• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.164-165
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• 2008

• 한국약용작물학회:학술대회논문집
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• 2008.05a
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• pp.168-169
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• 2008

• Journal of Ecology and Environment
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• v.29 no.1
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• pp.49-53
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• 2006

The fiddler crab, Uca lactea, which lives on intertidal mudflats in Korea, exhibits both burrow mating and surface mating. We observed 17 cases of surface mating that occurred on Ganghwa Island, South Korea. Most surface-mating males did not build semidomes, structures that attract searching females for burrow mating. Based on the conclusion of a previous study that semidome building is condition-dependent, we suggest that food availability may influence the mating tactic of this species. In addition, there was a strong correlation between the carapace size of both sexes that surface-mated, which suggests that males use body size of females as a mating cue.

• KOREAN JOURNAL OF CROP SCIENCE
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• v.51 no.1
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• pp.73-80
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• 2006

Sesame (Sesamum indicum L.) seeds contain abundant oil and antioxidative lignans related to the seed quality. To evaluate the potential effects of drought stress on the chemical composition of sesame seeds, eighteen cultivars were imposed water-deficit condition by withholding irrigation during 15 days at podding and maturing stage, compared with well-watered plants as control in seed yield and chemical composition. Drought treatments showed great decrease of seed yield with not affecting seed weight. The contents of sesamin and sesamolin decreased while lignan glycosides inversely increased in response to drought stress. Oil content was not significantly changed by drought treatment in spite of its slight decrease. In case of fatty acid composition, there were significant differences in increase of oleic acid while inverse decrease of linoleic acid under drought stress condition. These results demonstrate that the chemical composition of sesame seed may be modified with drought stress. In particular, the increase of sesaminol glucosides with strong antioxidative activity was observed.

• Proceedings of the PSK Conference
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• 2002.10a
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• pp.370.2-370.2
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• 2002

This study was carried out to obtain basic informations that can be used in index for Korea ginseng (Panax ginseng C.A. Meyer) cultivated in East Asia (Geumsan. Ganghwa. Punggi. Umsong, Jinan, Hongchon. Jilin. Nagano). Ginsenosides composition in various Panax ginseng roots cultivated in different places and years were carried by the Shibata method. The average about total saponins and each ginsenosides content of four year-age Ginseng Radix aquosa cultivated in Korea were higher than those of ginseng cultivated for its longer period. (omitted)

• Communications for Statistical Applications and Methods
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• v.30 no.3
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• pp.259-272
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• 2023

In this paper, we suggest a new method for the prediction of sharp changes in particulate matter (PM₁₀) using quantile mapping. To predict the current PM₁₀ density in Seoul, we consider PM₁₀ and precipitation in Baengnyeong and Ganghwa monitoring stations observed a few hours before. For the PM₁₀ distribution estimation, we use the extreme value mixture model, which is a combination of conventional probability distributions and the generalized Pareto distribution. Furthermore, we also consider a quantile generalized additive model (QGAM) for the relationship modeling between precipitation and PM₁₀. To prove the validity of our proposed model, we conducted a simulation study and showed that the proposed method gives lower mean absolute differences. Real data analysis shows that the proposed method could give a more accurate prediction when there are sharp changes in PM₁₀ in Seoul.

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.8-18
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• 2005

