• Science of Emotion and Sensibility
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• v.6 no.2
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• pp.29-35
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• 2003

In the oriental medicine, the illness of a human being is treated properly according to the strength and weakness of his/her physical constitution. In other words, the treatment principle of the oriental medicine is to balance the functions of the weak and strong inner parts of the physical constitution which can be classified into five characteristic elements: that is, the wood, fire, earth, mental, and water. An aroma therapy, one of traditional oriental medicine, uses pertinent perfumes to strengthen weak inner parts of the body, too. Although the remedy based on the five elements (in short, five element remedy) has revealed excellent clinical effects so far, it is still believed that the remedy is rather statistical and subjective than scientific. Thus, more systematic research needs to be done to prove it. In this paper, the correlation between perfume and physical constitutions has been formulated by grasping results of EEG through stimulation of lavender oil to both mental-type and fire-type persons. Also, the possibility of application for the five element remedy has been investigated. As a result, we found that the lavender oil helped to make strong gallbladder soften for fire-type individuals and to balance weak liver and strong gallbladder for mental-type persons. This agrees well with the results of the five element remedy practiced in the oriental medicine.

• Journal of Pharmacopuncture
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• v.18 no.4
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• pp.26-31
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• 2015

Objectives: This study used semiology based on traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) to investigate vital energy (Qi) behavior in women with abdominal myofascial pain syndrome (AMPS). Methods: Fifty women diagnosed with chronic pelvic pain (CPP) secondary to AMPS were evaluated by using a questionnaire based on the theories of "yin-yang," "zang-fu", and "five elements". We assessed the following aspects of the illness: symptomatology; specific location of myofascial trigger points (MTrPs); onset, cause, duration and frequency of symptoms; and patient and family history. The patients tongues, lips, skin colors, and tones of speech were examined. Patients were questioned on various aspects related to breathing, sweating, sleep quality, emotions, and preferences related to color, food, flavors, and weather or seasons. Thirst, gastrointestinal dysfunction, excreta (feces and urine), menstrual cycle, the five senses, and characteristic pain symptoms related to headache, musculoskeletal pain, abdomen, and chest were also investigated. Results: Patients were between 22 and 56 years old, and most were married (78%), possessed a elementary school (66%), and had one or two children (76%). The mean body mass index and body fat were 26.86 kg/cm2 (range: 17.7 - 39.0) and 32.4% (range: 10.7 - 45.7), respectively. A large majority of women (96%) exhibited alterations in the kidney meridian, and 98% had an altered gallbladder meridian. We observed major changes in the kidney and the gallbladder Qi meridians in 76% and 62% of patients, respectively. Five of the twelve meridians analyzed exhibited Qi patterns similar to pelvic innervation Qi and meridians, indicating that the paths of some of these meridians were directly related to innervation of the pelvic floor and abdominal region. Conclusion: The women in this study showed changes in the behavior of the energy meridians, and the paths of some of the meridians were directly related to innervation of the pelvic floor and abdominal region.

• Journal of radiological science and technology
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• v.24 no.1
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• pp.33-41
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• 2001

This study is to get preliminary data for an effectiveness evaluation of abdominal examination and improvement of it. Abnormal cases of abdominal ultrasonography are classified by sex, frequency, diagnosis and age. 4,924 examinees were included at a university hospital of health promotion center from January to December in 1999. The results are as follows. 1. According to the distribution of sex, there are more male patients(55.0%) than females patients(48.0%). For men, 40's showed the highest percentage among examinees. For women, 50's were the highest. 2. The reason that they visited the health promotion center was that 'they wanted to check their health status'. This answers were reported the highest(59.3%). 3. Patients that had abnormal cases of abdominal ultrasonography were 48.3%. Liver, kidney, gallbladder showed the highest percentage of abnormal cases in order of organs. Additionally, abnormal cases were discovered in liver cases. 4. According to the frequency of abnormal cases among examinees, the slight fatty liver were the highest regardless of sex. Men had the slight fatty liver, kidney simple cyst, liver calcification and liver simple cyst in order of abnormal cases. Women showed the slight fatty liver kidney simple cyst, kidney calcification, liver simple cyst, and blood vessel tumor in order of abnormal cases. 5. For the abnormal cases of liver by sex and age, the 50's reported the highest number of abnormal cases in men(299 patients). In addition, 60's had the highest of disease rata 47.8%. For women, 50's reported the highest number of abnormal cases(361 patients). Over 70's patients had the highest of disease rata 52.6%. For kidney, men and women showed the highest number of abnormal cases -62 vs 44 respectively. Over 70's patients had the highest percentage of disease rata-23.2% vs 14.0% respectively. For gallbladder, the number of abnormal cases were the most in men's 60's (31 patients) and in women's in the same age group (32patients). Disease showed the highest percentage in men's 60's(7.6%) and in women's 70's (14.0%). 6. According to malignant tumor, 17patients were liver cancer, 2patients stomach ca and 1pt kidney cancer. 7. The relationship between the malignant tumor and the examination motive was that 'they wanted to check their health status(41.0%)' and 'regular checkup (24.0%)'.

