• Journal of Fashion Business
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.164-176
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• 2013

The study aims to find differences in clothing image preferences according to gender-roleidentity. The questionnaire developed by the researchers was distributed to 533 men and women who aged between 20 and 59. Fourhundred eight questionnaires were used for the final analysis. The data were analyzed by ANOVA, and Tukey's test using SPSS 18.0/Windows. As results, both male and female participant groups of the study were classified into 4 groups according to their gender-role identity: masculinity, femininity, androgyny, and the undifferentiated. For men, the masculinity group showed a higher preference for flamboyant, sexy, expressive, cold, mature, hard, strong, weighty, heavy, sharp images, while the femininity group showed a stronger preference for flamboyant, bold, luxurious clothing images. The male androgyny group preferred masculine, sexy, cold, mature, hard, strong, weighty, luxurious, heavy, artificial images, whereas the undifferentiated group preferred flamboyant, sexy and mature images. On the other hand, for women, the masculinity group showed a higher preference for luxurious image, while the femininity group showed a stronger preference for sexy, urban, decorative, modern, complicated, luxurious images. The female androgyny group preferred expressive, modern, mature, complicated, and luxurious images, whereas the undifferentiated group preferred bold, decorative, rational, and complicated clothing images.

• Women's Health Nursing
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.320-327
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• 2009

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the degree of the gender role identity and quality of life of women applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy and to identify the relation among these variables. Methods: The subjects were 121 outpatients applying hormone replacement therapy with hysterectomy at a university hospital in Busan province. The data were collected using self-reported questionnaire and medical record, from September to October 2008. Results: There were statistically significant differences in the degree of quality of life according to the age, educational level, occupation, family economic status, Body Mass Index (BMI), menopause state, duration to restarting intercourse from hysterectomy, discomfort from intercourse, satisfaction from intercourse and duration, sources, and formulation of hormone replacement therapy (HRT). The femininity identity group occupied the largest proportion (31.4%), and then the masculinity identity group (28.1%), the undifferentiated identity group (26.4%), and finally the androgyny identity group (14.1%). There was a positive correlation between femininity and quality of life (r=.276, p=.002). Conclusion: These results indicate that HRT helps the women's sense of loss caused by hysterectomy to be reduced, the postmenopausal symptom after hysterectomy to be relieved and the quality of life to be improved.

• Journal of dental hygiene science
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.213-218
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• 2021

Background: The purpose of this study is to identify the gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes of students in dental hygiene and to provide basic data to expand social awareness of equal gender sensitivity and gender role in dental hygiene and students by identifying the degree of correlation. Methods: The purpose of this study was to study dental hygiene students at colleges in Gyeonggi and Chungcheong areas. The survey was conducted from April 1 to April 30, 2021. The final sample was analyzed on 157 subjects. T-test and ANOVA analysis were performed to compare gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes according to general characteristics. Equal variances were tested using the Levene statistic, and significant differences between groups were identified through Scheffe's post hoc analysis. Pearson's correlation analysis was performed to confirm the correlation between gender sensitivity and gender role stereotypes. Results: Gender sensitivity was 2.69 and gender role stereotypes were 1.83. Among the sub-areas of gender sensitivity, gender role openness was the highest at 2.86, and non-violence was the lowest at 2.50. As for gender role stereotypes, social stereotypes were the highest among sub-areas at 1.71. Among the general characteristics, there was a statistically significant difference in gender sensitivity according to the presence or absence of opposite sex friends (p=0.011). The gender identity openness of gender sensitivity and the physical sub-areas of gender role stereotypes showed the highest positive correlation(r=0.955). Among the sub-areas of gender sensitivity, gender role openness and domestic stereotypes showed the lowest negative correlation (r=-0.404) among the sub-areas of gender role stereotypes. Conclusion: Dental hygiene students should be able to critically analyze and solve problems of not only sexual violence but also gender discrimination and imbalance in social life. For this, environmental factors such as school education and professor guidance must be strengthened.

• Journal of the Korean Home Economics Association
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• v.39 no.12
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• pp.225-238
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• 2001

This study investigated the relationships of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality to gender and sex role identity in young adults. The subjects of this study were 42 males and 46 females, the age of 30 to 39 years old. Care-oriented morality was assessed by the Ethic of Care Interview(ECI) and justice-oriented morality was assessed by the Korean Defining Issues Test(DIT) while sex role identity was assessed by the Korean Sex Role Inventory(KSRI). Care-oriented morality of most of the subjects was on level 2. The P(%) score of justice-oriented morality of most of the subjects was found to be pretty high. Sex differences were found both in the levels of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality. That is, women were higherthan men both in care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality. However, no significant difference in sex role identity types was found both in the levels of care-oriented morality and justice-oriented morality.

• The Korean Journal of Community Living Science
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• v.21 no.2
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• pp.191-200
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• 2010

The purpose of this study was to research the differences between gender roles and creativity. This study was done based on 178 pre-service teachers who were from the Department of Early Childhood Education in Universities around the Busan area. The researchers have collected statistical data by questioning pre-service teachers about creative thinking tests, creative personality tests, and gender role identification awareness tests. The data was interpreted by the Paerson's Simple Product-moment Correlation Coefficient method, the one-way ANOVA method, and the $Sch\acute{e}ffe$ Post-hoc comparison method. According to this study, the group perceived of high androgyny type group showed the highest level in important factors of creative thinking, such as fluency, elaborateness, ness, and openness. This result meant that the more a pre-service teacher was aware of the identity of gender roles, the more she or he thought creatively. Additionally, the acceptance of authority, an element of the creative personality factor, showed the highest level in a high feminity type group. On the other hand, self confidence, inquisitiveness, and disciplined imagination showed the highest level in a group which perceived the identity of androgyny type roles.

