• 대한안전경영과학회지
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• 제25권4호
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• pp.153-161
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• 2023

Carbon black is a material in the form of fine black powder obtained by incomplete combustion or pyrolysis of hydrocarbons, and is composed of 90-99% carbon, and the rest is composed of hydrogen and oxygen. In the event of an emergency during the manufacture of carbon black, the generated tail gas should be safely discharged through an emergency line to prevent fire, explosion, and environmental pollution accidents caused by the tail gas. If the pressure continues to rise, the pressure control valve shall operate and the rupture plate shall be ruptured sequentially and the tail gas shall be discharged to the vent stack through the emergency line. As an emergency emission system, even if some untreated substances in the tail gas are released into the atmosphere, they are lighter than air, so it is safe to discharge them to a safe place through the Vent Stack. If the gas pressure is rising or worse, it is discharged from the Vent Stackine, and discharging fuel.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제20권3호
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• pp.188-193
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• 2009

Fuel cell vehicles are equipped with Pressure Relief Devices(PRDs) installed in pressure tank cylinder to prevent the explosion of the tank during a fire. PRDs are safety devices that perceive a fire and release gas in the pressure tank cylinder before it is exploded. But if the PRD does not actuate, because either the PRD fails or can't be surrounded by the flame of a fire, the tank will rupture and produce a blast wave and hydrogen fire ball. In this paper, we observed the fire behavior of actual fuel cell vehicle, comparing with that of gasoline vehicle.

• International Journal of Safety
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• 제4권2호
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• pp.24-29
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• 2005

An experimental study was presented for extinguishing characteristics of liquid fuel fire by water mist($Dv_{0.99}{\leq}200{\mu}m$) containing potassium acetate and sodium acetate trihydrate. To evaluate the extinguishing performance of water mist containing additives, the evaporation characteristics of a water droplet on a heated surface was examined. The evaporation process was recorded by a charge-coupled-device camera. Also, small-scale extinguishing tests were conducted for n-heptane pool fire in ventilated space. During the experiments, flame temperatures were measured, and concentrations of oxygen and carbon monoxide were analyzed by a combustion gas analyzer. The average evaporation rate of water droplet containing additives was lower than that of pure water at a given surface temperature and decreased with the concentration increase due to the precipitation of salt in the liquid-film and change of surface tension. In case of using additives, the fire extinguishing times was shorter than that of pure water at a given discharge pressure and it was because the momentum of a water droplet containing additives was increased. And also dissociated metal atoms, potassium or sodium, were reacted as a scavenger of the major radical species OH, H which were generated for combustion process. Moreover, at a high pressure of 4 MPa, the fire was extinguished through blowing effect as well as primary extinguishing mechanisms.

• 한국가스학회지
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• 제17권5호
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• pp.15-21
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• 2013

본 연구는 3차원 위험성평가 시뮬레이션 툴(FLACS)을 활용하여 연료의 종류에 따른 위험성을 비교 평가하였다. 일반적인 고압가스 충전소 레이아웃을 활용하여 연료를 CNG, 수소, 30%HCNG로 하였을 경우 충전소에서 가스누출에 의한 화재 폭발 상황을 모사하여 피해영향을 비교 분석하였다. 그리고 가스별 누출제트에 의한 피해영향을 평가하였다. 동일한 조건에서 수소, CNG, HCNG가 누출되어 화재폭발이 발생할 경우 수소는 최대과압이 30kPa, HCNG는 3.5kPa 그리고 CNG는 0.4kPa의 과압이 측정되었다. HCNG의 과압이 CNG에 비해 7.75배 높게 측정되었으나, 수소에 비해서는 11.7%에 불과했다. 화염 전파에 있어서 수소는 매우 빠른 화염전파 특성을 가지는 반면 HCNG와 CNG는 수소에 비해 전파속도 및 전파거리에서 비교적 안전한 경향을 보였다. 제트화염에 의한 화염경계거리는 수소가 5.5m, CNG가 3.4m이고 HCNG는 CNG보다 약간 확장된 3.9m로 예측되었다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제32권4호
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• pp.7-16
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• 2018

본 연구에서는 CFAST를 이용하여 구획실 가스연료 화재실험에 대한 디자인 화재곡선(Design fire curves, DF)의 예측성능을 평가하였다. 평가된 디자인 화재곡선은 이전의 연구에서 제안된 2-stage DF, Ingason이 제안한 Quadratic DF와 Exponential DF이며, 예측성능 평가를 위해 각 디자인 화재곡선을 CFAST의 입력조건으로 하여 시뮬레이션을 수행하였다. 시뮬레이션결과와 실험결과의 비교를 통해 구획실 내부의 공간평균온도와 $O_2$, $CO_2$ 농도에 대해 전반적으로 2-stage DF > Quadratic DF > Exponential DF 순으로 실험결과를 합리적으로 예측하는 것을 확인하였다. CFAST 시뮬레이션 결과를 통해서도 실험에서 보이는 구획실 내 개구부측과 내측에서의 온도와 $O_2$ 및 $CO_2$ 농도 차이를 예측할 수 없음을 명확히 확인하였다. 또한 CFAST는 구획실 가스연료 화재의 CO 농도와 하층부의 공간평균온도에 대한 예측에 한계가 있음을 확인하였다.

