• Atmosphere
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• v.28 no.2
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• pp.211-222
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• 2018

Cloud droplet activation process is well described by $K{\ddot{o}}hler$ theory and several parameterizations based on $K{\ddot{o}}hler$ theory are used in a wide range of models to represent this process. Here, we test the two different method of calculating the solute effect in the $K{\ddot{o}}hler$ equation, i.e., osmotic coefficient method (OSM) and ${\kappa}-K{\ddot{o}}hler$ method (KK). To do that, each method is implemented in the cloud droplet activation parameterization module of WRF-CHEM (Weather Research and Forecasting model coupled with Chemistry) model. It is assumed that aerosols are composed of five major components (i.e., sulfate, organic matter, black carbon, mineral dust, and sea salt). Both methods calculate similar representative hygroscopicity parameter values of 0.2~0.3 over the land, and 0.6~0.7 over the ocean, which are close to estimated values in previous studies. Simulated precipitation, and meteorological variables (i.e., specific heat and temperature) show good agreement with reanalysis. Spatial patterns of precipitation and liquid water path from model results and satellite data show similarity in general, but on regional scale spatial patterns and intensity show some discrepancy. However, meteorological variables, precipitation, and liquid water path do not show significant differences between OSM and KK simulations. So we suggest that the relatively simple KK method can be a good alternative to the OSM method that requires various information of density, molecular weight and dissociation number of each individual species in calculating the solute effect.

• Management & Information Systems Review
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• v.32 no.4
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• pp.103-126
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• 2013

Growing serious on the required conditions for the On-the-Job Education Training at the firm field, a large number of firm make a plan for implementation and pushing ahead of the On-the-Job Education Training. Further, A lot of firms effort to attract multi-professional person at an firm level recently. However, there were little information about the what for the reason to choose the OJET, come what may on the OJET and how to thinking on the outcome for the latent employee. On the basis of these issues, this study discovered the motivations from the employee point, finding out the factors on the effect of the choice as the OJET type and the integration point of view. The study results found out significant variables of the OJET type factor, the business for which one is responsible factor, OJET participation reason factor, business environment factor and individual background factor on the OJET decision plan. On the basis of the results, this article further discusses what we need to do for the intensity of participation invigoration at a firm level.

• Steel and Composite Structures
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• v.49 no.3
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• pp.307-323
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• 2023

In this research, the study of the thermoelastic flexural analysis of silicon carbide/Aluminum graded (FG) sandwich 2D uniform structure (plate) under harmonic sinusoidal temperature load over time is presented. The plate is modeled using a simple two dimensional integral shear deformation plate theory. The current formulation contains an integral terms whose aim is to reduce a number of variables compared to others similar solutions and therefore minimize the computation time. The transverse shear stresses vary according to parabolic distribution and vanish at the free surfaces of the structure without any use of correction factors. The external load is applied on the upper face and varying in the thickness of the plates. The structure is supposed to be composed of "three layers" and resting on nonlinear visco-Pasternak's-foundations. The governing equations of the system are deduced and solved via Hamilton's principle and general solution. The computed results are compared with those existing in the literature to validate the current formulation. The impacts of the parameters (material index, temperature exponent, geometry ratio, time, top/bottom temperature ratio, elastic foundation type, and damping coefficient) on the dynamic flexural response are studied.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business
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• v.15 no.2
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• pp.1-22
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• 2024

Purpose - The Chinese fan community includes a significant number of young and middle-aged individuals, playing a crucial role in emotional mobilization and social engagement. In recent years, the impact of Celebrity Pairing or Character Pairing (CP) on Weibo has grown notably, partly due to features like Super Topics and Hot Searches. This phenomenon has enhanced fan engagement, resulting in heightened participation in discussions and interactions on the platform. Our study targets CP fans of movies and television dramas on Weibo and aims to identify the factors that drive their emotional sharing. Design/methodology/approach - The research methodology integrates Self-Determination Theory and Social Sharing of Emotion Theory within the EASI (Emotion, Attachment, and Social Integration) model. This approach aims to uncover how CP fans meet their emotional needs via social media and determine the factors influencing their sharing intentions and behaviours. Data were collected through online surveys, yielding 504 valid responses Findings - The analysis, performed with SPSS and Smart PLS software, reveals that self-determination, interpersonal relationships, and social media tolerance significantly affect fans' intentions to share content. Specifically, intrinsic motivation, driven by self-determination, is a critical factor in CP fans' propensity to share content, highlighting the importance of 'inward socialization.' Additionally, the study finds that external factors, like the social media environment, play a more minor role than internal motivators. Research implications or Originality - This research enhances quantitative research methodologies by identifying intrinsic and extrinsic motivations that satisfy the emotional needs of CP fans. It distinguishes between individual, interpersonal, and collective/social factors as motivational elements, providing insights into the emotional and psychological needs of the Chinese movie and TV drama fan community.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.225-234
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• 1971

