 24 years (1973-1996) period of classification. The cluster analysis is directly performed for the major $5\sim8$ non-correlated coefficients of the diurnal precipitation patterns obtained by factor analysis In order to consider the spatial correlation. More specifically, hierarchical clustering based on Euclidean distance and Ward's method of agglomeration is applied. The relative variance explained by the clustering is as high as average (63%) with better capability in spring (66%) and winter (69 %), but lower than average in autumn (60%) and summer (59%). Through applying weighted relative variances, i.e. dividing the squared deviations by the cluster averages, we obtain even better values, i.e 78 % in average, compared to the same index without clustering. This means that the highest variance remains in the clusters with more precipitation. Besides all statistics necessary for the validation of the final classification, 4 cluster centers are mapped for each season to illustrate the range of typical extremities, paired according to their area mean precipitation or negative pattern correlation. Possible alternatives of the performed classification and reasons for their rejection are also discussed with inclusion of a wide spectrum of recommended applications.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.42 no.6
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• pp.799-809
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to examine the effects of an individualized nutritional education programs on nutrient intake and nutritional status of patients with colorectal cancer who are undergoing palliative chemotherapy. Methods: Forty patients with colorectal cancer (19 experimental and 21 control patients) were recruited from a chemotherapy ward at S University Hospital in Seoul, Korea. The experimental group received two individualized nutritional counseling sessions and two telephone counseling sessions over 6 weeks. The control group received nutritional counseling after completion of data collection. Nutritional education included general guidelines for food intake while receiving chemotherapy, dietary guidelines for patients with colorectal cancer, daily meal schedules to overcome cancer, and dietary guideline for each chemotherapy side effect. Data were analyzed using ${\chi}^2$-test and t-test with the SPSS program 17.0. Results: Two group comparison revealed that the experimental group had significantly improved calorie (p=.038) and total protein intake (p=.001), and serum albumin percentage change (p=.040). Body weight did not increase but remained the same as the baseline in both groups. Conclusion: Study results indicate that this individualized nutritional education programs are effective in enhancing nutrient intake and nutritional status of patients with colorectal cancer who are undergoing palliative chemotherapy.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.13 no.2
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• pp.84-100
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• 1999

Caring is the essential and universal concept of underlying nursing. Exactly how caring attributes relate to nurses' perception in the context of a contemporary technological environment have yet to be operationlized. In total. 560 Registered Nurses from 5 different university hospitals were involved in this study which aimed to : investigate technological influence and caring attributes as perceived by nurse. Data were obtained using Technological Influence Questionnaire (TIQ) and Caring Attributes Questionnaires(CAQ) which developed by Arthur et al(1999). Data were analyzed using SAS program for frequency. t-test. ANOVA and Tukey's Studentized Range test. and Pearson correlation coefficients. The results were as follows : 1) The mean score of TIQ was 48.84 and special unit nurses' TIQ was higher than that of general ward nurses. 2) The mean score of CAQ was 237.02 and it showed significant differences in the following variables : age. religion. educational background. marital status. career, and position. 3) With regard to the mean item score of CAQ by 3 perspectives : theoretical perspectives score was 3.76. practical perspectives score was 4.03, and pedagogical perspectives score was 3.84. 4) The correlation between TIQ score and CAQ score was slightly moderate (r=.35), The CAQ mean scsre was significantly different accordig to the level of TIQ meen score. The CAQ mean score was $247.19(\pm18.17)$ in high TIQ(>mean+1SD) group, $236.21(\pm19.71)$ In moderate $TIQ(between\;mean{\pm}1SD) $ group, and $228.47(\pm18.07)$ in low TIQ( (mean-1SD) group. In conclusion, nurses perceived the CAQ differently by several demographic characteristics which relating to age. religion, eduacational background. marital status. career. and position. This study provides an important message for administrators and nurse educators by highlighting factors which can be addressed by education programs. staff development and appraisal. Further research is necessary to improve and refine the Korean version of TIQ and CAQ instead of Arthur et al's scales directly to Korean nurses.

• The Korean Journal of Pain
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.354-362
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• 1996