• Journal of Veterinary Clinics
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• v.25 no.4
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• pp.295-302
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• 2008

Two dogs were referred to Veterinary Medical Center, Chungbuk National University with the clinical signs of vomiting, diarrhea, anorexia, and jaundice. Both dogs were diagnosed as extrahepatic biliary tract obstruction(EHBO) with concurrent pancreatitis based on dilated common bile duct and hyperechoic or mixed-echoic pancreas in abdominal ultrasonographic examination and serum biochemical abnormalities, such as high serum bilirubin, cholesterol, and increased cholestatic enzyme activity. Percutaneous ultrasound-guided cholecytocentesis(PUCC) was performed to examine bile and decompress the gall bladder. After PUCC with medical therapy, both dogs were steadily improved clinical signs of jaundice and anorexia. Also, cholestatic enzyme activity and serum bilirubin concentration decreased. Any complications that have been described in previous studies, such as peritonitis resulting from bile leakage and hemorrhage, were not identified. It is assumed that percutaneous ultrasound guided cholecystocentesis may be an useful diagnostic and therapeutic tool in canine gallbladder disease and can be used easily and safely to gain bile for diagnosis of bacterial cholecytitis.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.16 no.11
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• pp.4791-4795
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• 2015

Purpose: This study was conducted to observe the efficacy and safety of pemetrexed based chemotherapy in treating patients with locally advanced or metastatic cancers as first-line, second-line or third-line therapy. Materials and Methods: From May 2011 to January 2015, we recruited 29 patients with advanced breast cancer, 19 patients with advanced ovary cancer, 17 patients with advanced esophageal cancer,5 patients with advanced gallbladder cancer,5 patients with advanced cervical cancer and 1 patient with advanced tongue cancer in Jiangsu Cancer Hospital and Research Institute.All of them were pathologically confirmed and treated with pemetrexed based chemotherapy. After two cycles of treatment,efficacy and safety can be evaluated. Results: For pemetrexed based regimens,including 76 patients with 6 kinds of advanced cancer were considered eligible for inclusion. Complete remission represents CR, partial remission represents PR, stable disease represents SD, progressive disease represents PD. Among 29 patients with advanced breast cancer, 4 patients chose pemetrexed based regimens as second-line treatment,1 of them was PR,the other 3 got SD. The last 25 patients made use of this chemotherapy as third-line treatment, except one patient could not be assessed, 2 of them got PR,6 of them got SD,the remaining 16 of them finally were PD.19 patients with advanced ovary cancer,5 patients used this regimens as second-line treatment, 3 of them got PD,the remaining patients got SD, respectively. The last 14 patients made use of pemetrexed based regimens as third-line treatment,. RR (CR+PR) was 28.5%. Among 17 patients with advanced esophageal cancer, 2 patients made use of pemetrexed based regimens as first-line treatment,both of them got PR.4 of them used this chemotherapy as second-line regimen, except 2 patients could not be assessed,the remaining 2 was PD at last. The last 11 patients was third-line users, RR (CR+PR) was 18.2%. Among 5 patients with advanced gallbladder cancer, pemetrexed based regimens was used in 1 patient as first-line treatment and 1 patient as second-line treatment. The curative effect was SD and PD, respectively. 3 patients accepted pemetrexed based regimens as third-line treatment, 2 of them got PD as results and another was SD. Among 5 patients with advanced cervical cancer, just 1 patient adopted pemetrexed based regimens as first-line treatment, whose curative effect was PR.2 patients chose this chemotherapy regimens as second-line treatment. Both of them got PD as their consequence. The last 2 patients made use of the regimens as third-line treatment, the effect of them was PD and SD, respectively. The one who with advanced tongue cancer, pemetrexed based regimens was used as second-line treatment, and the consequence was PD. About 71.1% patients experienced bone marrow suppression. Among them, 5 patients reached 4 grade. Other toxicity of pemetrexed were neurotoxicity, fatigue, diarrhea, dysphagia and vomiting. No treatment related death occurred with pemetrexed-based treatment. Conclusions: Pemetrexed based chemotherapy has considerable effect in patients with advanced cancers such as breast cancer,esophageal cancer and ovary cancer. More randomly clinical trials are needed to verify the results.

