• Journal of the East Asian Society of Dietary Life
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• v.21 no.4
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• pp.514-519
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• 2011

Takju was manufactured using 150 g Rosa rugosa Thunb. (Haedanghwa) and two different preparations of 3,000 g each of cooked and uncooked rice. Nuruk (150 g) and yeast (60 g) were inoculated into both mixtures for fermentation, and physiochemical changes were investigated during 14 days of fermentation. The final brix value, pH, and ethanol concentration of Haedanghwa (uncooked rice Takju) were $13.0^{\circ}$Bx, 4.3, and 11.8%, respectively, whereas those of Haedanghwa (cooked rice Takju) were $14.0^{\circ}$Bx, 4.6, and 14.4%, respectively. Lactic and acetic acid levels in Haedanghwa (uncooked rice Takju) were significantly higher than those in Haedanghwa (cooked rice Takju) (p<0.05). The level of ${\gamma}$-amino-n-butyric acid in Haedanghwa Takju (uncooked rice) was twice than that of Haedanghwa Takju (cooked rice). Our results demonstrate that the use of uncooked rice in the preparation of Takju may help improve the taste and function of the final product.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.9 no.7
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• pp.968-973
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• 1998

The critical micelle concentrations($CMC^*$) of the mixed surfactant systems of cationic surfactant cetylpyridinium chloride(CPC) and nonionic surfactant Triton X-100(TX-100) in aqueous solutions of salts(KCl and $Na_2CO_3$) and isomeric butanols(tert-butanol, iso-butanol and n-butanol) were determined by UV spectroscopy method. The various thermodynamic values in aqueous solutions of salts and isomeric butanols were compared with the values in pure water, calculated by means of the equation derived from the pseudo-phase separation model. Thermodynamic parameters($X_1$, $\beta$, ${\gamma}i$, $ai^M$, $C_i$ and ${\Delta}H_{mix}$) were found to have great effects of salts and isomeric butanols on the mixed micellization of CPC/TX-100 mixtures, and also in good agreements with the nonideal mixed micelle model. They showed all negative deviations from the ideal mixed micellar behavior.

• Journal of Pharmaceutical Investigation
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• v.31 no.3
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• pp.151-160
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• 2001

The purpose of this study is to investigate the interaction of progesterone with various cyclodextrins (CDs) in the aqueous solution and in solid state, and finally to formulate a parenteral aqueous formulation. CDs used were ${\alpha}-$, ${\beta}-$, and ${\gamma}-CD$, $2-hydroxypropyl-{\beta}-CD$ (HPCD), sulfobutyl $ether-{\beta}-CD$ (SBCD), $dimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (DMCD) and $trimethyl-{\beta}-CD$ (TMCD). The solubility studies of progesterone were performed in the presence of various CDs as a function of concentration or temperature. The solubility of progesterone increased in the rank order of ${\alpha}-CD$ < ${\beta}-CD$ < ${\gamma}-CD$ < TMCD$ < HPCD < DMCD < SBCD. Addition of SBCD (200 mg/ml) in water increased the aqueous solubility $(9.36\;{\mu}g/ml)$ about 3,200 times, and lowering the temperature facilitated the solubilization of progesterone. However, the addition of HPCD and SBCD in 20:80 (v/v) polyethylene glycol 300-water and propylene glycol-water cosolvents markedly decreased the solubility of progesterone, compared with solubilizing effects in water. Physical mixtures and solid dispersions of progesterone with HPCD or SBCD were prepared, and evaluated by differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), Fourier-transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR), near IR spectroscopy and dissolution studies. By DSC and IR studies, it was found that progesterone was dispersed in HPCD in monotectic state and dissolved rapidly from both solid dispersions. Based on solubility studies, new aqueous progesterone fonnulations (5 mg/ml) containing SBCD (200 mg/ml) could be prepared and did not form precipitates even after 2 months at $4^{\circ}C$. The solution was transparent when mixed with normal saline and 5% dextrose injection at 1: 1, 1:10 and 1:20 (v/v) even after 7 days. Permeation rates of progesterone through a cellulose membrane from 20% PEG 300 solution $(50\;{\mu}g/ml)$ containing HPCD or SBCD were compared with oily formulation. Permeation of progesterone from oily formulation did not occur up to 8 hr, but aqueous formulations showed fast permeation rates from early stage of permeation study. The addition of HPCD or SBCD retarded the permeation rates of progesterone with the increase of CD concentrations, suggesting the possibility of a controlled absorption from the site administered intramuscularly. These results demonstrate that it is feasible to develop a new progesterone parenteral aqueous injection (5 mg/ml) using SBCD.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.10 no.3
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• pp.438-444
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• 1999

