• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.16 no.5
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• pp.1-14
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• 2021

Innovation and Scale-up of Start-up companies are becoming important national tasks. In the past, it was spread the start-up policy paradigm such as 'Start-up America', 'Start-up Chile', 'Start-up Britain' to overcome the recession globally. However as the economic recovery has become more visible recently in advanced economies, it is shifting from a start-up support policy to a scale-up oriented policy paradigm such as 'Scale-up America', Scale-up UK', 'Scale-up Denmark'. It is necessary to enter the scale-up phase beyond the start-up phase to increase the number of high-quality jobs and to continue economic growth. Therefore, it is necessary to grow the start-up into a strong medium-sized company and to lay the foundation for survival. Therefore, the purpose of this study is to consider the antecedent factors that influence the scale-up aspiration for the start-up firm to grow into a scale-up company, and empirically identifies the differences between the stages of economic development and entrepreneurs in the country. In order to accomplish the purpose, this study predicted scale-up by aspiration which is a predictor of scale-up behavior because it is difficult to achieve visible growth in a short period of time due to the characteristics of start-up companies. In order to empirically explore these relationships, the data were collected from nascent entrepreneurs who have less than 3.5 years of the Adult Population Survey(APS) among the subjects surveyed by the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor(GEM) and the national economic development stage are divided into Innovation-driven, Efficiency-driven, Factor-driven type economies. For the test hypotheses, this study adopted the multi-level model analysis for comparison between national economic development stages and using the R 3.5.0 program. The results of this study are as follows. There is difference between the national economic development and the entrepreneur in the relationship between innovation orientation of entrepreneurs and scale-up aspirations. As the economy of the country develops, the innovation activity of the entrepreneur becomes more active. Since start-ups are heavily influenced by entrepreneurs, there is a difference in the degree of aspiration depending on how innovative an entrepreneur is in the same environment. In terms of the relationship between innovation orientation and scale-up aspiration, the fear of failure was found to differ between national economic development and entrepreneurs. The fear of failure differ from country to country, and this is one of the important factors affecting entrepreneurial activities. It is expected that the factors influencing the growth of the start-up companies which are identified through the results of these studies, will be used to create a suitable scale-up ecosystem according to the national economic development stage.

• Journal of Environmental Impact Assessment
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• v.30 no.5
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• pp.271-296
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• 2021

Since the thermal stratification in a reservoir inhibits the vertical mixing of the upper and lower layers and causes the formation of a hypoxia layer and the enhancement of nutrients release from the sediment, changes in the stratification structure of the reservoir according to future climate change are very important in terms of water quality and aquatic ecology management. This study was aimed to develop a data-driven inflow water temperature prediction model for Daecheong Reservoir (DR), and to predict future inflow water temperature and the stratification structure of DR considering future climate scenarios of Representative Concentration Pathways (RCP). The random forest (RF)regression model (NSE 0.97, RMSE 1.86℃, MAPE 9.45%) developed to predict the inflow temperature of DR adequately reproduced the statistics and variability of the observed water temperature. Future meteorological data for each RCP scenario predicted by the regional climate model (HadGEM3-RA) was input into RF model to predict the inflow water temperature, and a three-dimensional hydrodynamic model (AEM3D) was used to predict the change in the future (2018~2037, 2038~2057, 2058~2077, 2078~2097) stratification structure of DR due to climate change. As a result, the rates of increase in air temperature and inflow water temperature was 0.14~0.48℃/10year and 0.21~0.41℃/10year,respectively. As a result of seasonal analysis, in all scenarios except spring and winter in the RCP 2.6, the increase in inflow water temperature was statistically significant, and the increase rate was higher as the carbon reduction effort was weaker. The increase rate of the surface water temperature of the reservoir was in the range of 0.04~0.38℃/10year, and the stratification period was gradually increased in all scenarios. In particular, when the RCP 8.5 scenario is applied, the number of stratification days is expected to increase by about 24 days. These results were consistent with the results of previous studies that climate change strengthens the stratification intensity of lakes and reservoirs and prolonged the stratification period, and suggested that prolonged water temperature stratification could cause changes in the aquatic ecosystem, such as spatial expansion of the low-oxygen layer, an increase in sediment nutrient release, and changed in the dominant species of algae in the water body.

