• International journal of advanced smart convergence
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• v.13 no.1
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• pp.1-11
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• 2024

Cognitive small cell networks, consisting of macro-cells and small cells, are foreseen as a promising candidate solution to address 5G spectrum scarcity. Recently, many technological issues (such as spectrum sensing, spectrum sharing) related to cognitive small cell networks have been studied, but the common control channel (CCC) establishment problem has been ignored. CCC is an indispensable medium for control message exchange that could have a huge significant on transmitter-receiver handshake, channel access negotiation, topology change, and routing information updates, etc. Therefore, establishing CCC in cognitive small cell networks is a challenging problem. In this paper, we propose a potential game theory-based approach for CCC establishment in cognitive radio networks. We design a utility function and demonstrate that it is an exact potential game with a pure Nash equilibrium. To maintain the common control channel list (CCL), we develop a CCC update algorithm. The simulation results demonstrate that the proposed approach has good convergence. On the other hand, it exhibits good delay and overhead of all networks.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.7-20
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• 2017

MMORPG users can create their own identity that they will use to act through in the virtual world utilizing the avatar creation system. The MMORPG customization process, divided into the creation and transformation stages, provides a sandbox for the identity play by users. In this study, analysis of the users' customization attitudes using the Q methodology especially in the transformation stage was conducted. The users' attitudes were found to be categorized into 4 types: 1) fulfilling attitude, 2) customization immersed attitude, 3) customization challenging attitude, and 4) community oriented attitude. Of particular interest are the immersed customization type, where the attitude is driven by the internal motivation of "self-satisfaction" unlike the fulfillment and community oriented attitudes which are driven by instrumental motivation of the avatar, and the continuous desire towards transformation revealed by the challenging customization attitude. This study provides valuable insight in the design perspective for developers in instilling critical immersion elements to the users while preparing to update the level.

• KIPS Transactions on Software and Data Engineering
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• v.3 no.1
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• pp.49-56
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• 2014

Console game has high market occupancy in the world game market and has popular favor for many players. Especially, the experience console game in which body movement is used to control the game has made its own market. However, previous experience console games can easily make players to be boring and require additional payments to update the game. In this paper, we present an experience dance game using Kinet, which has high interest and can be continuously updated. Differently from previous console games, the presented game makes the player to see how they are playing and to know what the next action is. Also, the accuracy of the player motion is compared 20 times in each second to get high interests of players. Through these functions, the presented game can achieve high satisfaction rates based on the qualitative evaluation of users.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.12
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• pp.489-494
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• 2016

Developing 3D games of quality is getting easier as commercial game engines have significantly evolved. It is still difficult, however, for entry-level developers to create various avatars which could affect the entire game because it requires expertise in 3D design and programming. We propose a design of an avatar assembly system based on a commercial game engine, Unity. It includes the assembly, customization, and management of avatars. It also provides an avatar update mechanism via the World Wide Web(WWW) provided by Unity's asset system so that various avatars can be supplied after the initial game distribution.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.14 no.4
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• pp.91-99
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• 2014

The main game architectures for multiplayer online games are the traditional client-server architectures, multi-server architectures and P2P(peer-to-peer) architectures. P2P architectures, due to their distributed and collaborative nature, have low infrastructure costs and can achieve high scalability as well as fast response time by creating direct connections between players. However, P2P architectures face many challenges. Distributing a game among peers makes maintaining control over the game more complex. These architectures also tend to be vulnerable to churn and cheating. Providing consistency control in P2P systems is also more difficult since conflicting updates might be executed at different sites resulting in inconsistency. In order to avoid or correct inconsistencies, most multiplayer games use a primary-copy replication approach where any update to the object has to be first performed on the primary copy. This paper presents the primary-copy model with the update dissemination mechanism that provides consistency control over an object in P2P architectures for multiplayer online games. The performance for this model is evaluated through simulation experiments and analysis.

