• Structural Engineering and Mechanics
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• v.15 no.3
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• pp.269-284
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• 2003

This paper reports a series of component tests on a lightweight floor system and a method to predict the natural frequency of the floor using a frame analysis program. Full-scale floor tests are also briefly described. DuraGal steel Rectangular Hollow Sections (in-line galvanised RHS) are used as joists, bearers and piers in DuraGal lightweight floor systems. A structural grade particleboard is used as decking. Connection stiffness between different components (bearer, joist, pier and floor decking) was determined. A 40% composite action was achieved between the RHS joist and the particleboard. Both 2D and 3D models were developed to study the effect of connection stiffness on predicting the natural frequency of DuraGal lightweight floor systems. It has been found that the degree of shear connection between the bearer and the joist has a significant influence on the floor natural frequency. The predicted natural frequencies are compared with measured values from full scale floor testing.

• Journal of Plant Biotechnology
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• v.35 no.2
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• pp.115-120
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• 2008

L-Ascorbic acid (vitamin C) in vegetables is an essential component of human nutrition. The objective is to transform lettuce (Lactuca sativa L.) with GalUR gene that is involved in the vitamin C biosynthesis. The cotyledons of Hwoahong (Nongwoo Bio Co.) were used to induce the callus and shoot under the selection media with MS + 30 g/L Sucrose + 0.5 mg/L BAP + 0.1 mg/L NAA + 100 mg/L kanamycin + 200 mg/L lilacillin, pH 5.2. The shoot was developed from the cut side of the explants after 3 weeks on the selection media. We successfully transformed the lettuce with GaIUR gene and analyzed the levels of vitamin C. We found that some of the lettuce transgenic lines contained higher levels of vitamin C compared with the normal one (non-transformed). Especially, some of $T_1$ lettuces inserted by GalUR showed about $3{\sim}4$ times higher content of vitamin C compared to the non-transformed lettuce. This data support the previously work performed with GLOase transgenic $T_1$ lettuces from which several times higher content of vitamin C were identified. The $T_2$ lettuces with high content of vitamin C have been selected for further analysis.

• Journal of Sericultural and Entomological Science
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• v.40 no.1
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• pp.52-59
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• 1998

For the construction of plasmid and bmNPV sarrying the FRT recognition site for the FLP recombinases, we synthesized the wild type FRT dligonucleotides. The target FRT sequences consist of three 13bp repeated DNA sequences; two repeats in a direct orientation and one inverted relative to the other two. In addition, there is an 8bp spacer region between the repeats which determune the orientation of the FRT recombination site. In order to place the FRT site both in target BmNPV genome and the transfer vector, we constructed a plasmid, FRT site both in the target BmNPv genome and the transfer vector, we constructed a plasmid, pFRT$\beta$-gal, carrying the FRT sites within the cloning sites of pSV vector and a recombinant BmNPV, vFRTPH, carrying the FRT sites at a downstream of polyhedrin promotor, respectively. In order to test the functionality of the FLP/FRT site-specific recombination system, vFRTPH, pFRT$\beta$-gal and pHsFLP DNA were co-transfected into BmN-4 cells. The resulting recombinant virus was designated a vFRT$\beta$2-gal. From construction analysis of the vFRT$\beta$2-gal with PCR technique it was concluded that the entire pFRT$\beta$-gal plasmid with $\beta$-galactosidase gene and origines of replication flanked by two functional hybrid FRT sequences. The efficiency of recombination was 8.7%, which was higher than that(2.2%) of recombination between a conventional transfer vector and the wild type BmNPV.

• Communications of the Korean Mathematical Society
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• v.20 no.4
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• pp.645-648
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• 2005

Let K be a Galois extension of a field F with G = Gal(K/F). Let L be an extension of F such that $K\;{\otimes}_F\;L\;=\; N_1\;{\oplus}N_2\;{\oplus}{\cdots}{\oplus}N_k$ with corresponding primitive idempotents $e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k$, where Ni's are fields. Then G acts on $\{e_1,\;e_2,{\cdots},e_k\}$ transitively and $Gal(N_1/K)\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma\;{\in}\;G\;/\;{\sigma}(e_1)\;=\;e_1\}$. And, let R be a commutative F-algebra, and let P be a prime ideal of R. Let T = $K\;{\otimes}_F\;R$, and suppose there are only finitely many prime ideals $Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k$ of T with $Q_i\;{\cap}\;R\;=\;P$. Then G acts transitively on $\{Q_1,\;Q_2,{\cdots},Q_k\},\;and\;Gal(qf(T/Q_1)/qf(R/P))\;{\cong}\;\{\sigma{\in}\;G/\;{\sigma}-(Q_1)\;=\;Q_1\}$ where qf($T/Q_1$) is the quotient field of $T/Q_1$.