With the advance of civilization and steadily increasing population rivalry and competition for the use of the sewage, culverts, farm irrigation and control of various types of flood discharge have developed and will be come more and more keen in the future. The author has tried to calculated a formula that could adjust these conflicts and bring about proper solutions for many problems arising in connection with these conditions. The purpose of this study is to find out effective sewage, culvert, drainage, farm irrigation, flood discharge and other engineering needs in the Taegu area. If demands expand further a new formula will have to be calculated. For the above the author estimated methods of control for the probable expected rainfall using a formula based on data collected over a long period of time. The formula is determined on the basis of the maximum daily rainfall data from 1921 to 1971 in the Taegu area. 1. Iwai methods shows a highly significant correlation among the variations of Hazen, Thomas, Gumbel methods and logarithmic normal distribution. 2. This study obtained the following major formula: ${\log}(x-2.6)=0.241{\xi}+1.92049{\cdots}{\cdots}$(I.M) by using the relation $F(x)=\frac{1}{\sqrt{\pi}}{\int}_{-{\infty}}^{\xi}e^{-{\xi}^2}d{\xi}$. ${\xi}=a{\log}_{10}\(\frac{x+b}{x_0+b}\)$ ($-b<x<{\infty}$) ${\log}(x_0+b)=2.0448$ $\frac{1}{a}=\sqrt{\frac{2N}{N-1}}S_x=0.1954$. $b=\frac{1}{m}\sum\limits_{i=1}^{m}b_s=-2.6$ $S_x=\sqrt{\frac{1}{N}\sum\limits^N_{i=1}\{{\log}(x_i+b)\}^2-\{{\log}(x_0+b)\}^2}=0.169$ This formule may be advantageously applicable to the estimation of flood discharge, sewage, culverts and drainage in the Taegu area. Notation for general terms has been denoted by the following. Other notations for general terms was used as needed. $W_{(x)}$ : probability of occurranec, $W_{(x)}=\int_{x}^{\infty}f_{(n)}dx$ $S_{(x)}$ : probability of noneoccurrance. $S_{(x)}=\int_{-\infty}^{x}f_(x)dx=1-W_{(x)}$ T : Return period $T=\frac{1}{nW_{(x)}}$ or $T=\frac{1}{nS_{(x)}}$ $W_n$ : Hazen plot $W_n=\frac{2n-1}{2N}$ $F_n=1-W_x=1-\(\frac{2n-1}{2N}\)$ n : Number of observation (annual maximum series) P : Probability $P=\frac{N!}{{t!}(N-t)}F{_i}^{N-t}(1-F_i)^t$ $F_n$ : Thomas plot $F_n=\(1-\frac{n}{N+1}\)$ N : Total number of sample size $X_l$ : $X_s$ : maximum, minumum value of total number of sample size.

• The Journal of Asian Finance, Economics and Business
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2016

Essences, needs and features of formation of national innovative development model of Kazakhstan are proved on the basis of analysis of various research approaches to realization of the modernization that exist in the world economic theory. For studying the problems of innovative development of the country, there was a need for the formulation of a number of definitions, disclosure of their contents, changing the approaches to reform, as well as adjusting their targets. In the article the general scientific research methods used dialectic, abstraction, systemic and situational approach, empirical and theoretical and analytical methods, and logic modeling. The proposed approach to the implementation of innovative development based on the use of evolutionary and institutional approaches to the study of the problems of implementing an effective innovation policy. This approach is intended to contribute to the development of a forward strategy of modernization, innovative development and higher competitiveness of the national economy. The study proved the causes and features of the implementation of innovative development model in Kazakhstan.