• Asia-Pacific Journal of Business Venturing and Entrepreneurship
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.51-76
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• 2022

Identifying the factors that influence the formation of the entrepreneurial intention is important in cultivating entrepreneurs and inducing entrepreneurial innovation in the country. Previous studies have mainly examined the direct effects of social cognition attributes as predictors on entrepreneurial intentions or entrepreneurial activities. However, the fundamental factors that these social cognition attributes are derived from have not been sufficiently addressed in the field of entrepreneurship. Based on social cognitive theory and schema theory, this study assumes that an individual's entrepreneurial experience is an important antecedent factor in forming social cognitive attributes, and reveals the mechanism for how experience forms entrepreneurial intention. To this end, this study analyzes the influence of entrepreneurs' prior experience of entrepreneurial activities on entrepreneurial self-efficacy, opportunity recognition, and fear of failure which are considered to be the main variables that shape entrepreneurial intention. And it analyzes how these factors have a significant effect on entrepreneurship intention. Along with this, the mediating role of these social cognitive attributes is analyzed in order to understand the path that leads from entrepreneurial experience to entrepreneurial intention. This study also suggests how gender moderates the effect of entrepreneurship experience on social cognitive attributes. As a result of the analysis, it was found that entrepreneurial experience increase entrepreneurial self-efficacy and opportunity recognition of entrepreneurs, and decrease the fear of failure. These social perception attribute significantly mediate the relationship between entrepreneurial experience and entrepreneurial intention. This study also found that there are significant moderating effects of gender on the relationship of entrepreneurial experience and both of entrepreneurial self-efficacy and fear of failure. This study also analyzed the impact of the entrepreneurial experience of failure, which corresponds to the detailed experience. Similar to the results of entrepreneurial experience analysis, entrepreneurial experience of failure plays a role in enhancing entrepreneurial self-efficacy. However, its effect on opportunity recognition and fear of failure were not significant. An empirical analysis of data related to 25,047 entrepreneurs from 87 countries, using the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor (GEM), shows the differences in the formation of individuals' entrepreneurial intentions according to entrepreneurial experience and the mediating role of social cognitive attributes. The study has embodied the social cognitive theory on entrepreneurial intention by shedding light on the variables that are important but alienated for increasing entrepreneurial intention. Moreover, the study enhances the understanding of cognitive processes leading from individual experiences to entrepreneurial intentions. This study also emphasizes the importance of differentiated approach by gender for boosting entrepreneurial intention through analysis of moderating effect of gender.

• Journal of Korean Academy of Nursing
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• v.31 no.1
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• pp.31-42
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• 2001

This study was done to evaluate the effect reducing artificial dead space on intubated children. Data were collected from July 1st, 1998 to August 31st, 1999. The subjects were selected from a pediatric intensive care unit of 'S' hospital and intubated with 3.5 mm or 4.5 mm endotracheal tube after open heart surgery. They were composed of 34 patients : 17 patients were assigned to the experimental group and the rest of them were placed in the control group. The artificial airway volume was minimized in the experimental group, and the control group maintained the artificial airway volume. ETCO2, PaCO2, SPO2 were measured as indicators of pulmonary ventilation. The tools of this study were GEM-Premier and Space-Lab patient monitors. The data were analyzed using the SPSS/PC+ program. The $\chi$2 -test was used to find general characteristics. The t-test was used to test the homogenety of the pulmonary ventilation status and mechanical ventilation setting before intervention between the two groups. Also, the paired t-test was used to examine the hypothesis. The results can be summerized as : 1. CO2 can be expelled effectively from the body in case artificial dead space was decreased. 2. As the artificial dead space was reduced, the difference between ETCO2 and PaCO2 was decreased, in other words pulmonary ventilation was improved. 3. If the artificial dead space occupied above 15 percent of tidal volume, the effect of CO2 was retention revealed in the body. 4. If the artificial dead space occupied below effect. Based on the results, the following is suggested to be applied practically : 1. A kind of the ventilator circuit acting artificial dead space should be removed from the intubated children with mechanical ventilaion. 2. The endotracheal tube should not be cut because extra-body space of the endotracheal tube did not have an effect on the dead space of the intubated children. Since the researcher could not cover this aspect in the study, they recommend the following. 1. The study should be extended to the other pulmonary disease patients for the effect of improving pulmonary ventilation. 2. Also, further studying with a more narrow interval in the extra-body space of the artificial airway will be able to explain the point of artificial dead space with proper ventilation.

