• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture
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• v.30 no.6
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• pp.47-56
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• 2003

The purpose of this study is to clarify the components for the improvement of outdoor spaces in farmyards and to suggest guidelines for the planning of these spaces. The objects of this study were the general farmyards located around farmhouses which had government support for the construction of on-site gardens. The results were as follows: 1. Although over 50% of the general farmyards did not have gardens, most gardens of farmyards (90% and over) featured trees and/or flowers. This demonstrated that the residents of the farmyards thought positively about green spaces. 2. With the establishment of a garden, the self-image of the household improved along with the physical environment. Thus, the construction of the garden brought about psychologically and physically positive results. 3. Regarding the degree of satisfaction with green space and shade, the rate of farmyards with gardens was higher than those without. With more government support for developing such green spaces, satisfaction with them could increase. The same result was obtained regarding the degree of satisfaction towards visual harmony with nearby farmyards, indicating that neighboring farm households want to have positive relationships with one another. 4. The frequency of use of living space increased through the construction of gardens in farmyards, in spite of decreased working space. %is aspect could be used as data in the planning of gardens in farmyards. 5. The perceived necessity of gardens in the general farmyards and desire to construct new gardens rose. This preference was high in gardens with abundant greenery and a lot of rest facilities. This study suggests those reasons result from a poor farm economy. With government support, general farmyards without gardens could construct gardens. And we might infer that the residents' desire to construct a garden in general famyards had been influenced by a neighbor with a garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.119-128
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• 2015

The purpose of this study was to look at the Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想) and garden of Bai Juyi in the perspective of landscape architecture and inquiry the meaning of Bai Juyi's construction activities, thought shown in his gardens, and how his construction method influenced later and the result is as follows. First, the 'Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想)' of Bai Juyi improved the Eunil-sasang(隱逸思想) and the birth of 'Jungeun-sasang(中隱思想)' became a clue to be developed up to the garden art. In addition, different from before that built gardens hiding in mountains, it prepared the turning point to build gardens in cities. Second, the space principle of 'paradise' shown in the garden of Bai Juyi was a means and principle to absorb the nature such as positioning rocks, formation of mounds, and positioning of flowers in the limited and small spaces different from previous gardens of splendid and magnificent. The garden became not only outer scene but also the 'Simwon(心園) that reflected the inside world. 12) Third, the gardening act and thought appeared in the poem of Bai Juyi were expressed in pictures and his own gardens as his poem was borrowed and quoted. As a result, Bai Juyi's literary view on the art and thought prepared the base in the popularity of literary gardens and forming of characteristic styles through practical activities that he managed his own gardens. Forth, Bai Juyi's level of Confucianism realization and delicate aesthetical consciousness gave meanings to the scene of gardens through the discovery of the fusion of mountains and creeks, ways of adding, and the aesthetical consciousness of Taihushi(太湖石)and influenced in the forming of garden culture later on.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Environmental Restoration Technology
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• v.11 no.5
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• pp.72-78
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• 2008

The cooling effects of botanical garden in urban are was investigated at Sungkyunwan University Natural Science Campus and nearby urban area during summer (20/06/2008-30/08/2008). Temperature and humidity data were observed, downloaded and analyzed. After observation single-family residential area (TNH) showed the highest air temperature while botanical garden (ARB) did the lowest one. UHI intensity between TNH and ARB was derived and investigated. The average UHI intensity was $1.5^{\circ}C$ while maximum UHI intensity was recorded at 21 : 20 by $2.29^{\circ}C$, and minimum UHI intensity at 09 : 20 by $0.45^{\circ}C$. Overall the average air temperature of botanical garden was lower to surrounding urban area by $0.5-1.5^{\circ}C$. So it was found out the botanical garden contributes to the cooling effect of the surrounding area as an urban cooling island.

• Journal of architectural history
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.41-50
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• 2015

This study aims to investigate the physical characteristics and architectural ornaments of the walls (DamJang) and their bordering area that defines the Rear Garden of Changdeok-gung, one of the Royal Palaces in Seoul. This area, centered on Buyong-ji(부용지) and Aeryeon-ji(애련지), features the morphological diversity of buildings, walls, gates and stone bases in the palace. The findings are summarized as follows: First, DamJang, as a basic architectural element for the space organization, takes a set of various forms featuring different construction materials while responding positively to the physiographic nature of the surroundings; Second, DamJang along with their gates, also features different types of ornamental expressions which also suggest the hierarchy of its building and space; Third, typical of the traditional garden design in Korea are a group of DamJang standing as independent structures mostly around Buyong-ji and Aeryeon-ji whose finishing conditions also differ based on the nature of the space; Fourth, among commonly observed examples of DamJang in the Rear Garden and Changdeok-gung palace-wide, is a 'T' shaped wall whose heights and materials function as a design element for the garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.1
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• pp.31-40
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• 2015

