• 한국컴퓨터그래픽스학회논문지
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• 제30권3호
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• pp.51-59
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• 2024

시선 벡터 정답값을 갖는 대규모 데이터의 수집은 시선 추적 분야에서 많은 비용을 필요로 한다. 본 논문에서는 원본 사진의 시선을 수정하는 데이터 증강 기법을 사용하여 제한된 개수의 시선 정답값이 주어진 상황에서 시선 추적 모델의 정확도를 향상시키는 방법을 제안한다. 시선 구간 다중 클래스 분류를 보조 작업으로 학습하고, 디퓨전 오토인코더의 잠재 변수를 조정하여 원본 사진의 시선을 편집한 사진을 생성한다. 기존의 얼굴 속성 편집과 달리, 우리는 이진 속성이 아닌 시선 벡터의 피치와 요를 지정한 범주 내로 변경하며, 편집된 사진을 시선 추적 모델의 증강된 학습 데이터로 활용한다. 시선 정답값이 5만 개 이하일 때 준지도 학습에서의 시선 추적 모델의 정확도 향상은 제안한 데이터 증강 기법의 효과를 입증한다.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제22권6호
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• pp.212-219
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• 2013

This study uses a fashion shop facade design to track human gaze, find gaze frequency for gaze time for the gaze points along the path of sight, and expose the importance of facade design and figure out the value through theoretical systematization. Thus, this study employed the measurement method in physiological psychology which is sight-tracking device with eye-tracking to perform effective data evaluation. To find gaze frequency and study the contents to reflect on the facade, precedent study review, and case study of facade design to collect stimulants to be used in eye-tracking experiment were executed. And the eye-tracking experiment which traces the movement of eye[pupil] was performed. As the result of analyzing gaze frequency, The characteristics of such gaze path formation made the characteristics for gaze frequency even clearer. What was characteristic in the analysis result according to 'average value for gaze time' was that only 8 out of 2000 areas showed over 1 second of frequency and, and all other shoed less than 1 second of gaze time. This indicates that human sight endlessly jumps around, and that it 'Stay' where it has interest. This study found the average of the frequency of this 'Stay' in facade design. This study well presents the major points to add value to the design of the space of facade based on scientific measurement/analysis data obtained through visual understanding. Through such, this study is thought to be able to have a positive interaction with marketing by forming a theoretical background bringing utility to purchase environment and assisting in sales increase.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제24권2호
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• pp.125-133
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• 2015

Gaze induction characteristics in space vary depending on characteristics of spatial components and display. This study analyzed dominant eye-fixation characteristics of three zones of department store space. Eye-fixation characteristics depending on spatial components and positional relationship can be defined as follows. First, [**.jpg] was used as an extension in the process of storing the image photographed during image data processing for analysis in pixels and due to compressed storage of image data, the image produced with a clear boundary was stored in neutral colors. To remove this problem, the image used in operation was re-processed in black and white and stored in the [**.bmp] format with large capability, at the same time. As the result, the effort caused by unnecessary colors in the program operation process was corrected. Second, the gaze ratio to space area can be indicated as a strength of each gaze zone and when analyzing the gaze strength of the three zones, the left store was a zone with a "little strong" gaze strength of "102.8", the middle space was a zone with an "extremely weak" gaze strength of "89.6" and the right store was a zone with an "extremely strong" gaze strength of "117.2". Third, the IV section had a strong strength of gaze on the middle space and the right store and the V section showed a markedly strong strength of gaze on the left and right stores. This tendency was the same as the VI section with the strongest gaze strength and the right store had a little strong gaze strength than the left store.