• The Journal of Small Business Innovation
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.1-15
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• 2016

Entrepreneurs usually require financing for starting their businesses. Their primary source may be personal savings, family and friends' funds, or loans from banks and other financial institutions. Immigrant and native entrepreneurs may differ in their sources of financing, and their differences in sources may depend on their societal context. The research questions are, how does an entrepreneur's migration status -immigrant versus native-influence primary source of financing, and how is this influence moderated by wealth of the country? Data are a sample of 14,369 immigrant and native owner-managers of starting businesses in 29 countries, surveyed in the Global Entrepreneurship Monitor, and analyzed by hierarchical mixed models. Analyses reveal that immigrant and native entrepreneurs similarly frequently have their personal savings and family as the primary source of funding. Native entrepreneurs, more often than immigrant entrepreneurs, have banks and other financial institutions as the primary source of funding. Immigrants, more often than native entrepreneurs, have friends and yet other sources as the primary source of funding. These effects of migration status upon source of financing, however, are moderated by the national context, in that wealth of the country boosts the immigrants' use of friends and other sources of financing.

• Koreanishche Zeitschrift fur Deutsche Sprachwissenschaft
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• v.9
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• pp.23-44
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• 2004

Das Forschungsziel dieser Untersuchung ist es, den linguistischen Begriff der Analogie zu definieren, und die auftretenden analogischen Ausgleichsprozesse vom Mittelhochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen und auch im Neuhochdeutschen selbst insbesondere im System der starken Verben vorzuzeigen und zu $erkl\"{a}ren$. Und diese Forschungsergebnisse sind wie folgt. $Au{\ss}er$ dem Phonemwandel, der immer das Phonemsystem tangiert, gibt es M$Lautver\"{a}nderungen$, die auf assoziativer Ubertragung von Lautungen aus konkurrierenden sprachlichen Formen beruhen, die sog. Analogiebildungen. $N\"{a}mlich$ in der sprachlichen Entwicklung vom Mittelhochdeutschen zum Neuhochdeutschen zeigt sich eine sehr starke innere Tendenz der Sprache, diese durch $gesetzm\"{a}{\ss}igen$ Lautwandel entstandene Formenvielfalt innerhalb eines Paradigmas zu vereinheitlichen. Das $hei{\ss}t$; Analogischer Ausgleich ist als universaller sprachlicher Simplifizierungsprozess zu werten. Diese sprachlichen Ausgleichsprozesse werden als analogischer Ausgleich bzw. paradigmatischer Ausgleich bezeichnet. $Gem\"{a}{\ss}$ der Klassifikation von Frey teile ich auch analogischen Ausgleich Bereichen ein: a) im Stammsilbenvokalismus b) im Stammsilbenkonsonantismus c) in den Konjugationsendungen. (equation omitted) (c) Analogischer AusgIeich der Konjugationsendungen: Die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. im Althochdeutschen, -ames wird durch die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Konj., -em ersetzt. $fr\"{h}ahd$. wir nem-ames > ahd. wir nem-em > mhd. wir nem-en > nhd. wir nehm-en Die Endung der 3. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. im Mittelhochdeutschen, -ent wird durch die Endung der 1. Pers. P1. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind., -en ersetzt. ahd. sie nem-ant > fruhmhd. sie nem-ent > mhd. sie nem-en > nhd. sie nehm-en Als Markierung der 2. Pers. Sg. war -st urprunglich nur in der 2. Pers. Sg. $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind. vorhanden: ahd. nim-ist > mhd. nim-est > nhd. nimm-st Von hier aus breitet es sich aus in die 2. Pers. Sg. Pras. Konj. ahd. nem-es > mhd. nem-est > nhd. nehm-est Vom $Pr\"{a}s$. Ind/Konj. breitet sich -st in das $Pr\"{a}t$. Ind. aus; ahd. nam-i > fruhmhd. naem-e > mhd. naem-est > nhd nahm-st Und $schlie{\ss}lich$ greift es vom $Pr\"{a}t$. Ind. auch auf den Konj. $\"{u}ber$. ahd. nam-is > mhd. nem-est > nhd. $n\"{a}hm-st$