This study aims to comprehend that Seokpajeong garden for aspect of space change. Spatial characteristics according to the transfer of ownership are classified as period. And investigate the aspect of space change in Seokpajeong garden based on literature and painting, newspaper, photo. The results were as follows. First, Investigate the construction and change of Seokpajeong garden. Accordingly, spatial characteristics of Seokpajeong garden are classified into three period. 1st period is Kim-Heung Keun owned Samgyedong-jungsa garden. 2nd period is Daewongun hold Seokpajeong garden. 3rd period is damaged original form of Seokpajeong garden from Korean War to current time inclusive. Secondly, Kim-Heung Keun owned Samgyedong-jungsa garden has characteristics of water system centric space and many buildings. In addition accept foreign culture like chinese pavilion and Byeoldang Villa. and plant unique flower and leaf in garden. Thirdly, According to Seokpajeong garden folding screen, Daewongun owned Seokpajeong garden accept organization of space in Samgyedong garden. But different locations of Sarangchae in folding screen means possibility of move building to current position. So, additional historical research is required with representation of chinese pavilion location. Fourthly, Seokpajeong garden was damaged from original form to frequent changes of ownership. Transform of geographical features and water system as well as Anchae and Sarangchae, back side of a outbuilding are only the remained among many buildings. Also, Seokpajeong garden is more fell to the subsidiary facility of Seoul Museum than Wonrim. Therefore restoration and recovery of original form are urgent.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.36 no.1
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• pp.67-77
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• 2018

This study investigated the recognition of Koreanesss, preference factors and the difference of recognition from adjacent Chinese and Japanese gardens for foreign visitors of Seoul gardens, a Korean traditional garden located within the Marzahn garden in Berlin, Germany. Overall, the Chinese garden and the Japanese garden were better known to most visitors than the Seoul garden due to their earlier construction. The awareness of the specialty to the Korean garden was at an average level indicating most visitors did not recognize the difference among the traditional gardens constructed from other countries. These less awareness on the Korean garden was because the traditional gardens of the three countries are located adjacent to the park in a continuous landscape with similar plant species created through natural planting techniques. This means the Korean garden is required for considering diversity and representativeness of planting species, uniqueness in space composition and recognition of Korean oriental garden culture in an initial design project stage. Visitors without prior information has better understanding on Korean garden and higher revisit intention resulting in increasing publicity and understanding of Korean traditional garden. Among the preference factors representing Koreaness of the Seoul gardens, the waterfall, stream, pavilion and natural stone within the water landscape were visitors favorite interests due to design concept with a representative Korean stream scenery of Dokrack-dang and Byeolseo garden resulting in differences from the landscape displaying technique for other oriental gardens. These stylistic differences in the dominant landscaping of garden architecture from surrounding the physical environments, the garden displaying technique derived from Korean natural landscape can be recognized as an unique garden element for foreign visitors.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.40 no.3
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• pp.67-73
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• 2022

This study tracked the changing process of unregistered private house gardens by using the form at the time of the construction of gardens as the prototype of each garden, investigated the spatial value of the garden, and discussed the historical spatial value of unregistered private house gardens in terms of inheritance and change of traditional gardens. To this end, targeting on unregistered private house gardens in Gangwon-do, which are in danger of preserving their gardens due to the recent increase in the number of designated cultural heritage dismantled, the patterns of unregistered private house gardens, their characteristics and values were identified through the spatial change of the garden, and the following results were derived. First, the unregistered private house gardens were able to inherit and maintain the form of a traditional garden, being located in a clan village. The garden space was divided by the influence of Confucian philosophy, and the components of the garden, tree species and planting methods appeared differently. In other words, the use of garden components according to the status hierarchy appeared. Second, space reduction was continuously confirmed at four target sites. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the building of new road and environmental improvement project. The reduced spaces are garden spaces, and part of the garden was attributed to the state due to the new road and environmental improvement project. Third, eight old big trees over 100 years old were identified in three of the four target sites, and the garden components such as stone water tanks, quickset doors, and ponds were commonly identified in Korea, China, and Japan during the Joseon Dynasty, inheriting the historicity of the traditional garden.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Landscape Architecture International Edition
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• no.1
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• pp.131-134
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• 2001