The natural full-fat rice bran is reported to contain 8.4 to 14.7 wt % Lipids, but the amount and composition of bran depend on the type of rice, quality of paddy, pretreatments to paddy such as parboiling, type of milling system employed, and the degree of polishing. These lipids are usually mixtures of several class fatty acids containing palmitic acid, linolenic acid, linoleic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, tocopherol, squalene, etc. In this study the oil rich essential fatty acid (EFA) including squalene was extracted from the domestic brown rice bran using supercritical fluid extraction (SFE) and cosolvent induced SFE process, respectively. And the extracts were analyzed with GC-MSD. The extracted amount of rice bran oil was dependent upon the operating pressure and temperature, and the fatty acid composition of oil was varied with the reduced density (${\rho}_{\gamma}$) of supercritical carbon dioxide. About 70~80% of rice bran oil was extracted in 4hrs. The cosolvent induced SFE process shortened the total extraction time, extracted greater amount of oil than SFE process. Especially squalene which was not found in solvent extract phase was identified in SFE and cosolvent induced SFE process.

• Journal of the Korean Ceramic Society
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• v.40 no.10
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• pp.998-1004
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• 2003

With starting materials of two different powder mixtures, $Al_2$(S $O_4$)$_3$+xNa$_2$B$_4$ $O_{7}$$.$10$H_2O$(㏖ ratio; x=0.1, 0.7) and ${\gamma}$-Al$_2$ $O_3$+xNa$_2$B$_4$ $O_{7}$$.$10$H_2O$(㏖ ratio; x=0.1, 0.7), whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were synthesized by using conventional and microwave heat-treatment. The effects of microwave, amount of flux and temperature on the growth of whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were investigated by using X-Ray Diffractometry (XRD) and Scanning Electron Microscopy (SEM). With increase of heat-treatment temperature and amount of flux, the size of whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles increased in both conventional and microwave heat-treated samples. However, compared to the conventional heat-treated samples, whisker-type $Al_{18}$B$_4$ $O_{33}$ particles were well grown for the microwave heat-treated samples.ted samples.

• Journal of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.53 no.2
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• pp.118-124
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• 2009

The values of critical micelle concentration (CMC) and counter ion binding constants (B) in a micellar state of CPC (1-hexadecylpyridinium chloride) with Brij 35 (polyoxyethylene(23) lauryl ether) in water were determined as a function of ${\alpha}_1$ (the overall mole fraction of CPC) by the use of electric conductivity method. Various thermodynamic parameters ($X_i,\;{\gamma}_i,\;C_i,\;a_{i}^{M},\;\beta,\;and\;{\Delta}H_{mix}$) were calculated and analyzed by means of the equations derived from the non-ideal mixed micellar model. And thermodynamic parameters (${\Delta}{G^o}_m,\;{\Delta}{H^o}_m,\;and\;{\Delta}{S^o}_m$) for the micellization of CPC/Brij 35 mixtures were also calculated from the temperature dependence of the CMC values. The values of ${\Delta}{G^o}_m$ are all negative, but the values of ${\Delta}{S^o}_m$ and ${\Delta}{H^o}_m$ are positive or negative, depending on the measured temperature and ${\alpha}_1$.