• International Journal of Industrial Entomology and Biomaterials
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• v.18 no.1
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• pp.18-27
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• 2009

B. thuringiensis strain LY-99 belonging to subsp. alesti (H3a3c), was isolated from Chinese tobacco warehouse and showed significantly high toxicity to Plutella xylostella. For the identification of the cry1-type genes from B. thuringiensis LY-99, an extended multiplex PCRrestriction fragment length polymorphism (PCRRFLP) method was established by using two pairs of universal primers based on the conserved regions of the cry1-type genes to amplify around 2.4 kb cry1-type gene fragments. Then the DNA fragment was cloned into pGEM-T Easy vector and digested with EcoRI and EcoRV enzymes. Through this method, a known cry1-type gene was successfully identified from the reference strain, B. thuringiensis subsp. alesti. In addition, the RFLP patterns revealed that B. thuringiensis LY-99 included a novel cry1A-type gene in addition to cry1Aa, cry1Ac, cry1Be and cry1Ea genes. The novel cry1A-type gene was designated cry1Ah2 (Genbank accession No DQ269474). An inverse PCR method was used to amplify the flank regions of cry1Ah2 gene. Finally, 3143 bp HindIII fragment from B. thuringiensis LY-99 plasmid DNA including 5' region and partial ORF was amplified, and sequence analysis revealed that cry1Ah2 gene from LY-99 showed 89.31% of maximum sequence similarity with cry1Ac1 crystal protein gene. In addition, the deduced amino acid sequence of Cry1Ah2 protein shared 87.80% of maximum identity with that of Cry1Ac2. This protein therefore belongs to a new class of B. thuringiensis crystal proteins.

• The Korean Journal of Air & Space Law and Policy
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• v.19 no.2
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• pp.163-177
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• 2004

Wenn man das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt in Bezug auf ein Niveau eines Risiko der objektiv vorhandenen tatbestandlichen Erfolgsm${\"{o}}$glichkeit und auf die n${\"{o}}$tige Sorgfaltspflicht, die die T${\"{a}}$ter nimmt, um das solches Risiko abzuhalten, berucksichtigt, ergibt sich der spezielle Fall selten bei der Person, mit dem hoch-gefahrlichen Berufszweig besch${\"{a}}$ftigt ist, auf den die bestehende Allgemeine-Theorie ${\"{u}}$ber das gafahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt gleichm${\"{a}}$ssig unanwendbar ist. Bez${\"{u}}$glich des Piloten des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug ergibt sich oftmals ein bestmmter Fall, die die KontroIIe des Risiko gesch${\"{a}}$ftlich uber sein eigenes pers${\"{o}}$nliches Ermessen geht, und er nimmt die Pflicht, die notwendige milit${\"{a}}$rische Zielsetzung zuerst vor allem zu ber${\"{u}}$cksichtigen, wenn auch technisch, klimatisch und umstandehalber ein normales Niveau von Risiko ${\"{u}}$bersteigt wird und zugleich ein bedenkliches hoches Risiko mit sich gebracht wird. Aus diesem Anla${\beta}$ kann man folgem, da${\beta}$ der Pilot des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug ein besonderer Fall ist, auf den die Kriterien in Bezug auf das Gebiet der Regel ${\"{u}}$ber das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt gleichm${\"{a}}$ssig unanwendbar sind. Und weil die Vermehrung der Gefahr des Flugzeug sofort an die Vermehrung der Gefahr seines eigenen Leben angeschlossen wird und daher es eine M${\"{o}}$glichkeit gibt, da${\beta}$ der Pilot dem Resultat eines Gefahr zum ersten Opfer f${\"{a}}$llt, ist die Regelung in der Punkt der Generalpr${\"{a}}$vention gegen das fahrl${\"{a}}$ssige Begehungsdelikt sinnlos. Und auch muB die militarpolitische Punkt, die Piloten des Milit${\"{a}}$rflugzeug gem${\"{a}}$${\beta}$ dem notwendigen Ausma${\beta}$ auszubilden und das Ausma${\beta}$ zu behalten, aktuell berucksichtigt werden.