• Journal of Families and Better Life
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• v.10 no.2
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• pp.263-276
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• 1992

The middle aged woman today have met discord of unbalance in gender role identity due to change in cultual situation and view of value of our country since 1960. Under the promise that there is a relationship between depression which is a psychological characteristic and gender role traits of middle aged woman, and in consideration that the depression of middle-aged woman may be differentiated depend upon the expressive manner of gender role, this research was trying to find out the relationship between the gender role traits and the depression of middle aged women. The purpose of his research is to provide data to be helpful for marital hygirne of middle-aged women by presenting a plan to reduce depression of middle-aged woman by the desirable gender role. In order for such studying purpose, the gender role, physical symptom and socio-demographic feature were researched using the scale which was by this researcher. The questionnaire sheets of 327 use form middle-aged woman of 39 years to 59 years old in full with their last child is 10 years or order. The summerized results of study are as follows. In consolidation of the foregoing it have known that the socio-economic position and recognition of physical symptom and the masculinity feature has shown less depression as she feels less physical symptom due to there is relationship between recondition of physical symptom and he masculity feature, and also, it has known that the depression of middle-aged women may be reduced when such extroversive and expressional gender role features are developed as 'aggressiveness and ' fraternity, and the depression may be prompted due to such introvert and easy to be impacted by grudge as 'impression'

• Journal of English Language & Literature
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• v.56 no.6
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• pp.1105-1117
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• 2010

This study traces out female identity and sexuality in George Du Maurier's novel, Trilby. The heroine's sexuality in this novel plays some interesting roles invoking both male gaze and male homosocial desire. There seems to have been lots of debates about female subjectivity and gender relations in the Victorian age. George Du Maurier tries to redefine female identity which had been divided into two aspects in the age: angel and demon. When he describes Trilby's identity, the fixed duality as fallen, demonic and autonomous women might have been considerably fluid. Rather than returning to the old boundaries of female subjectivity and identity through his heroine, he unwittingly describes the female role as an erotic organizer. As Du Maurier shows that Trilby's identity plays a conduit role for male homosocial desire, he created the tension between masculinity and femininity and revealed a changing relationship between female nature and male culture as well. Furthermore, when George Du Maurier in his novel opened a new possibility for an erotic organizer through his heroin, Trilby, he seems to have represented the more fluid female role in the patriarchal culture that asked only some fixed roles for women.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Clothing and Textiles
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• v.25 no.2
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• pp.327-338
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• 2001

The purpose of this thesis is to study the aspects of sex identity in the contemporary mens fashion expressed through sexual image and taste in the half of twentieth century. The aspects of sex identity expression in the contemporary mens fashion can be classified by image, that is, homosexual, heroic, bisexual, and fetish. 1. The homosexual image has shown the tendency to emphasize the masculinity since 1950.60s. It can be found in \"Cowboys costume\" which is typical of American traditional fashion, and jeans and underwear fashion expressed by muscular men has homosexual characteristics which contain narcissism. 2. Based on mens traditional gender role, the heroic image emphasizes mens physical characteristics and expresses tough and offensive masculine beauty in mens suit which is free from the authority and formality. 3. The bisexual image denied the division of gender role by costume and destroyed the traditional sex model by resolutely applying womens costume such as skirts to mens fashion. 4. The fetish image is similar to bisexual image in that they wear womens costume, but different in that it expresses sexual desire or fantasy. It is expressed through brilliant color, leather and metal ornaments, and sensual element of women which emphasizes \"body\". This shows the sex identity of contemporary men who want more sensible and free life.sible and free life.

• Korean Journal of Culture and Social Issue
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• v.17 no.1
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• pp.1-17
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• 2011

The purpose of this research is to analyze male oriented military culture and gender discrimination. It examined whether the experience of military service would affect the attitude of Korean college students, gender role identity, and sexism by classifying 317 college students into three groups; males who have completed military service, males who haven't completed military service, and a female group. Research results are as follows: First, in general military experience did not enhance awareness of gender identity nor affect attitudes toward gender discrimination, but significantly enhanced masculinity in some males who completed military service was a major factor in strengthening masculinity and benevolent sexism. Second, males who completed military service and women had a more positive view of the military than males who had yet to serve in the military. Third, regardless of military experience and gender, military experience was perceived to enhance benevolent sexism towards women. Fourth, all three groups showed a strikingly positive correlation in hostile sexism and benevolent sexism. However, they did not show a significant difference in the correlation of groups. Tough these results indicate that deep-rooted gender discrimination in Korean society is enhanced by military experience, it also confirms the significance and impact of the reality of the military ideology.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Fundamentals of Nursing
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.190-200
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• 2012

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to provide basic data for the development of weight control programs to maintain and promote healthy behavior in women college students by identifying their weight control behaviors and factors that influence these behaviors. Method: Data were collected from 300 women student participants and were analyzed using descriptive statistics, t-test, ANOVA, Pearson correlation coefficients, and multiple regression with the SPSS 18.0 program. Result: Weight control behavior showed a significant difference according to participants' gender role identity type. Weight control behaviors were correlated with self-efficacy, body image, objective BMI, and ideal BMI. Factors influencing weight control behavior were self-efficacy (${\beta}$= .449, $p$<.001), secret method for weight loss (${\beta}$= .181, $p$<.001), monthly allowance below 200,000 won (${\beta}$= .156, $p$= .006), weight control support from others (${\beta}$= .124, $p$= .013), eating breakfast (${\beta}$= .119, $p$= .015), and age (${\beta}$= .113, $p$= .023) with R-sq. value of 45.3%. Conclusion: The results of the study indicate that development of interventions for weight control behavior and health education for college women should reflect identified factors influencing weight control behavior and gender role identity.