• Journal of the Institute of Electronics Engineers of Korea SP
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• v.47 no.1
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• pp.17-24
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• 2010

This paper proposed the method to separate a liver into left and right liver lobes for exact volumetry of the river graft at abdominal MDCT(Multi-Detector Computed Tomography) image before living donor liver transplantation. On the image of segmented liver, 4 points(the middle point of Inferior Vena Cava, a point of Middle Hepatic Vein, a point of Portal Vein, a middle point of gallbladder fossa) are selected. A liver is separated into left and right liver lobes on the basis of the 4 points. The volume and ratio of the river graft are estimated. The volume estimated using 4 points and the manual volume that radiologist processed and estimated are compared with the weight measured during surgery to support proof of the exact volumetry. After selection the 4 points, the time involved in separation a liver into left and right river lobe and volumetry of them is measured for confirmation that the algorithm can be used on real time during surgery. This study progressed to ensure donor's and recipient's safe who will undergo the liver transplantation.

• Asian Pacific Journal of Cancer Prevention
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• v.17 no.7
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• pp.3499-3503
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• 2016

Our recent studies conducted in South America have shown that mycotoxin contamination of red chili peppers (RCPs) may be associated with an increased risk of gallbladder cancer (GBC). Whether this relationship exists in India, a country with a high incidence of GBC and high consumption of RCPs, is unclear. We therefore measured concentrations of aflatoxins (AFs) and ochratoxin A (OTA) in RCPs from areas of low, medium, and high incidence of GBC in India, and compared these concentrations with GBC incidence in each area. Twenty-one RCP samples were collected from nine cities (eight from a low-incidence area, five from a medium-incidence area, and eight from a high-incidence area). Concentrations of AFs and OTA were measured using high-performance liquid chromatography. No significant differences in mean concentrations of AFs and OTA were found in the three areas. AFB1 levels in the low-incidence area ($10.81{\mu}g/kg$) and high-incidence area ($12.00{\mu}g/kg$) were more than 2.2 and 2.4 times higher compared with the maximum permitted level of AFB1 in spices ($5.0{\mu}g/kg$) set by the Commission of the European Communities, or that ($4.4{\mu}g/kg$) obtained in our previous study in Chile. Our results show that the mean concentrations of mycotoxins in RCPs are similar among the three areas in India with different incidences of GBC. Further studies with human subjects are needed to evaluate any association between AFB1 and GBC.

• Proceedings of the Korean Society of Toxicology Conference
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• 2006.11a
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• pp.32-33
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• 2006

There is compelling evidence that chronic inflammation predisposes to biliary tract cancer. Previously we found that aspirin use and variants in the PTGS2 gene, both of which are closely linked to inflammation, were associated with biliary tract cancer risk in a population-based study in China. To test the inflammation hypothesis further, we examined the associations of variants in 20 genes involved in the inflammation pathway with risk of biliary tract cancer and stones in a large population-based case-control study in Shanghai, China. We genotyped 56 single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs)from 20 inflammation genes in 411 biliary tract cancer cases (237 gallbladder cancers, 127 extrahepatic bile duct cancers, and 47 ampullary cancers), 895 subjects with biliary stones, and 786 population controls. Unconditional logistic regression was used to calculate odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (Cls) for the association of individual SNPs and haplotypes with biliary stones and biliary tract cancer risk. Of the 56 SNPs examined, 20 showed some associations with biliary cancer and stones. Specifically, variants of the IL8, IL8RB, RNASEL, TGF-beta, and TNF-alpha genes were associated with gallstone risk, while variants in the IL1A, IL10, VEGF, and RNASEL genes were associated with gallbladder cancer risk. Adjustment for multiple comparisons did not materially change these results. Of the 10 genes with multiple SNPs, we inferred halotypes; only one haplotype in the IL8RBgene was associated with gallstones. The haplotype frequency was significantly different between bile dict cancer cases and control (p=0.007). A haplotype comprising 3 SNPs in the IL8RB gene (rs2230054, rs1126579, rs1126580) was associated with a 54% increased risk of bile duct stones (95% CI 1.14-2.07, p=0.02), relative to the most frequent haplotype. In summary, common variants in immune-related genes influencing inflammatory responeses were associated with gallstones and biliary tract cancer, lending further support to the role of inflammation in the pathogenesis of biliary stones and biliary tract cancer. Future larger studies with more complete gene coverage are needed to confirm these results.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.34 no.1
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• pp.1-7
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• 1994