• Journal of the Korean Wood Science and Technology
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• v.9 no.2
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• pp.1-30
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• 1981

To investigate the formation of the chromophoric structures taking place during the alkaline pulping vanillyl alcohol [${\alpha}-^{13}C$] guaiacylglycerol-${\beta}$-aryl ether [${\alpha}-^{13}C$ or ${\gamma}-^{13}C$] and phenylcoumarn [${\alpha}-^{13}C$] units as model lignins were treated with 1N sodium hydroxide at 165$^{\circ}C$ for 1.5-3 hours. From the chemical structures of the isolated products and $^{13}C$-NMR Spectra of the reaction mixtures, the main conclusion is as follows; 1) Condensation products of II-1-5 were identified from the reaction mixture of vanillyl alcohol treated with alkali and theses compounds afforded the quinonmethide structure(Fig. 3-7) by air oxidation. 2) Treatment of guaiacylglycerol-${\beta}$-aryl ether unit gave ${\varphi}$-aryl-${\beta}$-aroxy quinone structures (IV-15, IV-16), diguaiacyl-1, 4-penta-diene ${\beta}$, ${\beta}$'-diaroxyl distyrene methane unit, ${\beta}$-aroxy distyrene methane. These distyrene methanes of the compounds are transformed by air oxidation into the corresponding o-quinonemethide units (V-8, V-9). 3) On the treatment of phenylcoumaran, the stilbene derivative was formed in quantitative yield and dimerized(VI-11) in preference to oxidation to the corresponding extended quinone structures. The chromophoric structures taken place during the alkaline treatment of the model lignins are thought to be some important types in alkaline pulping on the basis of the reaction mechanism in this experiment.

• Applied Chemistry for Engineering
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• v.4 no.4
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• pp.791-797
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• 1993

The application of the pervaporation process in biotechnology is rapidly growing. A two stage pervaporation process can be applied to the downstream processing of ethanol fermentation. In this paper, the second stage process in which the water-ethanol composition was 50:50 wt.% was investigated in more detail by using Nylon 4 and its blended membranes containing poly(vinyl alcohol) (PVA) and poly(acrylic acid) (PAA). Nylon 4 membranes were tested for compositions at 25, 30, and $35^{\circ}C$. Nylon 4 membranes had a separation factor of 4.18 with a permeability of $0.69kg/m^2hr$ at water-ethanol composition of 50:50 wt.%, while nylon 4-PVA blended membranes crosslinked by 5 Mrad gamma-ray irradiation showed a higher separation factor of 10.56 with permeability $0.55kg/m^2hr$ at the same composition. Nylon 4 also showed a high separation factor 27.8 at the ethanol-water azeotropic composition among the homopolymer membranes.

• Bulletin of the Korean Chemical Society
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• v.25 no.5
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• pp.687-693
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• 2004

Composite membranes with a titania layer were prepared by soaking-rolling method with the titania sol of nanoparticles formed in the sol-gel process and investigated regarding the vapor permeation of various organic mixtures. The support modification was conducted by pressing $SiO_2$ xerogel of 500 nm in particle size under 10 MPa on the surface of a porous stainless steel (SUS) substrate and designed the multi-layered structure by coating the intermediate layer of ${\gamma}-Al_2O_3$. Microstructure of titania membrane was affected by heat-treatment and synthesis conditions of precursor sol, and titania formed at calcination temperature of 300$^{\circ}C$ with sol of [$H^+$]/[TIP]=0.3 possessed surface area of 210 $m^2$/g, average pore size of 1.25 nm. The titania composite membrane showed high $H_2/N_2$ selectivity and water/ethanol selectivity as 25-30 and 50-100, respectively. As a result of vapor permeation for water-alcohol and alcohol-alcohol mixture, titania composite membrane showed water-permselective and molecular-sieve permeation behavior. However, water/methanol selectivity of the membrane was very low because of chemical affinity of permeants for the membrane by similar physicochemical properties of water and methanol.

• Journal of the Korean Society of Food Science and Nutrition
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• v.17 no.4
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• pp.336-340
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• 1988

This study was performed to investigate the influence of mixtures of 0(control), 1, 2 and 3% ethanol and water respectively on growth and various blood parameters of growing broiler chicks. At the end of the 7 weeks' experiment, body weight gain in 1% ethanol group and liver weight in 3% ethanol group were significantly higher than those of control group. It was found that the levels of red blood cell, hemoglobin, hematocrit, and serum protein were within normal ranges. Serum GOT and r-GTP activities were significantly increased in 2 and 3% ethanol groups compared with those in control group. But serum CPT activity was slightily decreased in all ethanol groups. Serum LDH activity was increased in all ethanol groups compared with that In control group. Serum alkaline phosphatase was not affected by the ethanol. Serum glucose concentration in 3% ethanol group was significantly lower than that in control group.