• Journal of Embryo Transfer
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• v.28 no.3
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• pp.281-287
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• 2013

A major barrier to progress in pig to primate organ transplantation or cell therapy is the presence of terminal ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyl epitopes on the surface of pig cells. Therefore, the purpose of this experiment was to establish and cha- racterize mesenchymal stromal/stem cells (MSCs) derived from ${\alpha}$-1,3-galactosyltransferase (GalT) knock out (GalT KO) pig to confirm their potential for cell therapy. Bone marrow (BM)-MSCs from GalT KO pig of 1 month old were isolated by Ficoll-Paque PLUS gradient and cultured with A-DMEM + 10% FBS on plastic dishes in 5% $CO_2$ incubator at 38.5. GalT KO BM-MSCs were analyzed for the expression of CD markers ($CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$) and in vitro differentiation ability (adiopogenesis and osteogenesis). Further, cell proliferation capacity and cell aging of GalT KO BM-MSCs were compared to Wild BM-MSCs by BrdU incorporation assay (Roche, Germany) using ELISA at intervals of two days for 7 days. Finally, the cell size was also evaluated in GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs. Statistical analysis was performed by T-test (P<0.05). GalT KO BM-MSCs showed fibroblast-like cell morphology on plastic culture dish at passage 1 and exhibited $CD45^-$, $29^+$, $90^+$ and $105^+$ expression profile. Follow in ginduction in StemPro adipogenesis and osteogenesis media for 3 weeks, GalT KO BM-MSCs were differentiated into adipocytes, as demonstrated by Oilred Ostaining of lipid vacuoles and osteocytes, as confirmed by Alizarinred Sstaining of mineral dispositions, respectively. BrdU incorporation assay showed a significant decrease in cell proliferation capacity of GalT KO BM-MSCs compared to Wild BM-MSCs from 3 day, when they were seeded at $1{\times}10^3$ cells/well in 96-well plate. Passage 3 GalT KO and Wild BM-MSCs at 80% confluence in culture dish were allowed to form single cells to calculate cell size. The results showed that GalT KO BM-MSCs($15.0{\pm}0.4{\mu}m$) had a little larger cell size than Wild BM-MSCs ($13.5{\pm}0.3{\mu}m$). From the above findings, it is summarized that GalT KO BM-MSCs possessed similar biological properties with Wild BM-MSCs, but exhibited a weak cell proliferation ability and resistance to cell aging. Therefore, GalT KO BM-MSCs might form a good source for cell therapy after due consideration to low proliferation potency in vitro.

• Journal of Applied Biological Chemistry
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• v.51 no.6
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• pp.292-295
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• 2008

Three kinds of oligosaccharides were obtained from the hydrolysate of brown copra meal galactomannan by a purified extracellular ${\beta}$-mannanase from Trichoderma sp. These oligosaccharides were identified as Man-Man, ${Gal^2}{Man_3}(6^2 mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannotriose)$, and ${Gal^2}{Man_6}(6^2-mono-O-{\alpha}-D-galactopyranosyl-4-O-{\beta}-D-mannohexaose)$, where Gal- and Man-represent ${\alpha}$-1,6-D-galactosidic and ${\beta}$-1,4-mannosidic linkages, respectively. The mode of action of ${\beta}$-mannanase on brown copra meal galactomannan is described on the basis of the structure of these oligosaccharides.

• Korean Journal of Veterinary Research
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• v.51 no.2
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• pp.139-149
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• 2011

Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an inflammatory disease in the murine central nervous system (CNS) and has long been used as an animal model for human multiple sclerosis. Development of EAE requires coordinated expression of a number of genes that are involved in the activation and effector functions of inflammatory cells. Galectin-3 (Gal-3) is a member of the betagalactoside- binding lectin family and plays an important role in inflammatory responses through its functions on cell activation, cell migration or inhibition of apoptosis. We investigated the functional role of Gal-3 in EAE mice following immunization with myelin oligodendrocyte glycoprotein $(MOG)_{35-55}$ peptide. During the peak stage of EAE, the localization of Gal-3 in inflammatory cells markedly increased in subarachnoid membranes and perivascular regions of CNS. In contrast, Gal-3 was weakly detected in cerebrum and spinal of the recovery stage of EAE. Consistent with this finding, western blot analysis revealed that Gal-3 expression was significantly increased at the peak stage while it was slightly decreased at the recovery stage in the CNS. In addition, the population of $CD11b^{+}$ macrophage expressing Gal- 3 in spleen of EAE mice was markedly increased compared with control mice. In fact, most of activated macrophages isolated from spleen of EAE mice expressed Gal-3. Taken together, our results demonstrate that the over-expression of Gal-3 in activated macrophages may play a key role in promoting inflammatory cells in the CNS during EAE.