• 한국소프트웨어감정평가학회 논문지
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• 제16권1호
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• pp.45-53
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• 2020

본 논문에서는 웹 페이지 탐색 시 지속해서 발생하는 사용자 상호작용 과정을 이용하여 시선 검출을 위한 캘리브레이션 데이터를 획득하고, 사용자의 시선을 검출하는 동안 자연스럽게 캘리브레이션을 수행하는 방법에 관하여 기술하였다. 제안된 비강압식 캘리브레이션은 획득한 캘리브레이션 데이터를 이용하여 미리 학습된 시선 검출 CNN 모델을 새로운 사용자에 적응하도록 보정하는 과정이다. 이를 위해 훈련을 통해서 시선을 검출하는 일반화된 모델을 만들고 캘리브레이션에서는 온라인 학습 과정을 통해 빠르게 새로운 사용자에 적응하도록 하였다. 실험을 통하여 다양한 사용자 상호작용의 조합으로 시선 검출 모델을 캘리브레이션 하여 성능을 비교하였으며, 기존 방법 대비 개선된 정확도를 얻을 수 있었다.

• 대한전자공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 대한전자공학회 1999년도 하계종합학술대회 논문집
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• pp.587-590
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• 1999

Gaze detection is to locate the position on a monitor screen where a user is looking at. We implement it by a computer vision system setting a camera above a monitor, and a user move (rotates and or translates) her face to gaze at a different position on the monitor. Up to now, we have tried several different approaches and among them the Two Neural Network approach shows the best result which is described in this paper (1.7 inch error for test data including facial rotation. 3.1 inch error for test data including facial rotation and translation).

• 한국운동역학회지
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• 제31권2호
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• pp.126-132
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• 2021

Objective: The purpose of this study was to investigate how three gaze directions (bottom, normal, up) affects the coordination and stability of the lower limb during drop landing. Method: 20 female adults (age: 21.1±1.1 yrs, height: 165.7±6.2 cm, weight: 59.4±5.9 kg) participated in this study. Participants performed single-leg drop landing task on a 30 cm height and 20 cm horizontal distance away from the force plate. Kinetic and kinematic data were obtained using 8 motion capture cameras and 1 force plates and leg stiffness, loading rate, DPSI were calculated. All statistical analyses were computed by using SPSS 25.0 program. One-way repeated ANOVA was used to compared the differences between the variables in the direction of gaze. To locate the differences, Bonferroni post hoc was applied if significance was observed. Results: The hip flexion angle and ankle plantar flexion angle were significantly smaller when the gaze direction was up. In the kinetic variables, when the gaze direction was up, the loading rate and DPSI were significantly higher than those of other gaze directions. Conclusion: Our results indicated that decreased hip and ankle flexion angles, increased loading rate and DPSI when the gaze direction was up. This suggests that the difference in visual information can increase the risk of injury to the lower limb during landing.

• 한국항공운항학회지
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• 제30권1호
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• pp.44-49
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• 2022

This study performed precision instrument landing procedures for pilots with a commercial pilot license using VR HMD flight simulators, and assuming that the center of the pilot's gaze is in the front, 3-D.O.F. head tracking data and 2-D eye tracking of VR HMD worn by pilots gaze tracking was performed through. After that, AOI (Area of Interesting) was set for the instrument panel and external field of view of the cockpit to analyze how the pilot's gaze was distributed before and after the decision altitude. At the same time, the landing results were analyzed using the Localizer and G/S data as the pilot's precision instrument landing flight data. As a result, the pilot was quantitatively evaluated by reflecting the gaze tracking and the resulting landing result using a VR HMD simulator.

• 패션비즈니스
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• 제27권2호
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• pp.124-139
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• 2023