Green and plants, as it symbol the life and depute the nature, always give human an easy comfort psychologically. The paper is a brief analysis to the idea frame of urban construction and reform of Kunming through our practice about ten years. On which three main principles should be carefully considered. One is that the green-space composed of plant system is of the important infrastructure of a modern city as it can not be instead of by any other factor in the ecological system of the city. The other is that in the course of planning and construction the local feature as well as its culture tradition in history should be pied more attention. In order to create a distinguish character of itself the third may be more important that to coordinate each key elements of it such as green, water, light, building, road, etc., to get a harmonious sphere of human and nature. A modern city should be a green city in which nature and man co-exist harmoniously.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.37 no.3
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• pp.93-107
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• 2019

The purpose of this paper is to explore the application of Chinese traditional garden space construction principle studied by predecessors in modern park landscape, and to find more methods of traditional garden space construction inheritance and innovation through research. Tian Chaoyang's book "Fifteen Lectures on Chinese Classical Gardens and Modern Translation" mentions that Chinese traditional gardens are combining time and space, so he draws a brief pattern diagram containing the principle of the space construction. According to this principle of space construction, the researchers chose Qujiang Pool Heritage Park, which combines modern and traditional, then analyzed its spatial structure and and space elements. The results are as follows. The complex spatial structure of the park is composed of spatial boundary lines and spatial routes. The complex boundary space is composed of bridges, squares, plants, rows of buildings and other elements. The water space in the center of the park is designed in accordance with the traces of the historical water system, and its natural zigzag shoreline expands the water space. The central water space is divided into the big pool and the small pool, the Yanbo island and Bird island are created respectively. The building at the park boundary connects the park's interior and exterior. Most of the buildings in the park are located in the convex corner of the route or space. Through this research, it can be concluded that Qujiang park also applies the space construction principle combining time and space. And then, the garden elements of Qujiang park are recreating the history and culture of Qin, Han, Sui and Tang dynasties with modern methods, thus creating a park with Chinese regional characteristics. Since the Tang dynasty was the most prosperous period in Qujiang, the park was dominated by Tang culture. Through the research of this paper, we can see that the space construction principle of Qujiang Pool Heritage Park is the inheritance of the space construction principle of Chinese traditional garden. And the landscape element of Qujiang park is the landscape created by combining traditional history and culture, which is the innovative part of modern garden. Through this study, the creation of modern landscape with Chinese characteristics can provide some hints on the direction of inheritance and innovation.

• Journal of the Korean Institute of Traditional Landscape Architecture
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• v.33 no.2
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• pp.21-35
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• 2015

This study conducted a research on the position, construction of space and plants of Ten Evergreen's Garden(十靑園) and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden(怪石園) that are central gardens of Eunguhdang(恩居堂) in the poem 'Statement of Responsibility'(Heo Mok, 1595~1682) and Sochi(小痴) Heo Ryeon(許鍊)'s 'Taeyeongsipcheongwondo(漣川台嶺十靑園圖)' in order to bring light on the construction of space and characteristics of them as a garden of the deep pond, Eunguhdang that is a historic site of Misu Heo Mok(許穆, 1595~1682). The characteristics of Eunguhdang, and the meaning of it from the research are expected to be utilized as a basic data for future restoration of it. The results are as follow: In Eunghudang, there are the main building, a detached house, a separated building, and servants' quarters, and the garden consists of Ten Evergreen's Garden between the main building and a Byeolmyo(別廟), a backyard which leads to a green mountaintop, and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden including a pavilion in the front of the detached house. These gardens are thought to have utilized various oddly stones. From the analysis of existing documents such as 'Gwuimonwon(龜文園)' and several interviews, it is concluded that Gwuimunwon might have had Youngdoseo(龍圖墅) that imitated a stream, and Oddly Shaped Stone Garden might have had a garden which imitates Guimonwon standing for graffiti. The evergreen plants in Gwuimonwon correspond to the plants of Sipjangcheong(十長靑) in Youngdoseo, and through these facts, it is thought to have sought "The clean and cool". Furthermore, the diverse colors of flowering trees and flowers in Oddly Shaped Stone Garden and the surrounding of it is symbolizing dragon which is found in Gwuimonwon and that is contrasting with the evergreen plants in Gwuimonwon. The oddly shaped stones in the garden of Eunguhdang have a strange atmosphere which is felt across the whole buildings in Misu, and s a same aesthetic object that are thought to have created beauty of old greenery and antique appearance by utilizing oddly shaped stones. Misu is based on ever green plants seeking change with flowers along with stones that means spirit, body and bones, which is strengthening his intention.