• Journal of Ginseng Research
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• v.48 no.2
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• pp.202-210
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• 2024

Background: Panax ginseng Meyer polysaccharides exhibit various biological functions, like antagonizing galectin-3-mediated cell adhesion and migration. Galectin-8 (Gal-8), with its linker-joined N- and C-terminal carbohydrate recognition domains (CRDs), is also crucial to these biological processes, and thus plays a role in various pathological disorders. Yet the effect of ginseng-derived polysaccharides in modulating Gal-8 function has remained unclear. Methods: P. ginseng-derived pectin was chromatographically isolated and enzymatically digested to obtain a series of polysaccharides. Biolayer Interferometry (BLI) quantified their binding affinity to Gal-8, and their inhibitory effects on Gal-8 was assessed by hemagglutination, cell migration and T-cell apoptosis. Results: Our ginseng-derived pectin polysaccharides consist mostly of rhamnogalacturonan-I (RG-I) and homogalacturonan (HG). BLI shows that Gal-8 binding rests primarily in RG-I and its β-1,4-galactan side chains, with sub-micromolar K_D values. Both N- and C-terminal Gal-8 CRDs bind RG-I, with binding correlated with Gal-8-mediated function. Conclusion: P. ginseng RG-I pectin β-1,4-galactan side chains are crucial to binding Gal-8 and antagonizing its function. This study enhances our understanding of galectin-sugar interactions, information that may be used in the development of pharmaceutical agents targeting Gal-8.

• Journal of Microbiology and Biotechnology
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• v.16 no.1
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• pp.84-91
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• 2006

A Saccharomyces cerevisiae pgs1 nulI mutant, which is deficient with phosphatidyl glycerol (PG) and cardiolipin (CL) biosynthesis, grows well on most fermentable carbon sources, but fails to grow on non-fermentable carbon sources such as glycerol, ethanol, and lactate. This mutant also cannot grow on galactose medium as the sole carbon source. We found that the incorporation of $[^{14}C]-galactose$, which is the first step of the galactose metabolic pathway (Leloir pathway), into the pgs 1 null mutant cell was extremely repressed. Exogenously expressed PGS1 (YCpPGS1) under indigenous promoter could completely restore the pgs1 growth defect on non-fermentable carbon sources, and dramatically recovered $[^{14}C]-galactose$ incorporation into the pgs1 mutant cell. However, PGS1 expression under the GALl promoter $(YEpP_{GAL1}-PGS1myc)$ could not complement pgs1 mutation, and the GAL2-lacZ fusion gene $(YEpP_{GAL2}-lacZ)$ also did not exhibit its $\beta-galactosidase$ activity in the pgs1 mutant. In wild-type yeast, antimycin $A(1\;{\mu}g/ml)$, which inhibits mitochondrial complex III, severely repressed not only the expression of the GAL2-lacZ fusion gene, but also uptake of $[^{14}C]-galactose$. However, exogenously expressed PGS1 partially relieved these inhibitory effects of antimycin A in both the pgs1 mutant and wild-type yeast, although it could not basically restore the growth defect on galactose by antimycin A. These results suggest that the PGSI gene product has an important role in utilization of galactose by Gal genes, and that intact mitochondrial function with PGS1 should be required for galactose incorporation into the Leloir pathway. The PGS1 gene might provide a clue to resolve the historic issue about the incapability of galactose with deteriorated mitochondrial function.

• Parasites, Hosts and Diseases
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• v.55 no.5
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• pp.505-512
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• 2017

Toxoplasma gondii cathepsin C proteases (TgCPC1, 2, and 3) are important for the growth and survival of T. gondii. In the present study, B-cell and T-cell epitopes of TgCPC1 were predicted using DNAstar and the Immune Epitope Database. A TgCPC1 DNA vaccine was constructed, and its ability to induce protective immune responses against toxoplasmosis in BALB/c mice was evaluated in the presence or absence of the adjuvant ${\alpha}-GalCer$. As results, TgCPC1 DNA vaccine with or without adjuvant ${\alpha}-GalCer$ showed higher levels of IgG and IgG2a in the serum, as well as IL-2 and $IFN-{\gamma}$ in the spleen compared to controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and ${\alpha}-GalCer$). Upon challenge infection with tachyzoites of T. gondii (RH), $pCPC1/{\alpha}-GalCer$ immunized mice showed the longest survival among all the groups. Mice vaccinated with DNA vaccine without adjuvant (pCPC1) showed better protective immunity compared to other controls (PBS, pEGFP-C1, and ${\alpha}-GalCer$). These results indicate that a DNA vaccine encoding TgCPC1 is a potential vaccine candidate against toxoplasmosis.