We studied seasonal distribution of the microphytobenthos and their primary production with $C^{14}$ method and carried out pigment analysis with HPLC in an estuarine mudflat of the Ganghwa Island, Korea from May 2002 to April 2004. The abundances of microphytobenthos were higher at the middle than upper part and lower part of intertidal flat. Abundances of microphytobenthos ranged from $2.3{\times}10^5\;cells\;cm^{-2}$ to $140.9{\times}10^5\;cells cm^{-2}$. The bloom of microphytobenthos was observed in the early spring and then it decreased from spring to summer and autumn. The pennate diatom was a predominated group among the microphytobenthos in this area. The dominant species were Paralia sulcata, Cylindrotheca closterium and Nitzschia sp.. Nitzschia sp. and Cylindrotheca closterium were predominant in February. The results of pigment analysis suggest the presence of diatoms, euglenophytes, chlorophytes, cyanobacteria, cryptophytes, chrysophytes, prymnesiophytes, dinoflagellates and prasinophytes. The biomass of microphytobenthos ranged from 1.18 to 34.25 mg chl-a $m^{-2}$, with a mean of 7.60 mg chl-a $m^{-2}$. The mean ratio of Fuco/Chl a was 0.7 which indicates that most of biomasses of microphytobenthos were due to diatoms. The ratios of Chl b/Chl a ranged from 0 to 0.82(with a mean of 0.17), implying that euglenophytes and chlorophytes lived together in special period seasonally. Temporal variation of primary production ranged from 4.2 to 113.0 $mgC{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$(mean value was 33.9 $mgC{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ and initial slope$({\alpha})$ was measured from 0.002-0.005$(mgC\;mgchl-a^{-1}\;hr^{-1}){\cdot}({\mu}E\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1})^{-1}$. Assimilation number$(P_m)$ was in the range of 0.50-1.32 $mgC{\cdot}mgChl-a{\cdot}hr^{-1}$ and daily primary production ranged from 20.9 to 678.1 $mgC{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}d^{-1}$(mean value was 206.72 $mgC{\cdot}m^{-2}{\cdot}^{-1}$).

• The Sea:JOURNAL OF THE KOREAN SOCIETY OF OCEANOGRAPHY
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.31-37
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• 2005

To find out temporal variations of net photosynthetic rate (NPR) of intertidal flats, we measured oxygen microprofiles in sediments with oxygen microsensors 4 times from December 2003 to June 2004. The study areas were the intertidial flats in Janghwa-ri and Dongmak-ri, located on the southwestern and the southern parts of Ganghwa-gun, respectively, and in Incheon North Harbor where the content of organic matter was relatively high. During the investigation, oxygen penetration depths in the tidal flats of Janghwa-ri and Dongmak-ri were high in December (mean values of 4.0-4.1 mm). Thereafter, the oxygen penetration depths declined to mean values of 2.2-2.8 mm and 1.6-1.8 mm in the two tidal flats. Interestingly, the oxygen penetration depths in the Incheon North Harbor tidal flat showed a lower range $(0.8{\pm}0.3\;mm;\;mean{\pm}1SD)$ over the period. The maximum NPR in the Dongmak-ri tidal flat was found in March $(11.1{\pm}2.8\;mmol\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1})$, and those In Janghwa-ri $(6.1{\pm}4.1\;mmol\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1})$ and Incheon North Harbor $(6.4{\pm}1.4\;mmol\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1})$ were observed in May. During the period when NPR was most active, the highest oxygen concentration was found at 0.1-0.5 mm depth below the surface sediment, and was on average 1.8-3.2 times higher than the air-saturated oxygen concentration in the overlying seawater. Although we took into account of low in situ light intensity $(400{\mu}Einst\;m^{-2}\;s^{-1})$ during the investigation in June, NPR in the 3 study areas decreased significantly to less than $0.2\;mmol\;O_2\;m^{-2}\;h^{-1})$. Thus, temporal variations of NPR were somewhat different among the tidal flats. Generally, benthic primary producers inhabiting in the uppermost 0.5 mm of the sediment showed a peak photosynthetic activity in the study areas in spring. This is the first domestic report on photosynthetic rates of benthic microflora in the tidal flats with oxygen microsensors, and the use of the microsensor can be widely applied to measurements of benthic primary production of a tidal flat and the oxygen consumption rate of surficial sediments.

• Korean Journal of Heritage: History & Science
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• v.53 no.3
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• pp.62-79
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• 2020