Background: We started postoperative pain management service using an intravenous patient-controlled analgesia (IV-PCA, PCA), which is known as convenient and effective analgesic method. In this report, we describe the efficacy and safety of PCA and the experience of developing an acute pain service to treat postoperative pain using a PCA. Methods: Practices of an acute pain service were started at a ward for general surgery after preparation of the standardized protocols for PCA. In each patient, PCA was connected following administration of initial loading doses of analgesics at recovery room after operation. All patients were checked by acute pain service team once or twice daily. The scope of acute pain service was gradually spread to other departments such as orthopedic, thoracic, obstetric and gynecologic departments by requests of patients or surgeons. We managed 1,590 patients during first 22 months. among them, nine hundred seventy two cases were prospectively evaluated for their analgesis efficacy and side effects of PCA. Results: The number of patients was increased day by day. the most common type of operation was gastrectomy (21.6%). Commonly used analgesics were nalbuphine (59%) and morphine (37%). The mean duration of PCA attachment was 3.3 days. The degree of analgesia on operation day was good in 44.8% and tolerable in 52.6% of patients. Only 3.9% of patients complained severe pain during their postoperative periods. One elderly patient experienced respiratory depression (0.06%) owing to accidental misuse of PCA by his relatives. Overall patient's satisfaction was over 93%. Conclusion: According to our experiences, we conclude that PCA is an effective, relatively safe and highly satisfactory method for postoperative pain management. Because of these advantages of PCA, the creation of our acute pain service using a PCA was successful and expanded rapidly.

• Journal of Korean Public Health Nursing
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• v.28 no.1
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• pp.114-126
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• 2014

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to determine the accuracy and satisfaction with IVIC300 (Intravenous infusion controller). Method: The subjects consisted of 90 nurses and 100 patients. Data collected during July 2013 were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, and $X^2$-test (Chi-Square). Result: The error value of IVIC300 was less than that of Dosi-flow. Differences of error values according to variable of fluid infusion (needle's gauge, patient's moving, patient's calls, and nurse's arabitary calls) were not significant. The mean scores for satisfaction with IVIC300 of nurses ($3.67{\pm}.76$), patients ($3.75{\pm}.63$) were above average. Satisfaction with IVIC300 of nurses differed significantly according to age, work unit, and clinical career. Satisfaction with IVIC300 of patients was not significantly different according to general characteristics. Conclusion: These findings indicate that it is proven the accuracy of IVIC300, and is considered individual characteristics in use IVIC300.

• Atmosphere
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.235-248
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• 2015

In this study, we analyzed the three dimensional variations (latitude, longitude, and height of Jet core) and wind speed of upper Jet stream in the East Asian region using recent 35 years (1979~2013) of four reanalysis data (NCEP-R2, MERRA, ERA-Interim. and JRA-55). Most of Jet core is located in $30.0{\sim}37.5^{\circ}N$ and $13.0{\sim}157.5^{\circ}E$ although there are slight differences among the four reanalysis data. The wind speed differences among reanalysis are about $3m\;s^{-1}$ regardless of seasons, the weakest in NCEP-R2 and the strongest in JRA-55. Although significance level is not high, most of reanalysis showed that the Jet core has a tendency of southward moving during spring and winter, but moving northward during summer and fall. This amplified seasonal variation of Jet core suggests that seasonal variations of weather/climate can be increased in the East Asian region. The longitude of Jet core has a tendency of systematically westward moving and decreasing of zonal variations regardless of averaging methods and reanalysis data. In general, the Jet core shows a tendency of moving south-west-ward and upward, getting intensified during spring and winter regardless of the reanalysis data. However, the Jet core shows a tendency of moving westward and downward, and getting weakened during summer. In fall, there were no distinctive trends not only in wind speed but also three dimensional locations compared to other seasons. Although the significance levels are not high and variation patterns are slightly different according to the reanalysis data, our findings are more or less different from the previous results. So, more works are needed to clarify the three dimensional variation patterns of Jet core over the East Asian region as a result of global warming.

• The Korean Nurse
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• v.35 no.1
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• pp.66-80
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• 1996

Reacently one the main issues has been to develop useful strategies to improve hospital services for patients in the health care delivery system in our rapidly changing society. This study has focused on exploring the perceptions that the clinical nurses have concerning who they are and what they are going to become in the days ahead as medical care reaches a new stage of advancement centered around the patient and hospital services. This study in also based upon the premise that the role of the clinical nurse practitioner. is central to the progress of any patient centered nursing program. This study was carried out by the members of the academic committee of Seoul Branch of Korean Nurses Association from January 1995 to February 1995. The interview method was a semi-structured questionnaire used to collect data from 25 staff nurses who were working more than 3 years at 3 different university hospitals in Seoul. The 6 interviews were selected from each hospital and they were trained for the interviewing techniques. The data were analysed qualitatively and 10 elements of the nurse's responsibilities classified such as caring for the patients (which includes specific medical care as well as general); assessing; diagnosing; coordinating with other health personnel; careful listening; teaching and the patient guiding; administering the prescriptions; giving information and counseling the patient; ward management. Although the premise of this study was based on a wholistic concept, the overall behavioral aspects of hospital clinical nursing were the major thrust of the questionnaire. Broad philosophical questions regarding the nature of nursing need to be further explored. The data gathered for this questionnaire should be useful as a reenforcement tool in educating nursing students as well as in continuing education for clinical nurses. For the future, another study should be done to determine the nursing/patient relationship.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing Administration
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• v.21 no.3
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• pp.243-253
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• 2015