• Journal of Broadcast Engineering
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• v.22 no.6
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• pp.724-733
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• 2017

Conventional methods of automatically recording Go game positions do not properly consider obstacles (hand or object) on a Go board during the Go game. If the Go board is blocked by obstacles, the position of a Go stone may not be correctly recognized, or the sequences of moves may be stored differently from the actual one. In the proposed algorithm, only the complete Go board image without obstacles is stored as a background image and the obstacle is recognized by comparing the background image with the current input image. To eliminate the phenomenon that the shadow is mistaken as obstacles, this paper proposes the new obstacle detection method based on the gradient image instead of the simple differential image. When there is no obstacle on the Go board, the background image is updated. Finally, the successive background images are compared to recognize the position and type of the Go stone. Experimental results show that the proposed algorithm has more than 95% recognition rate in general illumination environment.

• Journal of Information Processing Systems
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• v.17 no.3
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• pp.615-629
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• 2021

With the development of mobile edge computing, how to utilize the computing power of edge computing to effectively and efficiently offload data and to compute offloading is of great research value. This paper studies the computation offloading problem of multi-user and multi-server in mobile edge computing. Firstly, in order to minimize system energy consumption, the problem is modeled by considering the joint optimization of the offloading strategy and the wireless and computing resource allocation in a multi-user and multi-server scenario. Additionally, this paper explores the computation offloading scheme to optimize the overall cost. As the centralized optimization method is an NP problem, the game method is used to achieve effective computation offloading in a distributed manner. The decision problem of distributed computation offloading between the mobile equipment is modeled as a multi-user computation offloading game. There is a Nash equilibrium in this game, and it can be achieved by a limited number of iterations. Then, we propose a distributed computation offloading algorithm, which first calculates offloading weights, and then distributedly iterates by the time slot to update the computation offloading decision. Finally, the algorithm is verified by simulation experiments. Simulation results show that our proposed algorithm can achieve the balance by a limited number of iterations. At the same time, the algorithm outperforms several other advanced computation offloading algorithms in terms of the number of users and overall overheads for beneficial decision-making.

• Journal of Korea Game Society
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• v.14 no.5
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• pp.35-42
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• 2014

In the market of First Person Shooter (FPS) games, Massively Multi-player Online FPS games (MMOFPS) like 'PlanetSide 2' have been popular recently. Dead reckoning has been widely used in order to mitigate the network traffic overload for the game server with hundreds or thousands of people. This paper proposes the efficient analytical method to calculate the tolerable threshold angle of moving direction, which is one of the most important factors for character status updating when dead reckoning is used in MMOFPS games. The experimental results with game testers shows that the proposed method minimizes the position error for character moving and provides natural direction updates of characters.

• Journal of Digital Convergence
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• v.14 no.1
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• pp.371-377
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• 2016

In the area of mobile game, the job of data analysis is very important. As the mobile game market is being expanded, the characteristics of the market have been so much changed, that the contents updating and marketing strategy should be built on thorough understanding and analysis result of the gamers' needs and their play pattern. Thus the importance of the mobile game management system can not be overemphasized. However, in practice, most of the mobile game companies are small scale, and they have intrinsic problem to provide successful game service to user with a dedicated operating team. To overcome these problems, this paper suggests an efficient mobile game management system based on our already developed mobile game. And the effectiveness of our system is illustrated by our case examples such as prompt response to user question or refund request. Our proposed system also played an important role to plan additional contents update, providing scientific data analysis result on user's play pattern and purchase trend.

• The Journal of the Institute of Internet, Broadcasting and Communication
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• v.15 no.4
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• pp.135-143
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• 2015

A Multiplayer Online Game(MOG) is a game capable of supporting hundreds or thousands of players and is mostly played using the Internet. P2P(peer-to-peer) architectures for MOGs can potentially achieve high scalability, low cost, and good performance. The basic idea of many P2P-based games is to distribute the game state among peers and along with it processing, network, and storage tasks. In a primary-copy based replication scheme where any update to the object has to be first performed on the primary copy, this means distributing primary copies of objects among peers. Most multiplayer games use a primary-copy model in order to provide strong consistency control over an object. Games consist of various types of actions that have different levels of sensitivity and can be categorized according to their consistency requirements. With the appropriate consistency level of each action type within a game, this paper allows developers to choose the right trade-off between performance and consistency. The performance for P2P game architecture with the primary-copy model is evaluated through simulation experiments and analysis.