The distribution of the bile and hepatic ducts within the liver of 24 Korean native cattle were observed. Vinylite solution was injected into common bile ducts on 13 cases for cast preparation. The angiography was prepared in 11 cases which were injected 30% barium sulfate solution into the common bile ducts and then radiographed on X-ray apparatus. The results were summarized as follows; 1. The dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, and ducts of papillary process were collected into left hepatic ducts. The dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobe, ducts of caudate process and papillary process were collected into right hepatic ducts. 2. The bile ducts in the left hepatic lobes were collected into dorsal, ventral and intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes. The intermediate ducts of left hepatic lobes was absent in some cases(5 cases, 20.83%). 3. In some cases, the ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes were collected into right hepatic ducts directly. 4. The ducts of quadate lobes were collected into left hepatic ducts(8 cases, 33.33%), ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes(13 cases, 54.17%), and dorsal duct of left hepatic lobes, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobe, common trunk collected into intermediate and ventral duct of left hepatic lobe and left hepatic duct(1 cases, 4.17%) respectively. 5. The ducts of papillary process were collected into left and right hepatic ducts(12 cases, 50%), left hepatic ducts only(11 cases, 45.83%) or right hepatic duct only(1 cases, 4.17%). 6. The average length of right hepatic ducts was 26.87(6-45.8)mm. The average length of left hepatic ducts was 56.68(6-127)mm. The length of gallbladder was 128.60(104-160)mm on the average. The breadth of gallbladder was 67.16(38.4-153.4)mm on the average. But there was a difference in the length and the breadth according to the quantity of bile. 7. The ramified angles of dorsal, intermediate and ventral ducts of left hepatic lobes, ducts of quadrate lobes, ducts of papillary processes and caudate processes, dorsal and ventral ducts of right hepatic lobes and cystic ducts were 130-170, 160-200, 190-250, 240-300, 90-140, 320-350, 30-100, 270-330 and 240-300 degrees respectively.

• Journal of Haehwa Medicine
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• v.10 no.1
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• pp.269-286
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• 2001

Objectives : This Investigation was aimed to find out the Classification of Cause and the Effect of Acupuncture and Moxibustion Treatment for Dentalgia Methods : We surveyed the oriental medical books from $\ll$HungTiNeiChing$\gg$ to recent published books concerning the Acupuncture therapy for Dentalgia Results : 1. Since the time of $\ll$HungTiNeiChing$\gg$ there was called "yateng", "yatong", "chiyaqutong", "kouchitong", "nichi", "chichong", "fengchi", "chongshitong", "chongshiyachi", "chifengzhongtong", "chiyinzhong", "yachuangzhongtong" 2. The Oriental Medical cause of Dentalgia are fire, wind, cold, blood stasis, stomach-heat, phlegm, difficiency of kidney, late snack, insect and wound, and then the Western Medical cause are cacodontia, periodontal disease, trigeminal nerve pain, stress 3. The meridians used for the treatment are large intestine, stomach, triple warmer, gallbladder and small intestine 4. The most frequently used acupuncture point for the treatment are Hapkok(LI3), Naejong(S44), Hyopko(S6), Igan(LI2), Sohae(H3), Yanggok(SI5), Hagan(S7), Taeyong(S5), Samgan(LI3), Kokehi(LI11) 5. The most frequently used moxibustion for the treatment are Sungjang(CV24), Yolgyol(L7), Kyonu(LI15), Taeyon(L9), Hapkok(LI3) 6. In the superior dental pain there commonly used the acupuncture point of stomach meridian, triple warmer meridian, gallbladder meridian in the inferior dental pain there commonly used the acupuncture point of large intestine meridian. 7. The most frequently used acupuncture point for the superior dental pain are Naejong(ST44), Yanggok(SI5), Chongnyong(G17), Kakson(TE20), In the inferior detal pain there are Taeyong(S5), Hapkok(LI3), Igan(LI2), Sangyang(LI1), Samgan(LI3) 8. In the treatment of dental pain The Acupuncture therapy utilized the division of region are the Erzhen therapy(耳針療法), the Touzhen therapy(頭鍼療法), the Shouzhen therapy(手鍼療法), the Zuzhen therapy(足鍼療法), the Bizhen therapy(鼻針療法), the Wanhuaizhen therapy 9. In dental pain the other therapy are the Taozhen therapy(陶鍼療法), the Pifuzhen therapy(皮膚針療法), the Dianzhen therapy(電鍼療法), the Yaozhen therapy(藥針療法).