The purpose of this study is to determine the aesthetic identity of modern eroticism fashion in which the energy of desire is maximized through the 'jouissance' and 'gaze' of the unconscious theory of Jacques Lacan. The research method derived aesthetic identity after examining jouissance and gaze deeply related to eroticism in Lacan's theory of the unconscious by analyzing data of domestic and foreign monographs and prior research. Case analysis was limited to 2000 S/S to 2022 F/W. Based on prior research, it was analyzed mainly on clothing with eroticism characteristics of 'exposure, close contact, see-through, the conversion of underclothes into outer garments'. Results of the study are as follows. First, eroticism, which can be linked to Lacan's type of 'jouissance' with multiple meanings as the generating point of eroticism, has manifested itself in voyeuristic eroticism, fatale eroticism, masochistic eroticism, surplus eroticism, and sacred eroticism. Second, as eyes of unconscious desire, visual expression characteristics of 'gaze' appeared as anamorphosis, trompe l'oeil, and dépaysement. The identity of eroticism derived from Lacan's jouissance and the perspective of the desire gaze was divided into voyeuristic desire to gaze, fatal desire to gaze, masochistic desire to gaze, surplus desire to gaze, and sacred desire to gaze. Results of this study will expand theoretical horizons of eroticist fashion with a new interpretation of eroticism by combining Lacan's desire as a repressed and alienated subject within the human unconscious with the art that expands it.

• 한국실내디자인학회논문집
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• 제25권2호
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• pp.30-40
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• 2016

This study analyzed the attention concentration tendencies of one(1) subject who showed convergent exploratory acts actively through the gaze-brainwave measurement experiment of cafe space images and our research findings are as follows. First, the areas of interest (AOIs) that the subject gazed visually by paying attention to it and concentrating on it at a cafe space include counter&menu area, sign area, partition area, image wall area, stairs area, and movable furniture area, and built-in furniture area: seven areas in total. Second, conscious gaze frequency appeared the highest in counter&menu area, and conscious gaze appeared more later than in initial times. Third, conscious gaze pattern was divided into the zone that explored various areas dispersely (distributed exploratory zone) and the zone that explored between particular areas concentratedly (intensive exploratory zone). Fourth, as a result of analyzing the brainwave attention concentration, it was found that the attention concentration in prefrontal lobe (Fp1, Fp2) and frontal lobe (F3, F4) rose to a higher level in the zone of 15 to 16 seconds and this time zone was considered to be a zone where gazing at counter&menu area was very active. In addition, the attention concentration appeared higher in the initial zone than in the later zone, among the entire experimental time zones. Finally, as a result of analyzing the changes in activation by brain portion of the SMR wave expressed when maintaining the arousal and attention concentration, it was found that the right prefrontal lobe and the frontal lobe became activated in the time zone when the intensive exploration of "counter&menu area" and "movable furniture${\leftrightarrow}$built-in furniture area" had occurred and the time zone when the intensive exploration of "image wall${\leftrightarrow}$partition area" and "counter&menu${\leftrightarrow}$sign area" had occurred.

• 방송공학회논문지
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• 제26권6호
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• pp.748-757
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• 2021

본 논문은 눈 랜드마크 위치 검출과 시선 방향 벡터 추정이 하나의 딥러닝 네트워크로 통합된 시선 추정 네트워크를 제안한다. 제안하는 네트워크는 Stacked Hourglass Network를 백본(Backbone) 구조로 이용하며, 크게 랜드마크 검출기, 특징 맵 추출기, 시선 방향 추정기라는 세 개의 부분(Part)으로 구성되어 있다. 랜드마크 검출기에서는 눈 랜드마크 50개 포인트의 좌표를 추정하며, 특징 맵 추출기에서는 시선 방향 추정을 위한 눈 이미지의 특징 맵을 생성한다. 그리고 시선 방향 추정기에서는 각 출력 결과를 조합하여 최종 시선 방향 벡터를 추정한다. 제안하는 네트워크는 UnityEyes 데이터셋을 통해 생성된 가상의 합성 눈 이미지와 랜드마크 좌표 데이터를 이용하여 학습하였으며, 성능 평가는 실제 사람의 눈 이미지로 구성된 MPIIGaze 데이터셋을 이용하였다. 실험을 통해 시선 추정 오차는 3.9°의 성능을 보였으며, 네트워크의 추정 속도는 42 FPS(Frame per second)로 측정되었다.