• The Journal of Engineering Geology
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• v.4 no.1
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• pp.1-12
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• 1994

In general there are many cracks in rocks. In this study, we are concerned with the mechanical effect on cracks on the behavior of rocks. For this purpose, we used spedmens rnade of mortar having one crack set which has a constant length and same direction. Orientafion of this set was varied with respect to the loading axis. We did a number of uniaxial experiments and observed propagafion of the crack set to understand the effect set of the geometry of the crack set and its location on the mechanical behavior of the rocks with distributed crack sets. Finally, we analysed our experiments by FEM elastic analyses and Homogenization theory.

• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.65 no.6
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• pp.657-678
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• 2018

Sandwich structures are well known for their use in aircraft, naval and automobile industries due to their high strength resistance with light weight and high energy absorption capability. Sandwich beams with soft core are very common and simple structures that are employed in day to day general use appliances. Modeling and analysis of sandwich structures is not straight forward due to the interactions between core and face sheets. In this paper, formulation of Super Convergent finite elements for analysis of the sandwich beams with soft core based on Euler Bernoulli beam theory are presented. Two elements, Eul4d with 4 degrees of freedom assuming rigid core in transverse direction and Eul10d with 10 degrees of freedom assuming the flexible core were developed are presented. The formulation considers the top, bottom face sheets and core as separate entities and are coupled by beam kinematics. The performance of these elements are validated by results available in the published literature. Number of studies are performed using the formulated elements in static, free vibration and wave propagation analysis involving various boundary and loading conditions. The paper highlights the advantages of the elements developed over the traditional elements for modeling of sandwich beams and, in particular wave propagation analysis.

• Bulletin of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.15-23
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• 1994

Throughout this paper, we are working on the complex number field C. The aim of this paper is to explain the applications of Theorem 2 in .cint. 1. In the surface theory, the adjoint linear system has played important roles and many tools have been developed to understand it. In the cases of higher dimensional varieties, we don't have any useful tools so far. Theorem 2 implies that it is enough to compute the dimension of the adjoint linear system to check the birationality. We can compute, somehow, the dimension of the adjoint linear system. For example, we can get an information about $h^{0}$ (X, $O_{x}$( $K_{x}$ + D)) from Euler characteristic of vertical bar $K_{X}$ + D vertical bar and some vanishing theorems. We are going to show the applications of Theorem 2 to smooth three-folds and smooth fourfold, specially, of general type with a nef canonical divisor, smooth Fano variety, and Calabi-Yau manifold. Our main results are Theorem A and Theorem B. Most of birationality problems in Theorem A and Theorem B have been studied. (see Ando [1] and Matsuki [4] for the detail matters.) But Theorem 2 gives short and easy proofs in the cases of dimension 3 and improves the previously known results in the cases of dimension 4.4. 4.4.

• Journal of Korea Multimedia Society
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• v.6 no.4
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• pp.676-684
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• 2003

eLearning can be defined as an approach to teaching and teaming that utilises Internet technologies to communicate and collaborate in an educational context. This includes technology that supplements traditional classroom training with web-based components and learning environments where the educational process is experienced online. The use of hypertext as an educational tool has a very rich history. The advent of the internet and one of its major application, the world wide web (WWW), has given a tremendous boost to the theory and practice of hypermedia systems for educational purposes. However, the web suffers from an inability to satisfy the heterogeneous needs of a large number of users. For example, web-based courses present the same static teaming material to students with widely differing knowledge of the subject. Adaptive hypermedia techniques can be used to improve the adaptability of eLearning. In this paper we report an approach to the design a unified implementation framework suitable for web-based eLearning that accommodates the three main dimensions of hypermedia adaptation: content, navigation, and presentation. The framework externalises the adaptation strategies using XML notation. The separation of the adaptation strategies from the source code of the eLearning software enables a system using the framework to quickly implement a variety of adaptation strategies. This work is a part of our more general ongoing work on the design of a framework for adaptive content delivery. parts of the framework discussed in this paper have been imulemented in a commercial eLearning engine.