The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Ganghwa Bomunsa Temple is a giant rock-carved Buddhist statue that was built in 1928 during the Japanese colonial era. Although it is a year-recorded Buddhist statue that occupies a prominent place in modern Korean Buddhist sculpture history, it has not been the subject of in-depth discussion due to weak research on modern Buddhist sculptures. In this study, to examine the various significant aspects of the rock-carved Seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple as a modern Buddhist sculpture, I have managed to determine its construction year, artificers, and patrons by deciphering the inscription around the rock-carved statue; in addition I have researched the effects of the rock shapes and landforms on the formation of the Buddhist statue by comparing and analyzing the points of view of both artificers and worshipers. I have also identified the specific circumstances of the time of construction from interviews with the descendants of artificers. A monk from Geumgangsan Mountain, Lee Hwaeung, took the role of sponsor and chief painter to construct the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa temple. In the beginning of its construction in 1928, more than 100 donators jointly sponsored the construction of the statue. Gansong Jeon Hyoungphil sponsored alone at the time of the place of worship's expansion in 1938. Bomunsa Temple has been regarded as one of the top-three sacred places of Avalokiteśvara Bodhisattva together with Naksansa Temple in Yang Yang and Boriam in Nam Hae, due to the construction of the rock-carved statue. It took about three months to construct the statue. Lee Hwaeung drew a rough sketch and then Un Songhag and five masons from Ganghwa Island took part in the carving process. We can observe the line drawing technique around the rock-carved statue because the statue was carved based on the rough sketch of the monk painter. The aspect of Lee Hwaeung as a painter is revealed; therefore, we can identify the clue of painting pattern leading to Seogongchulyou- Hwaunghyoungjin- Ilonghyegag. The rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple is a typical Avalokiteśvara that wears a jeweled crown and holds Kundica. It makes a strong impression as it has a big square-shaped face and a short neck and is unsophisticated in general. The artificers solved the issue of visual distortion of the rock-carved statue caused by carving on a 10-meter high and 40-degree sloping rock by controlling motion to its maximum, omitting detailed expression by emphasizing symmetry, and adjusting the head-to-body proportion to be almost one-to-one. In this study, especially, I presume the unified form of sacred sculptures and Buddhist altars, without making a Buddhist altar like the rock-carved seated Avalokiteśvara statue at Bomunsa Temple, to be a key characteristic of modern Buddhist sculptures. Furthermore, I make newly clear that the six letters of Sanskrit carved on nimbus, which had been interpreted as a Six-Syllable Mantra, are a combination with Jeongbeopgye and Sabang Mantras. In addition, three iron rings driven on eaves rock were used as a reference point, and after construction they were used as a decoration for the Bodhisattva with hanging wind chimes.

• Korean Journal of Environment and Ecology
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• v.27 no.3
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• pp.280-304
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• 2013

This study was carried out to investigate the flora of Mt. Gilsangsan (Ganghwa-Isl.). The vascular plants were collected 14 times (from March to November 2012), and were identified as 595 taxa; 122 families, 359 genera, 529 species, 7 subspecies, 51 varieties, 2 forms and 3 hybrids. The plant formation of Mt. Gisangsan is the deciduous broad-leaved and conifer mixed forest which is the common one in the middle part of Korean peninsula. All most mountain covered with young secondary forest which is mainly composed of Pinus and Quercus. The family represented by the largest number of species diversity were Asteraceae (11.%), Poaceae (10.7%), Cyperaceae (6.38%), Fabaceae (3.86%) and Rosaceae (3.52%) respectively. Korean endemic plants of this area were 12 taxa; Asarum misandrum, Clematis brachyura, Philadelphus schrenkii, Forsythia koreana, Polygonatum infundiflorum, etc. The red list of vascular plants according to IUCN valuation basis were examined, endangered species (EN) Abies koreana, Near Threatened species (NT) both Wikstroemia trichotoma and Sparganium erectum, Least Concern species (LC) Platycladus orientalis, Swertia diluta var. tosaensis and Iris minutoaurea and by Not Evaluate species (NE) Polygonatum infundiflorum. The floristic regional indicator plants found in this area were 45 taxa comprising two taxa of grade V and VI, nine taxa of grade III, three taxa of grade II, 29 taxa of gradeI. The naturalized plants were identified as 64 taxa and the percent of naturalized index (NI) was 10.7% of total 595 taxa vascular plants. Ecosystem disturbance wild plants were consisted of eight taxa; Rumex acetosella, Sicyos angulatus, Solanum carolinense, Ambrosia artemisiifolia, Ambrosia trifida, Aster pilosus, Hypochaeris radicata and Lactuca scariola. Furthermore, therophytes (26.5%), hemicryptophytes (26.0%), Geophyte (14.0%) showed high proportional ratio in life form spectrum.