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to identify the impact of practical communication strategies (PCS) on the reduction of AEs (Adverse Events) in pediatric cardiac ICU (PCICU). Methods: Intra-operative findings and care plans were documented and shared between staff members on a daily basis from the day of operation to the day of general ward transfer. Incidence of AEs was investigated in all patients who were admitted to the PCICU and was compared with incidence of AEs one year after establishment of PCS. Results: The study population consisted of 216 patients in pre-PCS group and 156 patients in post-PCS group. Incidence of readmission decreased from 6.0% (13/216) in pre-PCS group to 0.6% (1/156) in post-PCS group (${\chi}^2=7.23$, p=.010). Incidence of other major complications decreased from 4.2% (9/216) to 0.6% (${\chi}^2=6.66$, p=.012). Minor AEs such as intervention omission, order error, and protocol misunderstanding were reduced from 23.3 cases per 100 patient-days to 7.5 cases per 100 patient-days (${\chi}^2=20.31$, p<.001). Conclusion: Handover protocol is an effective strategy to reduce AEs for critically ill patients after pediatric cardiac surgery. Efforts to develop effective communication strategies should be continued and outcome research about communication strategies for patient safety should be further studied.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.18 no.3
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• pp.231-238
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• 1988

The purpose of this study was to assess and compare discrepancy in the scores of uncertainty perceived by patients and nurses' interperson perception. For this study, 124 hospitalized patients and the same numbered nurses assigned for direct care of each 124 patients were selected from general ward of C. University Hospital in Seoul during the time period from September to November 1987. Degree of uncertainty was measured by 27 items modified from Mishel Uncertainty in Illness Scale (MUIS), and was utilized by a Likert type scale The data were analysed by Mcnemar-test. Unpaired t-test. ANOVA, Scheffe - test and Stepwise multiple regression. The results are summarized as follows : 1. The discrepancy in the scores of uncertainty perceived by patients and nurses' interperson perception showed significant differences in 23 of 27 items : 11 of 23 items showed that the scores of patients' perception of uncertainty were higher than that of nurses' interperson perception of uncertainty. but 12 of 23 items were revealed reversely. 2. With regard to nurse's demographic variables, the discrepancy scores were the higest in the group under 22 years of age (F＝3.20, p＝.026) and in the group less than 1 year of nursing experience among 4 groups (F＝4.41, p＝.006). 3. The discrepancy scores had a tendency to be lowered in the higher age group(r＝ -.27. p＝.0026) and in the longer experienced group (r＝-.25, p＝.0052). 4. The most important variable affecting the discrepancy scores was identified to be the nurses' age which acounted for 7.2% fo the total variances in the stepwise multiple regression analysis. This was followed by patient hospital days which accounted for an additional 4.5% of the total variances. To conclude, the discrepancy in the scores of uncertainty perceived by patients and nurses' interperson perception showed significant differences in 23 of 27 items. The discrepancy scores of uncertainty had a tendancy to be lowered in the higher age group and in the longer experienced group.

• Child Health Nursing Research
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• v.5 no.1
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• pp.59-69
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• 1999

The main purpose of this study is to identify nursing needs of parents who have hospitalized child. Research design is a descriptive survey. The subjects for the study were 79 parents who have hospitalized child at a pediatric ward of one of the general hospital attached to a university in J city. The data was collected by researchers using a structured questionnaire. The questionnaire was Likert type 5 point scale, composed of 5 categories with 61 items. The data was analyzed by SPSS/PC. The results of the study were as follows ; 1) Mean score of nursing needs of subjects were 3.93 at 2nd day of admission and 3.99 at 7th day of admission. 2) Among the categories, the highest nursing need at the End day and 7th day of admission was ‘dilect nursing’, in desending order, ‘facilities and environment’, ‘education and counseling’, ‘nursing assessment’. The lowest nursing need was ‘reference’. 3) Differences between the nursing needs of subjects at 2nd day and 7th day were as follows : (1) By categories, there was a significant difference only in the ‘reference’ categoly(t=2.74, P=.008). (2) By items, there were significant differences in items of ‘to check necessary materials(t=2.31, P=.024)’, ‘to understand family function and family relationship(t=2.12, P=.041)’, ‘to set up study room(t=2.22, P=.030)’, and ‘to mediate parent's meeting group(t=3.89, P=.000)’. The above result indicated that nursing needs of parents with hospitalized child were above average, especially very high in items about disease process, and items directly associated with treatment and nursing care. So, nurses have to focus on information about the patient's state of disease, treatment, test and procedure, and in efficiently giving direct nursing care to implement mure effective care for the hospitalized children and their parents. And some future researche is needed to identify the difference of degree of nursing needs of parents with hospitalized child according to admission duration using a different sample and a longer sampling interval.