• 한국화재소방학회논문지
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• 제23권5호
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• pp.24-31
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• 2009

본 연구에서는 우리나라 주요 침엽수종인 소나무(Pinus densiflora)와 활엽수종인 굴참나무(Quercus variabilis)의 낙엽에 대해 FTIR(Fourier Transform Infrared) 분광계를 이용하여 배출 연소가스 종류 및 농도를 측정하였다. 실험결과 소나무와 굴참나무 낙엽에서 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Acetic acid, Butyl acetate, Ethylene, Methane, Methanol, Nitrogen dioxide, Ammonia, Hydrogen Fluoride, Sulfur dioxide, Hydrogen bromide 등 13개 연소가스가 검출되었고 굴참나무 낙엽에서는 Nitrogen monoxide가 추가로 검출되었다. 방출된 연소가스의 전체 농도는 소나무 낙엽이 굴참나무 낙엽에 비해 4.5배 많이 검출되었다. 특히, 시간가중평균가스농도(Time-Weighted Average, TWA, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide, Butyl acetate가 검출되었고 단시간노출기준(Short Term Exposure Limit, STEL, ppm) 기준을 초과하는 연소가스는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide로 소나무 및 굴참나무 모두에서 나타났다. 이에 산불에서의 낙엽의 지표화 연소시 전체 가스 방출량의 99% 이상을 차지하고 있는 Carbon monoxide, Carbon dioxide의 건강 위험성이 높은 것으로 나타났다.

• 기술사
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• 제39권5호
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• pp.25-29
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• 2006

The world prevents a globe warm anger actual condition and it sleeps and kyo it adopts the hazard which suits hereupon it soaks a discussion emotion, but energy policy it is the actual condition where the transfer with the gas fuel is urgent from the fossil fuel. From our country where the field of fire paragraph is clear winter season heating and the summer season all cooling the hazard waterabsorption air conditioning flag and the G.H.P and fuel cell, that with the Co-Generation back it is same, the transfer of the efficient machinery and tools is necessary and that energy consumption elder brother economic ground construction that the regulation relaxation back against the hazard group energy enterprise is necessary there is a possibility of seeing.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제33권3호
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• pp.255-260
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• 2022

Hydrogen gas fuel was applied to a small-sized two stroke engine for a mobile power source instead of gasoline fuel. Port fuel supply showed a limitation in terms of power due to the back fire at the engine intake manifold. So in this study, hydrogen direct injection system was applied to overcome this drawback by using a low pressure direct gas injector. The result from this strategy showed that hydrogen direct injection improved fuel efficiency as well as torque and power comparing to the port fuel supply system.

• 한국소음진동공학회:학술대회논문집
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• 한국소음진동공학회 2005년도 추계 학술대회논문집(수송기계편)
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• pp.161-165
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• 2005

Until now LPG car has drived used to mixer and vaporizer. So LPG car always has problems back fire and when in the winter. LPG Car's Fuel consumption is rather than gasoline. But LPLi Fuel pump located in the fuel tank is directly injection in the engine. So Fuel consumption is better than LPG mixer system and result to reduced exhaust gas. In this paper to reduction of beating noise of LPLi(liquid phase LPG Injection) fuel pump. General speaking we know, beating noise is occur to near frequency each of pump. So we Modification of RPM through chang of amature turn number and area of dimension of the pump's body.

• 한국수소및신에너지학회논문집
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• 제23권1호
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• pp.73-82
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• 2012

A 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was developed and simulated for a tube reactor of packed bed where the steam-$CO_2$ combined reforming reaction of natural gas proceeded to produce synthesis gas. Under the reactor feeding rate, 45 $Nm^3$/h, of the reactant gas stream, the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model showed the similar results to those from the ASPEN simulator although there were some discrepancies between the two in the temperature and the $H_2$/CO ratio of the reformed gas at the reactor exit. The calculated enthalpy difference between the reformed gas at the reactor exit and the reactant gas fed to the reactor was closely correspondent to the total amount of heat transferred to the reactor interior from the furnace. This supports that the 2-dimensional heterogeneous reactor model was reasonably established and the numerical solution was properly obtained.