• Asian-Australasian Journal of Animal Sciences
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• v.33 no.5
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• pp.788-801
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• 2020

Objective: This study was conducted to evaluate the effects of diets containing different wet rice distillers' by-product (RDP) levels on growth performance, nutrient digestibility, blood profiles and gut microbiome of weaned piglets. Methods: A total of 48 weaned castrated male crossbred pigs, initial body weight 7.54±0.97 kg, and age about 4 wks, were used in this experiment. The piglets were randomly allocated into three iso-nitrogenous diet groups that were fed either a control diet, a diet with 15% RDP, or a diet with 30% RDP for a total of 35 days. Chromium oxide was used for apparent digestibility measurements. On d 14 and d 35, half of the piglets were randomly selected for hemato-biochemical and gut microbiota evaluations. Results: Increasing inclusion levels of RDP tended to linearly increase (p≤0.07) average daily gain on d 14 and d 35, and decreased (p = 0.08) feed conversion ratio on d 35. Empty stomach weight increased (p = 0.03) on d 35 while digestibility of diet components decreased. Serum globulin concentration decreased on d 14 (p = 0.003) and red blood cell count tended to decrease (p = 0.06) on d 35, parallel to increase RDP levels. Gene amplicon profiling of 16S rRNA revealed that the colonic microbiota composition of weaned pigs changed by inclusion of RDP over the period. On d 14, decreased proportions of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge, and increased proportions of Prevotellaceae_ge, Prevotella_2, and Prevotella_9 were found with inclusion of RDP, whereas opposite effect was found on d 35. Additionally, the proportion of Lachnospiraceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_ge, Ruminococcaceae_UCG-005, and Bacteroidales_ge in RDP diets decreased over periods in control diet but increased largely in diet with 30% RDP. Conclusion: These results indicate that RDP in a favorable way modulate gastrointestinal microbiota composition and improve piglet performance despite a negative impact on digestibility of lipids and gross energy.

• Economic and Environmental Geology
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• v.48 no.3
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• pp.231-240
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• 2015

A total of 93 mineral medicines are mentioned in the Chinese Bonchodogam(本草圖鑑). In Donguibogam(東醫寶鑑), 77 mineral medicines are listed, where 18 are from soil origin, 4 from gem origin, and 55 mineral medicines were originated from stone. In the Herblogy(本草學), which is the textbook used in most oriental medicine colleges in Korea, a total of 23 mineral medicines are listed. Of those, Cinnabaris, Alumen, Melanteritum, Realgar, Orpimentum, Sulfur, Lime from Donguibogam, additional eight which are Talcum, Calomelas, Minium, Calamina, Stannum, Hydrargyrum, Lithargyrum, Hydrargyrum Chloratum from Bonchodogam and Gypsum, Natrii Sulfas, Talcum, Cinnabaris, Sulfur, Arsenicum Sublimatum, Realgar, Calomelas, Minium, Calamina, Borax, Aurum, Glauberitum from Herblogy were selected as the mineral medicine applicable as external atopic dermatitis treatment. Most of the mineral medicines were generally regarded as toxic materials, and therefore, they were elaborately processed to remove toxicity before use. In accordance, it is necessary to discuss how to effectively remove toxicity from toxic mineral medicines. In addition, detoxification can be applied to those mineral medicines classified based on the index material or high content compounds, and if efficacy can be evaluated through various analytical methods, this can be applied to diverse inflammatory diseases as well as atopic dermatitis.